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Native STRING formatting: support PRINTF #215

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@liuyongvs

Rechecked on 2026-09-20 against canonical main 89da01cdad7342c4d825e36eaf4e8dc73bc7af9f, released Apache Flink 2.2.1, JDK 17, default compatibility settings. Each expression was run against independent stock-Flink and StreamFusion-enabled streaming environments with bounded runtime DataStream input (parallelism 1), so source values cannot be folded away. Results and resolved result types agree through Flink fallback; this is a native support gap, not a demonstrated wrong-result bug.

PRINTF still forces native Calc fallback. Adapted StringFunctionsITCase SQL has 12 successful cases, and the following independent runtime INT probe confirms it:

Runtime n INT=42:

SELECT PRINTF('n=%04d', n) FROM src;

Stock Flink returns 'n=0042' with STRING type. StreamFusion returns the same through Calc: unsupported function/operator: PRINTF, with zero native substitutions.

Prioritize STRING, INT/BIGINT and DECIMAL arguments; establish released Flink formatting, NULL, argument-index, width/precision, locale and invalid-format behavior. Avoid assuming Rust formatting matches Java Formatter. Floating-only extensions are lower priority.

Suggested priority: P2, after core scalar correctness and filtering coverage.

Acceptance: add runtime-source SQL parity tests that assert native Calc execution as well as values and resolved types; include NULLs and boundary/error cases; retain safe fallback for unverified forms and update docs/operators/calc-filter.md with the admitted scope.

Latest-main validation: rebuilt the debug native library from this commit and ran 562 targeted runtime SQL cases covering these support gaps and adjacent controls. This issue group contains 13 successful comparisons that still record explicit fallback. Host-rejected/both-error cases are excluded from that count. This validates released Flink 2.2.1; it does not claim execution of the Flink 1.18 profile. No implementation is included.

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