Add geomorphons and topographic openness

[brendancol]

The current landform classification uses Weiss TPI-based classes, which are sensitive to window size and don't generalize well across scales. Geomorphons (Jasiewicz & Stepinski 2013) are a better alternative that classifies landforms using ternary pattern recognition from line-of-sight profiles.

Scope

Geomorphons. Produce a 10-class landform map (flat, summit, ridge, shoulder, spur, slope, hollow, footslope, valley, depression) from 8-direction line-of-sight profiles. Parameters: search radius and flatness threshold. Each pixel gets a ternary pattern based on whether neighboring terrain along each profile is higher, lower, or at the same level, and that pattern maps to one of the 10 forms.

Positive and negative topographic openness. For each cell, compute the mean zenith angle (positive openness) or mean nadir angle (negative openness) along 8 azimuth directions. These are related to but distinct from sky view factor. Positive openness highlights valleys and depressions; negative openness highlights ridges and peaks. Useful on their own as terrain visualization tools and as inputs to other analyses.

Hypsometric curves and integrals per basin. Given a DEM and basin delineation raster, compute the hypsometric curve (area-altitude relationship) and hypsometric integral for each basin. This pairs well with the existing hydrology tools.

Implementation notes

Geomorphons are straightforward to parallelize since each pixel looks independently along radial profiles out to the search radius. The only data dependency is the elevation values along each ray. This makes it a good candidate for GPU kernels where each thread handles one pixel and walks 8 directions.

For dask, use map_overlap with depth equal to the search radius.

Topographic openness follows the same pattern (8 radial profiles per pixel), so it can share the same ray-walking infrastructure as geomorphons.

Reference

Jasiewicz, J. & Stepinski, T.F. (2013). "Geomorphons — a pattern recognition approach to classification and mapping of landforms." Geomorphology, 182, 147-156.