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[2/8] Add the external draft speculative-decoding mode - #2790

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Oct 15, 2026
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@phicksy phicksy commented Oct 14, 2026 •

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What does this PR do?

Supersedes #2636. That PR was merged into ext-draft/1-dump-path rather than main -- its base never retargeted after [1/8] landed -- so its contents never reached upstream. This branch carries the identical change, now rebased to a single commit directly on main. Part of an eight-PR series; merge order [2/8] -> [3/8] -> [4/8] -> [5/8] -> [6/8] -> [7/8] -> [8/8].

Type of change: new feature

Unlike Eagle/Medusa/DFlash, the converted module is the draft: an ordinary pretrained
causal LM that owns its embeddings and lm_head. The base model is never grafted onto and
is not modified; it contributes only cached hidden states, which the base lm_head projects
to teacher logits. The trained draft therefore exports as a plain HF checkpoint that
downstream runtimes load with no mode-specific support.

external_loss selects the objective:

value scores
soft_ce cross-entropy against the base's soft distribution (the EAGLE offline objective)
tvd total-variation distance between the two full distributions
tvd_deploy the same, both sides through the serving filter first

Under rejection sampling the acceptance probability is exactly sum(min(p, q)), so
tvd_deploy is 1 - acceptance — the deployment metric itself rather than a proxy.

Teacher logits go through the shared _maybe_apply_base_final_norm, so a producer that
captured a pre-final-norm hidden with no norm available fails loudly instead of training
against an un-normed residual. validate_tokenizer_against_base checks vocabulary
identity, not just size: different tokenizers are routinely padded to the same width, and
a mismatch otherwise yields a falling loss curve and no acceptance.

Usage

import modelopt.torch.speculative as mtsp
draft = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("<draft>")
mtsp.convert(draft, [("external", {"external_loss": "tvd", "external_top_k": 20})])
draft.attach_base_lm_head(base.get_output_embeddings(), base_final_norm)

Testing

pytest tests/unit/torch/speculative and tests/gpu/torch/speculative/plugins/test_hf_external.py.

End-to-end validation. The series was exercised by running the whole workflow on real
models, not unit tests alone: a teacher policy was dumped from a 27B target, three drafts were
trained against it concurrently from one dump -- two sharing the target's tokenizer, one needing
the cross-tokenizer vocabulary swap -- each for a full epoch, and each exported a plain HF
checkpoint whose architectures resolves to the draft's own class. Acceptance was then measured
for all three under a matched target policy. That run surfaced four defects this series' unit
tests and several review passes had all missed, two of which corrupted training silently rather
than failing; all four are fixed here.

Loss-path peak memory. _deployment_probs takes the nucleus over the top_k kept values
rather than sorting the whole vocabulary, which removes a full-vocab sort, its int64 index
tensor, the cumsum and the mask. Measured by @kevalmorabia97 on one RTX 6000 Ada, forward plus
backward on a [1, 2048, 152000] bf16 logits tensor, peak over baseline:

top_k before after
20 (the default) 14.0 GB 6.2 GB
0 (no top-k, full-sort path) 11.2 GB 11.2 GB

One consequence: ties on the k-th probability now keep exactly k, matching the dumper, where
p >= kth previously kept every tied entry. That affects tvd_deploy only.

Before your PR is "Ready for review"

  • Is this change backward compatible?: ✅
  • If you copied code from any other sources or added a new PIP dependency, did you follow guidance in CONTRIBUTING.md: N/A — no copied code, no new dependencies
  • Did you write any new necessary tests?: ✅
  • Did you update Changelog?: ✅ in [3/8] (one entry for the series)
  • Did you get Claude approval on this PR?: ❌ pending

Additional Information

OSS provenance. No line added by this PR is copied from another project, with or
without modification. Every new file carries only the NVIDIA Apache-2.0 header, nothing was
added to the insert-license exclude list, and there are no new PIP dependencies. One item
declared for completeness: _deployment_probs (in [2/8]) implements the standard
top-k-then-top-p filter, the same algorithm as transformers.generation.logits_process, but
was written independently and is textually different. Flagged because the algorithm is
widely shared, not because the code is.

Part of an eight-PR series. Merge order: [1/8] -> [2/8] -> [3/8] -> [4/8] -> [5/8] -> [6/8] -> [7/8] -> [8/8].

Summary by CodeRabbit

  • New Features
    • Added support for training standalone speculative draft models using cached outputs from a base model.
    • Choose soft cross-entropy, total-variation distance, or deployment-filtered total-variation loss, with configurable top-k and top-p filtering.
    • Optionally report top-1 agreement and mask loss calculations to selected tokens.
    • Attach a frozen base-model output head for training, with checks for vocabulary and tokenizer compatibility.
    • Save and restore draft models while preserving their original model configuration.

@phicksy
phicksy requested review from a team as code owners October 14, 2026 09:05
@phicksy
phicksy requested a review from ChenhanYu October 14, 2026 09:05
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  • tests/unit/torch/opt/test_dynamic.py

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📝 Walkthrough

This change adds an external speculative-draft mode and Hugging Face support for offline training from cached base-model hidden states. It supports soft cross-entropy and total-variation losses, optional deployment filtering and accuracy reporting, and base-model compatibility checks.

Changes: External speculative draft

Layer / File(s) Summary
Configuration and mode registration
modelopt/torch/speculative/config.py, modelopt/torch/speculative/external/*, modelopt/torch/speculative/mode.py, modelopt/torch/speculative/__init__.py, modelopt/torch/opt/dynamic.py, tests/unit/torch/speculative/test_external_draft.py, tests/unit/torch/opt/test_dynamic.py
Adds ExternalDraftConfig, external-draft conversion and restoration, model settings, and the "external" mode descriptor. Adds dynamic-module subclass registration. Tests cover conversion, save and restore, parameter independence, and subclass registration.
Hugging Face offline forward path
modelopt/torch/speculative/plugins/hf_external.py, modelopt/torch/speculative/plugins/__init__.py, tests/gpu/torch/speculative/plugins/test_hf_external.py, tests/unit/torch/speculative/test_external_draft_offline.py
Adds base-head attachment and teacher-logit projection, offline forward processing, and checkpoint saving. Tests cover CUDA projection, head exclusion from draft parameters and state, missing-head errors, and draft-only gradient flow.
Losses and model validation
modelopt/torch/speculative/plugins/hf_external.py, tests/unit/torch/speculative/test_external_draft.py, tests/unit/torch/speculative/test_external_draft_offline.py
Adds masked soft cross-entropy and TVD losses, top-k/top-p filtering for tvd_deploy, optional accuracy, and vocabulary and tokenizer checks. Tests exercise loss calculations, filtering, masking, and validation errors.

Priority: ➖ Normal

Estimated code review effort: 3 (Moderate) | ~25 minutes

Change: Feature

Sequence Diagram(s)

sequenceDiagram
  participant TrainingBatch
  participant HFExternalDraftModel
  participant BaseLMHead
  participant compute_loss
  TrainingBatch->>HFExternalDraftModel: Provide cached base hidden states and masks
  HFExternalDraftModel->>BaseLMHead: Project hidden states to teacher logits
  BaseLMHead-->>HFExternalDraftModel: Return teacher logits
  HFExternalDraftModel->>compute_loss: Provide draft logits, teacher logits, and loss mask
  compute_loss-->>HFExternalDraftModel: Return loss and optional accuracy
Loading

Suggested reviewers: kevalmorabia97

Merge Risk: 🟡 Moderate · up to 402a3

The PR adds external-draft training, but open concerns remain around tokenizer compatibility, base-model trainability, projection for some architectures, and uploaded checkpoint metadata. These can affect training or checkpoint use, so resolve or explicitly accept them before merging.

Pre-merge checks: Passed 5 · Failed 1

Failed Failed checks: 1 warning

Check name Status Explanation Resolution
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Passed Passed checks: 5 passed
Check name Status Explanation
Description Check Passed Check skipped - CodeRabbit’s high-level summary is enabled.
Title check Passed The title clearly and concisely describes the main change: adding an external draft speculative-decoding mode. The series prefix is relevant and does not obscure the scope.
Linked Issues check Passed Check skipped because no linked issues were found for this pull request.
Out of Scope Changes check Passed Check skipped because no linked issues were found for this pull request.
Security Anti-Patterns Passed No listed security anti-pattern was introduced. The pull request adds or modifies only Python files under modelopt and tests; the changed modelopt code contains no torch.load(..., weights_only=False),…
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Inline comments:
Review comments at @tests/unit/torch/speculative/test_external_draft.py:
- Line 84: Move the ExternalDraftConfig import from inside the test function to
module scope, before pytest.importorskip("transformers"); its import path does
not require Transformers, so preserve the existing optional-dependency skip
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📒 Files selected for processing: 11
  • modelopt/torch/speculative/__init__.py
  • modelopt/torch/speculative/config.py
  • modelopt/torch/speculative/external/__init__.py
  • modelopt/torch/speculative/external/conversion.py
  • modelopt/torch/speculative/external/external_model.py
  • modelopt/torch/speculative/mode.py
  • modelopt/torch/speculative/plugins/__init__.py
  • modelopt/torch/speculative/plugins/hf_external.py
  • tests/gpu/torch/speculative/plugins/test_hf_external.py
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Comment thread tests/unit/torch/speculative/test_external_draft.py Outdated
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Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 95.55556% with 8 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 78.51%. Comparing base (7abb00b) to head (3a129c5).
⚠️ Report is 2 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines Patch % Lines
modelopt/torch/speculative/plugins/hf_external.py 93.04% 8 Missing ⚠️
Additional details and impacted files
@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #2790      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   71.82%   78.51%   +6.68%     
==========================================
  Files         648      652       +4     
  Lines       71925    72085     +160     
==========================================
+ Hits        51662    56594    +4932     
+ Misses      20263    15491    -4772     
Flag Coverage Δ
examples-diffusers 20.29% <32.77%> (+0.02%) ⬆️
examples-gpt-oss 13.58% <32.77%> (+0.05%) ⬆️
examples-hf_ptq 23.36% <32.77%> (-0.04%) ⬇️
examples-llm_distill 13.66% <32.77%> (+0.04%) ⬆️
examples-llm_eval 17.35% <32.77%> (+0.03%) ⬆️
examples-llm_qat 17.65% <32.77%> (+0.02%) ⬆️
examples-llm_sparsity 15.89% <32.77%> (+0.04%) ⬆️
examples-megatron_bridge 26.71% <32.77%> (-0.16%) ⬇️
examples-specdec_bench 13.36% <32.77%> (+0.05%) ⬆️
examples-speculative_decoding 17.64% <36.11%> (-0.03%) ⬇️
examples-torch_onnx 21.66% <32.77%> (+0.01%) ⬆️
examples-torch_trt 15.34% <32.77%> (+0.04%) ⬆️
examples-vllm_serve 14.94% <32.77%> (+0.93%) ⬆️
gpu 59.48% <60.00%> (+25.61%) ⬆️
regression 15.19% <36.11%> (+0.04%) ⬆️
unit 59.93% <93.88%> (+0.09%) ⬆️

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Review of [2/8]. Inline comments cover the code-level items; the rest is below.

Registry design (no change requested). A separate ExternalDraftDMRegistry is the right design. _DMRegistryCls.register asserts nn_cls not in self._registry, so a registry maps one base class to exactly one DynamicModule. Eagle, Medusa, DFlash and external all register against PreTrainedModel, so one shared registry would fail with "already registered!". dflash/conversion.py already keeps five registries and distillation has two. Shared helpers are reused where they exist (init_modellike, ConvertReturnType/MetadataDict, _maybe_apply_base_final_norm, the train_acc nesting).

Duplication. The subclass-fallback block in convert_to_external_draft_model (conversion.py 47-54) is the fourth copy of the Eagle/Medusa/DFlash block, and it reads the private registry._registry. It will be folded into a single _DMRegistryCls helper used by all converters, in this PR.

Process.

  • The "Claude approval" checkbox is unchecked.
  • The description has no peak-memory numbers (see the inline comment on _deployment_probs).
  • tests/gpu/.../test_hf_external.py only tests _teacher_logits, not a full .cuda() forward.

Verdict. Architecture is sound. I would request changes on the tokenizer check and on measuring or bounding loss-path memory; the other inline items are hardening.

f"vocab_size={draft_vocab_size}, base vocab_size={int(base_vocab_size)}."
)

def validate_tokenizer_against_base(self, draft_tokenizer, base_tokenizer, sample: int = 256):

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Tokenizer check is probably too weak. It only compares ids < 256 by token string. Byte-level BPE tokenizers generally place the 256 byte symbols at ids 0-255 in the same order, so two different tokenizers (e.g. Llama-3 vs Qwen) would likely pass, which is exactly the case this guards. (Reasoned from tokenizer layout, not run.)

Suggest comparing the whole get_vocab() dict (cheap), or at least the special tokens, and testing with a real byte-level pair instead of the {"a":0,"b":1,"c":2} fake.

Comment on lines +207 to +246
"and training would optimise against misaligned columns."
)

@staticmethod

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Memory. _deployment_probs makes many full [B, S, V] temporaries (fp32 softmax, top-k mask, sort values plus int64 idx, cumsum, keep, zeros_like, scatter), for both p and q, and q is in the autograd graph. compute_loss adds fp32 copies and an abs intermediate. At V~150k and S in the thousands that is several GB per sample.

Sorting the full vocab after top-k is also wasteful: sort only the k kept values, or chunk over the sequence. Per CONTRIBUTING, please measure torch.cuda.max_memory_allocated at a realistic V/S and report it in the PR.

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The nucleus runs over the top_k kept values and scatters back now, so there's no full-vocab sort, index tensor, cumsum or mask; thanks for benchmarking it, your 14.0 -> 6.2 GB numbers are in the PR description.

h = hidden_states
# The base modules are held off the draft's module tree so they stay out of
# its state_dict, which also means .to(device) never reaches them.
if self._base_lm_head.weight.device != h.device:

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self._base_lm_head.to(h.device) moves the caller's module in place. That module is shared with the base model and may be tied to its embeddings. Consider holding a moved copy, or taking a device in attach_base_lm_head. Under FSDP2 the head is also replicated on every rank, unsharded; worth a note.

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attach_base_lm_head now deep-copies the head and norm and freezes only the copies, so neither the move nor requires_grad=False reaches the base model.

``(loss, accuracy)``; accuracy is ``None`` unless ``external_report_acc`` is set.
"""
seq_len = draft_logits.shape[1]
base_logits = base_logits[:, :seq_len]

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base_logits[:, :seq_len] silently hides a length mismatch between the dump and the draft input. Assert base_logits.shape[1] >= seq_len rather than slicing quietly.

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Raises now, with both lengths in the message.

attention_mask=None,
loss_mask=None,
base_model_outputs=None,
labels=None,

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labels is accepted and silently dropped. Raise if it is passed, or remove it from the signature.

"base hidden states or a stored base policy, never a live base model."
)

if self.external_loss not in ("soft_ce", "tvd", "tvd_deploy"):

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Unreachable through the config: external_loss is Literal[...], so pydantic rejects bad values first. test_invalid_objective_is_rejected passes via pydantic's ValidationError (a ValueError), so it does not exercise this branch. Drop it, or keep it only if direct attribute assignment is a supported path.

# come after it. Only the rank that wrote the file may rewrite it: under FSDP
# every rank enters save_pretrained, and a read-modify-write from all of them
# races on a shared filesystem.
if kwargs.get("is_main_process", True):

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kwargs.get("is_main_process", True) misses the case where it is passed positionally, so non-main ranks could still do the read-modify-write. Also, the architectures rewrite has no test.

Comment thread modelopt/torch/speculative/config.py Outdated
hidden states, projected by the base lm_head to obtain teacher logits.
"""

external_offline: bool = ModeloptField(

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external_offline can only ever be True; it exists to be rejected in modify(). If no checkpoint has been saved with it yet, drop the field (fewer unused options). If compatibility is a concern, say so in the description.

if identical:
assert loss.abs() < 1e-5, f"identical logits must score 0, got {loss}"
else:
p = model._deployment_probs(base_logits, 8, 0.95)

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Circular: the expected value is computed with _deployment_probs, the code under test. Add an independent reference (a plain per-row loop with torch.topk/torch.cumsum on a tiny case) or a hand-computed known value.

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Code suggestion for the duplicated registry fallback; see the general comment for the rest of the patch.

Comment on lines +47 to +54
original_cls = type(model)
if original_cls not in ExternalDraftDMRegistry:
for cls in ExternalDraftDMRegistry._registry:
if issubclass(original_cls, cls):
ExternalDraftDMRegistry.register({original_cls: "draft_model_class"})(
ExternalDraftDMRegistry[cls]
)
break

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Suggestion: replace the copied fallback block with a shared registry method (full patch in the PR comment below).

Suggested change
original_cls = type(model)
if original_cls not in ExternalDraftDMRegistry:
for cls in ExternalDraftDMRegistry._registry:
if issubclass(original_cls, cls):
ExternalDraftDMRegistry.register({original_cls: "draft_model_class"})(
ExternalDraftDMRegistry[cls]
)
break
ExternalDraftDMRegistry.register_subclass(type(model), "draft_model_class")

@kevalmorabia97

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Suggested patch to remove the duplicated subclass-fallback block (this is a suggestion only; I have not pushed anything to this branch). The block is copy-pasted in Eagle, Medusa and DFlash, and this PR adds a fourth copy; each reads the private registry._registry. The patch adds one _DMRegistryCls.register_subclass(nn_cls, key) method and has all four converters call it. The inline suggestion on external/conversion.py covers this PR's file; the diff below covers the files outside this PR's diff. It also adds a unit test. Net -11 lines. tests/unit/torch/opt/test_dynamic.py and the external-draft unit tests pass locally; I did not run the Eagle, Medusa and DFlash GPU tests.

Patch (apply with git apply)
diff --git a/modelopt/torch/opt/dynamic.py b/modelopt/torch/opt/dynamic.py
index 6c0e9dd3c5c..b7bd5618b58 100644
--- a/modelopt/torch/opt/dynamic.py
+++ b/modelopt/torch/opt/dynamic.py
@@ -1057,6 +1057,18 @@ class _DMRegistryCls:
 
         return decorator
 
+    def register_subclass(self, nn_cls: type[nn.Module], key: str) -> None:
+        """Register ``nn_cls`` like its registered base class, if it has one and is not covered yet.
+
+        Needed for subclasses that override ``forward``, which the automatic lookup skips.
+        """
+        if nn_cls in self:
+            return
+        for base_cls in self._registry:
+            if issubclass(nn_cls, base_cls):
+                self.register({nn_cls: key})(self[base_cls])
+                return
+
     def unregister(self, nn_cls: type[nn.Module] | type[T]) -> None:
         """Unregister a previously registered dynamic base module and all its inherited modules.
 
diff --git a/modelopt/torch/speculative/dflash/conversion.py b/modelopt/torch/speculative/dflash/conversion.py
index 2f7152ab576..51f13f98c3e 100644
--- a/modelopt/torch/speculative/dflash/conversion.py
+++ b/modelopt/torch/speculative/dflash/conversion.py
@@ -77,12 +77,7 @@ def convert_to_dflash_model(model: nn.Module, config: DFlashConfig) -> ConvertRe
             "Expected 'dflash' (default), 'domino', 'dspark', 'dflash2' or 'lilicorr'."
         )
 
-    original_cls = type(model)
-    if original_cls not in registry:
-        for cls in registry._registry:
-            if issubclass(original_cls, cls):
-                registry.register({original_cls: "base_model_class"})(registry[cls])
-                break
+    registry.register_subclass(type(model), "base_model_class")
 
     dflash_model = registry.convert(model)
     dflash_model.modify(config)
diff --git a/modelopt/torch/speculative/eagle/conversion.py b/modelopt/torch/speculative/eagle/conversion.py
index b7cb59f6498..15f343d8f5f 100644
--- a/modelopt/torch/speculative/eagle/conversion.py
+++ b/modelopt/torch/speculative/eagle/conversion.py
@@ -32,12 +32,7 @@ def convert_to_eagle_model(model: nn.Module, config: EagleConfig) -> ConvertRetu
     # initialize the true module if necessary
     model = model.init_modellike() if isinstance(model, ModelLikeModule) else model
 
-    original_cls = type(model)
-    if original_cls not in EagleDMRegistry:
-        for cls in EagleDMRegistry._registry:
-            if issubclass(original_cls, cls):
-                EagleDMRegistry.register({original_cls: "base_model_class"})(EagleDMRegistry[cls])
-                break
+    EagleDMRegistry.register_subclass(type(model), "base_model_class")
 
     # merge custom config with default config
     default_arch_config = {
diff --git a/modelopt/torch/speculative/medusa/conversion.py b/modelopt/torch/speculative/medusa/conversion.py
index 61a5e2b8ea7..75ff7fcf98f 100644
--- a/modelopt/torch/speculative/medusa/conversion.py
+++ b/modelopt/torch/speculative/medusa/conversion.py
@@ -31,12 +31,7 @@ def convert_to_medusa_model(model: nn.Module, config: MedusaConfig) -> ConvertRe
     # initialize the true module if necessary
     model = model.init_modellike() if isinstance(model, ModelLikeModule) else model
 
-    original_cls = type(model)
-    if original_cls not in MedusaDMRegistry:
-        for cls in MedusaDMRegistry._registry:
-            if issubclass(original_cls, cls):
-                MedusaDMRegistry.register({original_cls: "base_model_class"})(MedusaDMRegistry[cls])
-                break
+    MedusaDMRegistry.register_subclass(type(model), "base_model_class")
 
     medusa_model = MedusaDMRegistry.convert(model)
     medusa_model.modify(
diff --git a/tests/unit/torch/opt/test_dynamic.py b/tests/unit/torch/opt/test_dynamic.py
index 6575c18c0ee..d6b2d57a29c 100644
--- a/tests/unit/torch/opt/test_dynamic.py
+++ b/tests/unit/torch/opt/test_dynamic.py
@@ -55,6 +55,29 @@ def test_register_rejects_non_module_classes():
     assert "nn.Linear" not in registry  # str-key registry
 
 
+def test_register_subclass_covers_forward_override():
+    """A subclass overriding ``forward`` is skipped by the automatic lookup; register_subclass adds it."""
+
+    class Base(nn.Linear):
+        pass
+
+    class Child(Base):
+        def forward(self, x):
+            return super().forward(x)
+
+    registry = _DMRegistryCls(prefix="Test")
+    registry.register({Base: "base"})(DynamicModule)
+
+    assert Child not in registry
+    registry.register_subclass(Child, "child")
+    assert Child in registry
+    assert issubclass(registry[Child], Child)
+
+    registry.register_subclass(Child, "child")  # idempotent
+    registry.register_subclass(nn.ReLU, "unrelated")  # no registered base: no-op
+    assert nn.ReLU not in registry
+
+
 def test_dm_attribute_manager():
     """A simple unit test to test the _DMAttributeManager class."""
     manager = _DMAttributeManager()

Note this touches modelopt/torch/opt/dynamic.py, which is shared, so a CODEOWNER for opt may want to look.

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phicksy force-pushed the ext-draft/2-core-mode branch from 5914029 to 99c546f Compare October 14, 2026 14:25

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Inline comments:
Review comments at @modelopt/torch/speculative/plugins/hf_external.py:
- Around line 191-198: Update the vocabulary comparison around `base_vocab` and
`draft_vocab` to count tokens present only in the draft vocabulary as
mismatches, in addition to existing base-token ID mismatches. Keep the check
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  • modelopt/torch/speculative/config.py
  • modelopt/torch/speculative/external/external_model.py
  • modelopt/torch/speculative/plugins/hf_external.py
  • tests/gpu/torch/speculative/plugins/test_hf_external.py
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  • tests/unit/torch/speculative/test_external_draft_offline.py

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Comment thread modelopt/torch/speculative/plugins/hf_external.py
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Inline comments:
Review comments at @modelopt/torch/speculative/plugins/hf_external.py:
- Around line 84-91: Update the device-transfer logic in the enclosing method so
`_base_lm_head` and `_base_final_norm` are each checked and moved to `h.device`
independently; preserve the existing behavior of skipping transfers for modules
already on that device.
- Around line 63-67: Update attach_base_lm_head to stop setting
requires_grad=False on the supplied base_lm_head and base_final_norm, so the
caller’s base model remains unchanged. Keep these attached modules out of the
draft’s trainable parameters without modifying their parameters; teacher
projection already runs under torch.no_grad().
- Around line 150-163: Update the save_pretrained override so a push_to_hub
upload includes the corrected architecture rather than the dynamic subclass
name; arrange for the config correction to happen before upload or upload the
corrected config afterward, while preserving the is_main_process guard for the
shared-file rewrite.

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Comment on lines +63 to +67
for p in base_lm_head.parameters():
p.requires_grad = False
if base_final_norm is not None:
for p in base_final_norm.parameters():
p.requires_grad = False

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🎯 Functional Correctness | 🟠 Major | ⚡ Quick win

Do not freeze the caller’s base model.

attach_base_lm_head sets requires_grad=False on the supplied modules. Those modules still belong to the base model. If its output weight is tied to its embeddings, this also freezes the embeddings for any later base-model training. Keep the attached modules out of the draft’s trainable parameters without changing the caller’s modules; teacher projection already runs under torch.no_grad(). The PR objective states that the base model is not modified.

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Review comment at @modelopt/torch/speculative/plugins/hf_external.py around
lines 63 - 67:
Update attach_base_lm_head to stop setting requires_grad=False on the supplied
base_lm_head and base_final_norm, so the caller’s base model remains unchanged.
Keep these attached modules out of the draft’s trainable parameters without
modifying their parameters; teacher projection already runs under
torch.no_grad().

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review. Visit https://docs.coderabbit.ai/cli?utm_source=ghpr

Comment on lines +84 to +91
if self._base_lm_head.weight.device != h.device:
object.__setattr__(
self, "_base_lm_head", copy.deepcopy(self._base_lm_head).to(h.device)
)
if getattr(self, "_base_final_norm", None) is not None:
object.__setattr__(
self, "_base_final_norm", copy.deepcopy(self._base_final_norm).to(h.device)
)

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🩺 Stability & Availability | 🟡 Minor | ⚡ Quick win

Move the final norm independently of the head.

If the attached head is already on h.device but the attached final norm is on another device, this condition skips the norm copy. A pre-norm batch then applies the norm to hidden states on the wrong device and fails. Check each attached module’s device independently before projection.

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only still-valid issues, skip the rest with a brief reason, keep changes
minimal, and validate.

Review comment at @modelopt/torch/speculative/plugins/hf_external.py around
lines 84 - 91:
Update the device-transfer logic in the enclosing method so `_base_lm_head` and
`_base_final_norm` are each checked and moved to `h.device` independently;
preserve the existing behavior of skipping transfers for modules already on that
device.

After applying the fix, consider running `coderabbit review --agent` for local
review. Visit https://docs.coderabbit.ai/cli?utm_source=ghpr

Comment on lines +150 to +163
result = super().save_pretrained(save_directory, is_main_process, *args, **kwargs)
original = self.original_cls.__name__
self.config.architectures = [original]
# transformers rewrites architectures during the save, so the correction has to
# come after it. Only the rank that wrote the file may rewrite it: under FSDP
# every rank enters save_pretrained, and a read-modify-write from all of them
# races on a shared filesystem.
if is_main_process:
config_file = Path(save_directory) / "config.json"
if config_file.exists():
config = json.loads(config_file.read_text())
if config.get("architectures") != [original]:
config["architectures"] = [original]
config_file.write_text(json.dumps(config, indent=2, sort_keys=True) + "\n")

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🗄️ Data Integrity & Integration | 🟠 Major | 🏗️ Heavy lift

Correct the architecture before a Hub upload.

When a caller passes push_to_hub=True, the parent save_pretrained uploads config.json before it returns. This override changes the local file afterward, so the published checkpoint can retain the dynamic subclass name that this override intends to remove. Arrange for the corrected architecture to be present before upload, or upload the corrected file afterward. The declared Transformers range includes v5.5.0, whose save implementation uploads before returning. (raw.githubusercontent.com)

🧰 Tools
🪛 ast-grep (0.45.3)

[info] 163-163: use jsonify instead of json.dumps for JSON output
Context: json.dumps(config, indent=2, sort_keys=True)
Note: [CWE-116] Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output.

(use-jsonify)

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Review comment at @modelopt/torch/speculative/plugins/hf_external.py around
lines 150 - 163:
Update the save_pretrained override so a push_to_hub upload includes the
corrected architecture rather than the dynamic subclass name; arrange for the
config correction to happen before upload or upload the corrected config
afterward, while preserving the is_main_process guard for the shared-file
rewrite.

After applying the fix, consider running `coderabbit review --agent` for local
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Re-review of the updated head (496e1c6). Most of the first round is addressed. I diffed against the previous head, re-ran the unit tests locally (test_external_draft.py and test_external_draft_offline.py, 21 passed) and benchmarked the loss change on GPU.

Addressed

  • Tokenizer check: now compares the full vocabulary, and the test is shaped like byte-level BPE (byte symbols agree, divergence above 256).
  • Memory: _deployment_probs now takes the nucleus over the k kept values instead of sorting all of V. I measured _deployment_probs forward+backward on a [1, 2048, 152000] bf16 logits tensor on one RTX 6000 Ada: peak over baseline is 14.0 GB before, 6.2 GB after for top_k=20. With top_k=0 it is unchanged at 11.2 GB (the full-sort path), which is fine since the default is 20. It would be useful to put numbers like these (and a full-step peak) in the PR description.
  • In-place module move: _teacher_logits now moves a deep copy. Two follow-ups are in the inline comments (freezing the caller's head, and the norm's device).
  • Length mismatch: now raises instead of truncating silently.
  • labels: removed from the signature.
  • Unreachable check: the external_offline field and the redundant external_loss check are gone, and the related tests were updated.
  • save_pretrained: is_main_process is now a named parameter and passed through positionally, and there are tests for the architecture rewrite and the non-main-process case.
  • Circular test: replaced with an independent per-row reference.

Still open (inline comments)

  1. attach_base_lm_head still freezes the caller's base head and norm. Copy at attach time and freeze the copy.
  2. The final norm is moved only together with the head.
  3. push_to_hub uploads config.json before the architecture rewrite.
  4. The tokenizer check misses tokens present only in the draft vocabulary.
  5. A small test nit.

Registry duplication. The subclass-fallback block in external/conversion.py is still the fourth copy; the earlier suggestion and patch stand. I read the lack of a change as a decision to leave it, which is fine as a follow-up. No GPU test covers a full .cuda() forward, only _teacher_logits; I couldn't run that suite here.

Verdict. The remaining items are small and none is a blocker on its own. I'd fix 1 and 3, because they can surprise users: a frozen base head and a wrong Hub config.json.

def attach_base_lm_head(self, base_lm_head, base_final_norm=None) -> None:
"""Attach the frozen base lm_head used to project cached hidden states to teacher logits."""
for p in base_lm_head.parameters():
p.requires_grad = False

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Still open: attach_base_lm_head sets requires_grad=False on the caller's lm_head and final norm. The head is shared with the base model (and possibly tied to its embeddings), so attaching it silently freezes the base's output head, e.g. if the same process later fine-tunes the base. Since _teacher_logits now deep-copies the head anyway, make that copy here in attach_base_lm_head (optionally taking a device), then freeze only the copy. That removes the mutation and also moves the copy out of the first training step, where it currently runs on every rank mid-forward and briefly holds two copies of a V×H matrix.

# rather than the caller's module: it belongs to the base model and may be tied
# to its embeddings, so an in-place .to() would relocate the base's weights too.
# The copy is made once and reused.
if self._base_lm_head.weight.device != h.device:

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The norm is only moved together with the head. If the head is already on h.device but the norm is not (for example they were attached from different devices), the norm stays behind and _maybe_apply_base_final_norm fails with a device mismatch. Check and move the norm on its own device condition. Attaching the copies up front (see the comment on attach_base_lm_head) makes this go away.

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Each is checked on its own device now, and the probe uses next(..., None) with a buffer fallback so a non-affine norm doesn't raise inside the forward.

"""
# Named explicitly rather than read out of kwargs: transformers' own callers pass
# it positionally, and a kwargs lookup would then see the default on every rank.
result = super().save_pretrained(save_directory, is_main_process, *args, **kwargs)

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Still open: with push_to_hub=True (or a kwargs that triggers upload), super().save_pretrained uploads config.json before the rewrite below, so the Hub copy carries architectures=[ExternalDraftLlamaForCausalLM], the name this override exists to avoid. Either reject push_to_hub here with a clear error, or do the rewrite before the upload (for example save to the local dir first, fix, then upload). A test with push_to_hub=True mocked would pin it.

genuinely different tokenizers agree on exactly the region a sample would check.
"""
base_vocab, draft_vocab = base_tokenizer.get_vocab(), draft_tokenizer.get_vocab()
mismatched = sum(1 for token, bid in base_vocab.items() if draft_vocab.get(token) != bid)

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This only walks base_vocab, so tokens that exist only in the draft vocabulary are never compared. A draft with a different or extra token at an id the base lacks (or an id reorder that happens to keep every base token in place) passes. Compare the dicts both ways, e.g. if base_vocab != draft_vocab: and report the symmetric difference count. If padding/extra special tokens above the base vocab are expected to differ, restrict the draft side to ids < base vocab_size instead of skipping it.



def _convert(model, **overrides):
config = {**overrides}

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nit: {**overrides} is just a copy of overrides now; config = overrides / inline it.

@phicksy

phicksy commented Oct 14, 2026

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Thanks for the comments @kevalmorabia97 - I forgot I hadn't triggered the claude review on this new PR so I'll do that now as well

@phicksy
phicksy force-pushed the ext-draft/2-core-mode branch from 496e1c6 to c0e5441 Compare October 14, 2026 15:12
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phicksy requested a review from a team as a code owner October 14, 2026 15:12
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phicksy commented Oct 14, 2026

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/claude review

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🧹 Nitpick comments: 1
tests/unit/torch/opt/test_dynamic.py: 1

159-161: 📐 Maintainability & Code Quality | 🔵 Trivial | ⚡ Quick win

Move the in-function imports to module scope.

This test imports torch.nn and _DMRegistryCls/DynamicModule inside the function. The module already imports nn, DynamicModule, and _DMRegistryCls at the top, as test_register_rejects_non_module_classes shows. The imports have no circular-import or optional-dependency reason, so remove them.

♻️ Proposed fix
     """Subclasses that override forward are skipped by the automatic lookup."""
-    import torch.nn as nn
-
-    from modelopt.torch.opt.dynamic import DynamicModule, _DMRegistryCls
-
     registry = _DMRegistryCls("test_subclass")

As per path instructions: "Imports inside functions or test methods without explicit justification" are flagged; imports belong at the top of the file.

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Review comment at @tests/unit/torch/opt/test_dynamic.py around lines 159 - 161:
Remove the redundant in-function imports of nn, DynamicModule, and
_DMRegistryCls from the test function; reuse the module-scope imports already
used by test_register_rejects_non_module_classes.

Source: Path instructions


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Nitpick comments:
Review comments at @tests/unit/torch/opt/test_dynamic.py:
- Around line 159-161: Remove the redundant in-function imports of nn,
DynamicModule, and _DMRegistryCls from the test function; reuse the module-scope
imports already used by test_register_rejects_non_module_classes.

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  • modelopt/torch/opt/dynamic.py
  • modelopt/torch/speculative/external/conversion.py
  • modelopt/torch/speculative/plugins/hf_external.py
  • tests/unit/torch/opt/test_dynamic.py
  • tests/unit/torch/speculative/test_external_draft.py

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Re-review of c0e5441. Every open item from the last round is addressed. Locally, tests/unit/torch/opt/test_dynamic.py, test_external_draft.py and test_external_draft_offline.py pass (28 passed).

Addressed

  • Caller's head and norm: attach_base_lm_head now deep-copies before freezing (with an optional device), so they are no longer frozen or moved. There is a test for it.
  • Norm device: the norm is now checked and moved on its own device condition.
  • push_to_hub: now refused with a clear error, and tested.
  • Tokenizer check: now compares both directions, with a superset test.
  • Registry fallback: the new _DMRegistryCls.register_subclass replaces the copied block in the external converter, with a unit test.

Remaining (inline)

  1. Eagle, Medusa and DFlash still carry the copied fallback block. Switch them to register_subclass so this PR removes the duplication rather than adding a parallel path.
  2. next(norm.parameters()) crashes on a final norm with no parameters.
  3. Redundant in-function imports in the new test_dynamic.py test.

Item 1 is the one I'd like done before merge; 2 and 3 are small.


return decorator

def register_subclass(self, nn_cls: type[nn.Module], key: str) -> None:

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Thanks for adding this. Only the external converter uses it so far: eagle/conversion.py, medusa/conversion.py and dflash/conversion.py still carry the copied for cls in registry._registry block. Please switch those three to register_subclass(type(model), "base_model_class") in this PR, so the helper replaces the duplication instead of becoming a fifth way to do it. The patch in my earlier PR comment covers exactly those three files.

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Switched all three - eagle, medusa and dflash call register_subclass now and no copy of the block remains anywhere (-15 lines).

if self._base_lm_head.weight.device != h.device:
object.__setattr__(self, "_base_lm_head", self._base_lm_head.to(h.device))
norm = getattr(self, "_base_final_norm", None)
if norm is not None and next(norm.parameters()).device != h.device:

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next(norm.parameters()) raises StopIteration for a final norm with no parameters (e.g. a non-affine LayerNorm, as some models use). That surfaces as a confusing error from inside forward. Use next(norm.parameters(), None) and skip the move when it is None, or check a buffer.

Comment thread tests/unit/torch/opt/test_dynamic.py Outdated

def test_register_subclass_inherits_the_registered_base():
"""Subclasses that override forward are skipped by the automatic lookup."""
import torch.nn as nn

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nit: nn, DynamicModule and _DMRegistryCls are already imported at the top of this file. Drop the in-function imports (the repo keeps imports at module top).

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phicksy force-pushed the ext-draft/2-core-mode branch from c0e5441 to 402a323 Compare October 14, 2026 15:36
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phicksy commented Oct 14, 2026

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/claude review focus only on the changes since commit 496e1c6: attach_base_lm_head now deep-copies and freezes the copy rather than the caller's modules, the final norm is moved on its own device check, save_pretrained refuses push_to_hub, validate_tokenizer_against_base compares both directions, and _DMRegistryCls.register_subclass replaces the duplicated subclass-fallback block in external/conversion.py. Do not re-review unchanged code.

# correction below can run, so the published copy would carry the dynamic subclass
# name this override exists to remove. Refuse rather than publish a checkpoint
# nothing downstream can load.
if kwargs.get("push_to_hub"):

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[IMPORTANT Compatibility] The push_to_hub refusal only sees the keyword form, so the positional form slips past the very guard this block exists to be.

PreTrainedModel.save_pretrained declares push_to_hub as a positional-or-keyword parameter at position 5 (save_directory, is_main_process, state_dict, save_function, push_to_hub, ...). This override names the first two and swallows the rest in *args, so a caller that passes positionally — model.save_pretrained(d, True, None, torch.save, True) — lands push_to_hub=True at args[2], kwargs.get("push_to_hub") returns None, and the upload proceeds. The result is exactly the outcome the comment above describes: config.json is uploaded from inside super().save_pretrained carrying the dynamic subclass name, and the published checkpoint is unloadable by vLLM/TRT-LLM.

This is the same hazard already handled two lines down for is_main_process — the comment there states the reason outright ("transformers' own callers pass it positionally, and a kwargs lookup would then see the default"). The guard should be read the same way, not out of kwargs.

Cheapest fix consistent with what you already did for is_main_process: name it in the signature and pass it through.

    def save_pretrained(
        self,
        save_directory,
        is_main_process=True,
        state_dict=None,
        save_function=torch.save,
        push_to_hub=False,
        *args,
        **kwargs,
    ):
        ...
        if push_to_hub:
            raise ValueError(...)
        result = super().save_pretrained(
            save_directory, is_main_process, state_dict, save_function, push_to_hub, *args, **kwargs
        )

Note that model.push_to_hub("repo") (the PushToHubMixin entry point) is unaffected and already correct — it calls save_pretrained(work_dir) and uploads the folder afterwards, so it picks up the rewritten config. Only the positional save_pretrained(..., True, ...) path is exposed.

if self._base_lm_head.weight.device != h.device:
object.__setattr__(self, "_base_lm_head", self._base_lm_head.to(h.device))
norm = getattr(self, "_base_final_norm", None)
if norm is not None and next(norm.parameters()).device != h.device:

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[IMPORTANT Correctness] next(norm.parameters()) raises StopIteration on a parameterless final norm, aborting the training step.

The device check on the new independent branch assumes the norm has at least one parameter. Two reachable layouts break it:

  • An RMSNorm/LayerNorm constructed with elementwise_affine=False has no parameters at all — next() raises bare StopIteration inside _teacher_logits, i.e. inside the forward. Under a Trainer/generator frame that surfaces as a confusing RuntimeError: generator raised StopIteration rather than anything pointing at the norm.
  • copy.deepcopy in attach_base_lm_head preserves buffer-only norms too, so a norm whose scale is registered as a buffer rather than a Parameter hits the same path.

The head branch above is safe (.weight always exists on an nn.Linear/tied embedding), so only the norm needs the guard. nn.Module.to is a no-op when everything is already on the device, so the simplest correct form is to drop the probe entirely and lean on the parameter-or-buffer iterator:

        norm = getattr(self, "_base_final_norm", None)
        if norm is not None:
            t = next(norm.parameters(), None)
            if t is None:
                t = next(norm.buffers(), None)
            if t is not None and t.device != h.device:
                object.__setattr__(self, "_base_final_norm", norm.to(h.device))

This keeps the "skip transfers for modules already on that device" behaviour the comment promises, and a norm with neither parameters nor buffers (a pure-functional norm) correctly needs no move.

Worth a unit test with an elementwise_affine=False norm attached — it fails without the guard and passes with it.

@phicksy
phicksy force-pushed the ext-draft/2-core-mode branch from 402a323 to cd3b5f0 Compare October 14, 2026 17:51
Unlike Eagle/Medusa/DFlash, the converted module *is* the draft: an
ordinary pretrained causal LM that owns its embeddings and lm_head. The
base model is never grafted onto it and is not modified; it contributes
only cached hidden states, which the base lm_head projects to teacher
logits. The trained draft therefore exports as a plain HF checkpoint that
downstream runtimes load with no mode-specific support.

external_loss selects the objective: soft_ce reproduces the Eagle offline
loss, tvd is total-variation distance, and tvd_deploy puts both sides
through the serving filter first so the loss is the acceptance the
deployed pair sees.

Part of a five-PR series; this slice is the library mode only. The recipe
and training entrypoint follow in [3/5].

Signed-off-by: Peter Hicks <phicks@nvidia.com>
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Hicks <phicks@nvidia.com>
@phicksy
phicksy force-pushed the ext-draft/2-core-mode branch from cd3b5f0 to 3a129c5 Compare October 14, 2026 20:59
@phicksy

phicksy commented Oct 14, 2026

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/claude review focus only on the changes since 402a323: save_pretrained now names
push_to_hub as a positional parameter and threads it to super(), the final norm device
probe tolerates a parameterless norm, and the eagle/medusa/dflash converters now call
_DMRegistryCls.register_subclass instead of each carrying a copy of the fallback block.
Do not re-review unchanged code.

@kevalmorabia97 kevalmorabia97 left a comment

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Re-review of 3a129c5, covering only the PR's own files; the rest of the compare range is the rebase onto main. All items from the previous round are addressed, and I have no new findings.

  • Registry duplication: Eagle, Medusa and DFlash now call register_subclass, and no copy of the fallback block remains under modelopt/torch/speculative.
  • Parameterless final norm: the device probe now uses next(..., None) with a buffer fallback, and there is a test with a non-affine LayerNorm.
  • save_pretrained positional arguments: state_dict and push_to_hub are now named, so the positional push_to_hub form is refused too, and that is tested. I checked the order against PreTrainedModel.save_pretrained in transformers 5.5.0, 5.9.0 and 5.18.0, which covers the pinned >=5.5,<5.19 range. All three are (save_directory, is_main_process, state_dict, push_to_hub, ...) with no save_function, so the forwarding is correct. The save_function concern in the bot thread applies only to 4.x, which is outside the pin.
  • Test imports: the redundant in-function imports in test_dynamic.py are removed.

Locally, test_dynamic.py, test_external_draft.py, test_external_draft_offline.py and test_eagle_config.py pass (37 passed). I did not run the GPU suites (tests/gpu/torch/speculative), which also exercise the Eagle, Medusa and DFlash converters now routed through register_subclass; CI should cover those.

LGTM from my side.

@phicksy
phicksy merged commit e66318d into NVIDIA:main Oct 15, 2026
71 checks passed
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