fix: add type hints to maths/primelib.py and fix integer division

[VikramadityasinghIN]

Describe your change:

Added static type hints to all functions in maths/primelib.py to ensure compliance with strict mypy checks.

Key Changes:

• Added argument and return type annotations (e.g., -> list[int], -> bool) to 15+ functions.
• Fixed a Type Error: In prime_factorization, changed quotient /= factor to quotient //= factor. The original code produced floats, which conflicted with the list[int] return type.

Verification:

• black maths/primelib.py passed.

• mypy maths/primelib.py passed (0 errors).

• python -m doctest -v maths/primelib.py passed (79 tests).

• Add an algorithm?

• Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?

• Add or change doctests? -- Note: Please avoid changing both code and tests in a single pull request.

• Documentation change?

Checklist:

• I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
• I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
• This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
• All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
• All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
• All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
• All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python type hints.
• All functions have doctests that pass the automated testing.
• All new algorithms include at least one URL that points to Wikipedia or another similar explanation.
• If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the description above includes the issue number(s) with a closing keyword: "Fixes #ISSUE-NUMBER".

[VikramadityasinghIN]

Hi maintainers! 👋

I've finalized the type hints for maths/primelib.py and ensured all checks (Build, Ruff, Pre-commit) are passing.

Note: During the refactor, I also fixed a potential bug in prime_factorization where float division (/=) was used instead of integer division (//=), which could have caused type conflicts.

Ready for review whenever you have a moment. Thanks!