[FAQ]Homework 4 (2026) Q2/Q6 #491

Course

machine-learning-zoomcamp

Question

In Q1 lead_score alone has a training AUC of 0.788, but in Q2 the full logistic regression model only gets 0.732 on validation, even though lead_score is one of its features. In Q6 the heavily regularized C=0.001 (0.749) also beats C=1 (0.732). Is my model broken?

Answer

Your model isn't broken, and 0.732 and C=0.001 are still the correct homework answers. The low score comes from feature scale, not from the evaluation code.

annual_income is around 50,000, while every other feature is between 0 and 10 (one-hot columns are 0/1). Logistic regression with an L2 penalty (the sklearn default) is not scale invariant. With C=1.0 the fit leans on income, and its weight comes out around −1e-5. On validation the model predicts converted for 82% of leads when the real rate is 59%. The useful features get drowned out, so the model's ranking is worse than ranking by lead_score alone (validation AUC 0.783).

That also explains Q6. A smaller C shrinks the weights, which limits how much the unscaled income column can distort the fit. That's why 0.001 wins. With C=1e-6 every weight is close to zero and the model underfits.

Scale the numeric columns (fit on the training data only) and the effect goes away:

from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler

numerical = ["number_of_courses_viewed", "annual_income", "interaction_count", "lead_score"]
scaler = StandardScaler().fit(df_train[numerical])
df_train[numerical] = scaler.transform(df_train[numerical])
df_val[numerical] = scaler.transform(df_val[numerical])
# then DictVectorizer + LogisticRegression(solver='liblinear', C=1.0, max_iter=1000) as usual

After scaling, C has no effect on AUC. Even C=1e-6 ranks leads just as well, because AUC only depends on the order of the scores, not their size. Q6's ranking of C values is caused by the unscaled income column.

Takeaways:

• Always compare your model against the best single feature (Q1 hands you that baseline). If the model can't beat it, check preprocessing.
• Scale numeric features before regularized linear models.
• For the homework, submit the unscaled values the questions ask for (0.732 and C=0.001).

Full worked example with plots: https://github.com/devotuoma/machine-learning-zoomcamp/tree/hw04-evaluation/cohorts/2026/homework/04-evaluation/solution

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