ENAGRAM is an experimental framework for the longitudinal evaluation of privacy nudges and online self-disclosure using behavioral data.
This repository contains the Android application described in the paper “ENAGRAM: An App to Evaluate Preventative Nudges for Instagram”, presented at the 2022 European Symposium on Usable Security (EuroUSEC 2022).
ENAGRAM was developed to support empirical research on privacy nudges, online self-disclosure, and privacy decision-making in social media. In particular, it provides researchers with an experimental environment for studying how preventative interventions influence users' disclosure behavior over time.
Evaluating privacy nudges in real-world social media environments is challenging. Researchers generally have little or no control over the choice architecture of established online social networks, making it difficult to experimentally introduce and compare privacy interventions.
As a consequence, evaluations of privacy nudges may rely on hypothetical scenarios, self-reported intentions, or other measures that do not directly capture users' disclosure behavior.
ENAGRAM was designed as an alternative experimental environment in which researchers can investigate privacy interventions longitudinally while collecting behavioral information about users' self-disclosure decisions.
The framework is particularly relevant to research on:
- privacy nudges and digital nudging
- online self-disclosure
- social media privacy
- privacy decision-making
- behavioral privacy research
- privacy-enhancing technologies
- human-centered privacy and usable privacy
- longitudinal evaluation of privacy interventions
- behavioral evaluation of security and privacy interventions
ENAGRAM was originally developed to evaluate preventative privacy nudges for Instagram users.
In the study reported in the accompanying paper, ENAGRAM was used to investigate a risk-based nudging strategy for online self-disclosure. Two variants of the intervention were evaluated in a between-subjects longitudinal experiment in which participants used the application over seven days.
Beyond this particular study, ENAGRAM was conceived as a flexible experimental framework for investigating different forms of preventative nudging and privacy interventions.
Researchers interested in the methodological challenges of evaluating privacy nudges may therefore find ENAGRAM useful as:
- an implementation of an experimental platform for privacy-nudge research;
- an example of longitudinal evaluation based on behavioral self-disclosure data;
- a reference architecture for controlled studies of privacy interventions in social-media contexts; and
- a starting point for designing or adapting experimental environments for new privacy-nudging strategies.
The design of ENAGRAM and its initial empirical evaluation are described in:
Nicolás E. Díaz Ferreyra, Sina Ostendorf, Esma Aïmeur, Maritta Heisel, and Matthias Brand. “ENAGRAM: An App to Evaluate Preventative Nudges for Instagram.” 2022 European Symposium on Usable Security (EuroUSEC 2022).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3549015.3555674 Preprint: https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.04649
If you use ENAGRAM, build upon its experimental design, or refer to it in research on privacy nudges, behavioral privacy interventions, or online self-disclosure, please cite the associated EuroUSEC 2022 paper:
@inproceedings{DiazFerreyra2022ENAGRAM,
author = {Nicolás E. Díaz Ferreyra and
Sina Ostendorf and
Esma Aïmeur and
Maritta Heisel and
Matthias Brand},
title = {ENAGRAM: An App to Evaluate Preventative Nudges for Instagram},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2022 European Symposium on Usable Security},
year = {2022},
doi = {10.1145/3549015.3555674}
}Privacy nudges · Digital nudging · Online self-disclosure · Social media privacy · Privacy decision-making · Behavioral privacy · Privacy interventions · Longitudinal studies · Usable privacy · Human-computer interaction · Privacy-enhancing technologies
See the LICENSE file for licensing information.