fix(python): derive package version from metadata

[voidstack (voidstackloop)]

Closes #1983.

Summary

• expose the installed qdk distribution version as qdk.__version__
• use that same value for Python telemetry instead of a build-time-rewritten constant
• remove the obsolete telemetry rewrite from version.py

qsharp-widgets already uses the same importlib.metadata pattern, so this makes the two Python packages consistent.

Tests

• pytest source/qdk_package/tests/test_version.py source/qdk_package/tests/test_qasm_telemetry.py -q (6 passed)
• python build.py --check-py --no-check-prereqs (Pyright: 0 errors, 0 warnings)
• editable QDK package build on Windows with Rust 1.96.1

[voidstack (voidstackloop)]

@microsoft-github-policy-service agree