diff --git a/languages/amharic/grammar.js b/languages/amharic/grammar.js
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@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+// Amharic first grammar for the Grammar Learner. Written for this project.
+// Examples are [Amharic, romanization, English]; {braces} mark the point of the lesson.
+// Drills are { q, en, options, answer, why }; ＿ is the blank.
+window.GRAMMAR = window.GRAMMAR || {};
+window.GRAMMAR.amharic = {
+ title: "Amharic first grammar",
+ intro: "Amharic is the working language of Ethiopia and a Semitic language, a cousin of Arabic and Hebrew. The verb comes last, “you” has separate forms for a man and a woman, and small endings on nouns and verbs carry a lot of meaning. These lessons cover pronouns and “to be”, “my” and “your” endings, having and not having, questions, small words for place, and verbs in the present and past. The romanization is a simple guide: e is the short vowel of “the”, and gn is the ny sound of “canyon”.",
+ lessons: [
+ {
+ id: "to-be",
+ title: "Pronouns and “to be”",
+ particle: "ነኝ ነህ ነው",
+ summary: "The pronouns, and the form of “is” that matches each one.",
+ sections: [
+ {
+ p: "እኔ (ine) I, አንተ (ante) you (to a man), አንቺ (anchi) you (to a woman), እሱ (issu) he, እሷ (isswa) she, እኛ (igna) we, እነሱ (inessu) they. እርስዎ (irswo) is a respectful “you”. “Is” comes last and changes with the person: ነኝ I am, ነህ / ነሽ you are, ነው he is, ናት she is, ነን we are, ናቸው they are.",
+ examples: [
+ ["እኔ ተማሪ {ነኝ}።", "Ine temari negn.", "I am a student."],
+ ["አንተ ኢትዮጵያዊ {ነህ}?", "Ante ityopyawi neh?", "Are you Ethiopian? (to a man)"],
+ ["እሷ ዶክተር {ናት}።", "Isswa doktor nat.", "She is a doctor."],
+ ["እነሱ ጓደኞቼ {ናቸው}።", "Inessu gwadegnoche nachew.", "They are my friends."],
+ ],
+ },
+ ],
+ drills: [
+ { q: "እኔ ተማሪ ＿።", en: "I am a student.", options: ["ነኝ", "ነህ", "ነው", "ናት"], answer: "ነኝ", why: "With እኔ (I): ነኝ." },
+ { q: "እሷ ዶክተር ＿።", en: "She is a doctor.", options: ["ናት", "ነው", "ነኝ", "ነን"], answer: "ናት", why: "With እሷ (she): ናት." },
+ { q: "እሱ ኢትዮጵያዊ ＿።", en: "He is Ethiopian.", options: ["ነው", "ናት", "ነህ", "ናቸው"], answer: "ነው", why: "With እሱ (he): ነው." },
+ { q: "እኛ ተማሪዎች ＿።", en: "We are students.", options: ["ነን", "ነኝ", "ናቸው", "ነሽ"], answer: "ነን", why: "With እኛ (we): ነን." },
+ { q: "＿ ተማሪ ነህ?", en: "Are you a student? (to a man)", options: ["አንተ", "አንቺ", "እሱ", "እኔ"], answer: "አንተ", why: "አንተ is “you” to a man, and goes with ነህ." },
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "possessives",
+ title: "My, your, his: endings",
+ particle: "-ኤ -ህ -ሽ -ኡ",
+ summary: "“My”, “your” and “his” are endings on the noun.",
+ sections: [
+ {
+ p: "Possession is an ending: ቤት (bet) house → ቤቴ (bete) my house, ቤትህ (betih) your house (man), ቤትሽ (betish) your house (woman), ቤቱ (betu) his house, ቤቷ (betwa) her house, ቤታችን (betachin) our house. The ending -ኡ (-u) also means “the”: ቤቱ can be “the house”.",
+ examples: [
+ ["{ስሜ} ዮናስ ነው።", "Sime Yonas new.", "My name is Yonas."],
+ ["{ስምህ} ማን ነው?", "Simih man new?", "What is your name? (to a man)"],
+ ["{ስምሽ} ማን ነው?", "Simish man new?", "What is your name? (to a woman)"],
+ ["ይህ {ቤታችን} ነው።", "Yih betachin new.", "This is our house."],
+ ],
+ },
+ ],
+ drills: [
+ { q: "＿ ዮናስ ነው።", en: "My name is Yonas.", options: ["ስሜ", "ስምህ", "ስሙ", "ስሟ"], answer: "ስሜ", why: "-ኤ (-e) = my: ስም → ስሜ." },
+ { q: "＿ ማን ነው?", en: "What is your name? (to a woman)", options: ["ስምሽ", "ስምህ", "ስሜ", "ስሙ"], answer: "ስምሽ", why: "-ሽ (-ish) = your, to a woman." },
+ { q: "ይህ ＿ ነው።", en: "This is my house.", options: ["ቤቴ", "ቤቱ", "ቤትህ", "ቤታችን"], answer: "ቤቴ", why: "ቤት + -ኤ = ቤቴ, my house." },
+ { q: "＿ ትልቅ ነው።", en: "His house is big.", options: ["ቤቱ", "ቤቴ", "ቤቷ", "ቤትሽ"], answer: "ቤቱ", why: "-ኡ (-u) = his (and also “the”)." },
+ { q: "ይህ ＿ ነው።", en: "This is our house.", options: ["ቤታችን", "ቤቴ", "ቤትህ", "ቤቷ"], answer: "ቤታችን", why: "-አችን (-achin) = our." },
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "have-not",
+ title: "Having, and saying no",
+ particle: "አለ የለም አይደለም",
+ summary: "አለ there is, አለኝ I have; የለም there isn't; አይደለም is not.",
+ sections: [
+ {
+ p: "አለ (alle) means “there is”. With an ending it means “have”: አለኝ (allegn) I have, አለህ (alleh) you have (man), አለው (allew) he has, አላት (allat) she has. The negative is የለም (yellem) “there isn't”, and የለኝም (yellegnim) “I don't have”.",
+ examples: [
+ ["ቡና {አለ}?", "Buna alle?", "Is there any coffee?"],
+ ["እኔ መኪና {አለኝ}።", "Ine mekina allegn.", "I have a car."],
+ ["ገንዘብ {የለኝም}።", "Genzeb yellegnim.", "I have no money."],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ h: "“Is not”",
+ p: "The negative of ነው is አይደለም (aydellem): “he / it is not”. “I am not” is አይደለሁም (aydellehum), and “she is not” አይደለችም (aydellechim).",
+ examples: [
+ ["እሱ ዶክተር {አይደለም}።", "Issu doktor aydellem.", "He isn't a doctor."],
+ ["እኔ ቱሪስት {አይደለሁም}።", "Ine turist aydellehum.", "I'm not a tourist."],
+ ],
+ },
+ ],
+ drills: [
+ { q: "ቡና ＿?", en: "Is there any coffee?", options: ["አለ", "የለም", "ነኝ", "አይደለም"], answer: "አለ", why: "አለ = there is." },
+ { q: "ይቅርታ፣ ቡና ＿።", en: "Sorry, there's no coffee.", options: ["የለም", "አለ", "አይደለም", "ነው"], answer: "የለም", why: "የለም = there isn't." },
+ { q: "እኔ መኪና ＿።", en: "I have a car.", options: ["አለኝ", "አለው", "አላት", "የለም"], answer: "አለኝ", why: "አለ + -ኝ (me) = I have." },
+ { q: "ገንዘብ ＿።", en: "I have no money.", options: ["የለኝም", "አለኝ", "አይደለሁም", "ነኝ"], answer: "የለኝም", why: "የለኝም = I don't have." },
+ { q: "እሱ ዶክተር ＿።", en: "He isn't a doctor.", options: ["አይደለም", "የለም", "አይደለሁም", "ነው"], answer: "አይደለም", why: "The negative of ነው is አይደለም." },
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "questions",
+ title: "Asking questions",
+ particle: "ምን ማን የት ስንት",
+ summary: "Question words go before the verb; a yes/no question just rises in tone.",
+ sections: [
+ {
+ p: "A yes/no question uses the normal word order with a rising voice. Question words come just before the verb: ምን (min) what, ማን (man) who, የት (yet) where, መቼ (meche) when, ለምን (lemin) why, እንዴት (indet) how, ስንት (sint) how many, how much. A name is asked with ማን: “who is your name?”",
+ examples: [
+ ["ይህ {ምን} ነው?", "Yih min new?", "What is this?"],
+ ["ሆቴሉ {የት} ነው?", "Hotelu yet new?", "Where is the hotel?"],
+ ["ዋጋው {ስንት} ነው?", "Wagaw sint new?", "How much is it?"],
+ ["{እንዴት} ነሽ?", "Indet nesh?", "How are you? (to a woman)"],
+ ],
+ },
+ ],
+ drills: [
+ { q: "ስምህ ＿ ነው?", en: "What is your name?", options: ["ማን", "ምን", "የት", "ስንት"], answer: "ማን", why: "Amharic asks a name with ማን, “who”." },
+ { q: "ይህ ＿ ነው?", en: "What is this?", options: ["ምን", "ማን", "መቼ", "የት"], answer: "ምን", why: "ምን = what." },
+ { q: "ሆቴሉ ＿ ነው?", en: "Where is the hotel?", options: ["የት", "ምን", "ስንት", "ለምን"], answer: "የት", why: "የት = where." },
+ { q: "ዋጋው ＿ ነው?", en: "How much is it?", options: ["ስንት", "ማን", "የት", "እንዴት"], answer: "ስንት", why: "ስንት = how much, how many." },
+ { q: "＿ ነህ?", en: "How are you? (to a man)", options: ["እንዴት", "የት", "ማን", "መቼ"], answer: "እንዴት", why: "እንዴት = how." },
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "place-plural",
+ title: "From, in, to; and plurals",
+ particle: "ከ- በ- ለ- ወደ -ኦች",
+ summary: "Short prefixes for place, and -ኦች for the plural.",
+ sections: [
+ {
+ p: "Several small words are written joined to the front of the noun: ከ- (ke-) from, በ- (be-) in, at, by, ለ- (le-) for, to (a person). ወደ (wede) “towards” is a separate word.",
+ examples: [
+ ["{ከ}አዲስ አበባ ነኝ።", "Ke-Addis Abeba negn.", "I'm from Addis Ababa."],
+ ["{በ}ቤት ነኝ።", "Be-bet negn.", "I'm at home."],
+ ["{ወደ} ገበያ እሄዳለሁ።", "Wede gebeya ihedallehu.", "I'm going to the market."],
+ ["ይህ {ለ}እናቴ ነው።", "Yih le-inate new.", "This is for my mother."],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ h: "Plurals",
+ p: "Most nouns add -ኦች (-och): ቤት → ቤቶች (betoch) houses, መኪና → መኪናዎች (mekinawoch) cars. After a number the plural is often left out: ሁለት ቤት, two houses.",
+ examples: [
+ ["ብዙ {ቤቶች}", "bizu betoch", "many houses"],
+ ],
+ },
+ ],
+ drills: [
+ { q: "＿አዲስ አበባ ነኝ።", en: "I'm from Addis Ababa.", options: ["ከ", "በ", "ለ", "ወደ"], answer: "ከ", why: "ከ- = from." },
+ { q: "ነገ ＿ ገበያ እሄዳለሁ።", en: "Tomorrow I'll go to the market.", options: ["ወደ", "ከ", "በ", "ለ"], answer: "ወደ", why: "ወደ = to, towards." },
+ { q: "＿ቤት ነኝ።", en: "I'm at home.", options: ["በ", "ከ", "ወደ", "ለ"], answer: "በ", why: "በ- = in, at." },
+ { q: "ይህ ስጦታ ＿እናቴ ነው።", en: "This gift is for my mother.", options: ["ለ", "ከ", "በ", "ወደ"], answer: "ለ", why: "ለ- = for." },
+ { q: "ብዙ ＿", en: "many houses", options: ["ቤቶች", "ቤቱ", "ቤቴ", "ቤትህ"], answer: "ቤቶች", why: "-ኦች makes the plural." },
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "verbs",
+ title: "Verbs: present and past",
+ particle: "እ-…-አለሁ ይ-…-አል -ኩ",
+ summary: "The present has a prefix and an ending; the past has only an ending.",
+ sections: [
+ {
+ p: "The present (also used for the future) wraps the verb: እሄድአለሁ → እሄዳለሁ (ihedallehu) I go, ትሄዳለህ (tihedalleh) you go (man), ይሄዳል (yihedal) he goes, ትሄዳለች (tihedallech) she goes, እንሄዳለን (inhedallen) we go.",
+ examples: [
+ ["ነገ ወደ ጎንደር {እሄዳለሁ}።", "Nege wede Gonder ihedallehu.", "I'll go to Gondar tomorrow."],
+ ["እሱ ቡና {ይጠጣል}።", "Issu buna yitetal.", "He drinks coffee."],
+ ["እሷ አማርኛ {ትናገራለች}።", "Isswa amarigna tinageralech.", "She speaks Amharic."],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ h: "The past",
+ p: "The past adds an ending only: ሄድኩ (hedku) I went, ሄድክ (hedk) you went (man), ሄደ (hede) he went, ሄደች (hedech) she went, ሄድን (hedin) we went.",
+ examples: [
+ ["ትናንት ወደ ገበያ {ሄድኩ}።", "Tinant wede gebeya hedku.", "I went to the market yesterday."],
+ ["እሱ ትናንት {መጣ}።", "Issu tinant meta.", "He came yesterday."],
+ ],
+ },
+ ],
+ drills: [
+ { q: "እኔ ነገ ወደ ጎንደር ＿።", en: "I'll go to Gondar tomorrow.", options: ["እሄዳለሁ", "ይሄዳል", "ትሄዳለች", "ሄድኩ"], answer: "እሄዳለሁ", why: "I, present or future: እ-…-አለሁ." },
+ { q: "እሱ ቡና ＿።", en: "He drinks coffee.", options: ["ይጠጣል", "እጠጣለሁ", "ትጠጣለች", "ጠጣሁ"], answer: "ይጠጣል", why: "He, present: ይ-…-አል." },
+ { q: "እሷ አማርኛ ＿።", en: "She speaks Amharic.", options: ["ትናገራለች", "ይናገራል", "እናገራለሁ", "ተናገረች"], answer: "ትናገራለች", why: "She, present: ት-…-አለች." },
+ { q: "ትናንት ወደ ገበያ ＿።", en: "I went to the market yesterday.", options: ["ሄድኩ", "እሄዳለሁ", "ሄደ", "ይሄዳል"], answer: "ሄድኩ", why: "I, past: -ኩ." },
+ { q: "እሱ ትናንት ＿።", en: "He came yesterday.", options: ["መጣ", "መጣሁ", "ይመጣል", "መጣች"], answer: "መጣ", why: "He, past: the bare stem, መጣ." },
+ ],
+ },
+ ],
+};
diff --git a/languages/amharic/meta.json b/languages/amharic/meta.json
index 1c3c27b7..3930ebee 100644
--- a/languages/amharic/meta.json
+++ b/languages/amharic/meta.json
@@ -5,5 +5,6 @@
"writingSystems": ["ethiopic"],
"characterKeys": ["ethiopic"],
"notes": "Amharic in the Ethiopic fidel, where each letter has seven vowel orders.",
- "speech": "am-ET"
+ "speech": "am-ET",
+ "data": { "grammar": "grammar.js", "vocab": "vocab.js", "reference": "reference.json" }
}
diff --git a/languages/amharic/reference.json b/languages/amharic/reference.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3feae4e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/amharic/reference.json
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+{
+ "id": "amharic",
+ "entries": [
+ {
+ "id": "at-a-glance", "topic": "overview", "title": "Amharic at a glance",
+ "body": [
+ "Amharic is the working language of Ethiopia's federal government, spoken by about 35 million people as a first language and by many more as a second. It is a Semitic language, related to Tigrinya, Arabic and Hebrew, and is the second most spoken Semitic language after Arabic.",
+ "The verb comes last. Nouns and verbs take endings and prefixes for person, number and gender, and “you” has separate forms for a man, a woman, and a respected person."
+ ],
+ "examples": [
+ { "t": "አማርኛ {እማራለሁ}።", "r": "Amarigna imarallehu.", "e": "I'm learning Amharic." }
+ ],
+ "tags": ["Semitic", "verb-final"]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "fidel", "topic": "script", "title": "How the fidel works",
+ "body": [
+ "Amharic is written in the Ethiopic script, called ፊደል (fidel). Each character is a consonant plus a vowel. A base shape has seven forms, the “orders”, made by adding small strokes, rings or bends for each vowel.",
+ "The script comes from Ge'ez, the classical language of Ethiopia, which is still used in the Orthodox church. Words are separated by spaces today; older texts use ፡, and ። ends a sentence."
+ ],
+ "table": {
+ "head": ["Order", "Vowel", "With ለ (l)", "With በ (b)"],
+ "rows": [
+ ["1st", "e", "ለ le", "በ be"],
+ ["2nd", "u", "ሉ lu", "ቡ bu"],
+ ["3rd", "i", "ሊ li", "ቢ bi"],
+ ["4th", "a", "ላ la", "ባ ba"],
+ ["5th", "é", "ሌ lé", "ቤ bé"],
+ ["6th", "(none) or i", "ል l", "ብ b"],
+ ["7th", "o", "ሎ lo", "ቦ bo"]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": ["abugida", "Ge'ez"]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "to-be", "topic": "verbs", "title": "“To be”",
+ "body": "ነው and its forms come at the end of the sentence and agree with the subject.",
+ "table": {
+ "head": ["Subject", "Form", "Example"],
+ "rows": [
+ ["እኔ, I", "ነኝ (negn)", "እኔ ተማሪ ነኝ, I'm a student"],
+ ["አንተ, you (man)", "ነህ (neh)", "አንተ ተማሪ ነህ"],
+ ["አንቺ, you (woman)", "ነሽ (nesh)", "አንቺ ተማሪ ነሽ"],
+ ["እሱ, he", "ነው (new)", "እሱ ተማሪ ነው"],
+ ["እሷ, she", "ናት (nat)", "እሷ ተማሪ ናት"],
+ ["እኛ, we", "ነን (nen)", "እኛ ተማሪዎች ነን"],
+ ["እነሱ, they", "ናቸው (nachew)", "እነሱ ተማሪዎች ናቸው"]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": ["copula"]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "verbs", "topic": "verbs", "title": "Present and past of “go”",
+ "table": {
+ "head": ["Person", "Present / future", "Past"],
+ "rows": [
+ ["I", "እሄዳለሁ (ihedallehu)", "ሄድኩ (hedku)"],
+ ["you (man)", "ትሄዳለህ (tihedalleh)", "ሄድክ (hedk)"],
+ ["you (woman)", "ትሄጃለሽ (tihejallesh)", "ሄድሽ (hedsh)"],
+ ["he", "ይሄዳል (yihedal)", "ሄደ (hede)"],
+ ["she", "ትሄዳለች (tihedallech)", "ሄደች (hedech)"],
+ ["we", "እንሄዳለን (inhedallen)", "ሄድን (hedin)"],
+ ["they", "ይሄዳሉ (yihedallu)", "ሄዱ (hedu)"]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": ["conjugation"]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "numbers", "topic": "numbers", "title": "Numbers and Ethiopic numerals",
+ "body": "Ethiopic numerals have no zero and have separate signs for tens and for 100. Today they are used mostly for dates and in formal writing; prices use the digits 0–9.",
+ "table": {
+ "head": ["Numeral", "Word", "Said"],
+ "rows": [
+ ["፩", "አንድ", "and"],
+ ["፪", "ሁለት", "hulet"],
+ ["፫", "ሦስት", "sost"],
+ ["፬", "አራት", "arat"],
+ ["፭", "አምስት", "amist"],
+ ["፮", "ስድስት", "sidist"],
+ ["፯", "ሰባት", "sebat"],
+ ["፰", "ስምንት", "simint"],
+ ["፱", "ዘጠኝ", "zetegn"],
+ ["፲", "አሥር", "asir"],
+ ["፳", "ሃያ", "haya"],
+ ["፻", "መቶ", "meto"]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": ["numerals"]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "phrases", "topic": "phrases", "title": "Everyday phrases",
+ "examples": [
+ { "t": "ሰላም", "r": "Selam.", "e": "Hello." },
+ { "t": "እንዴት ነህ? / እንዴት ነሽ?", "r": "Indet neh? / Indet nesh?", "e": "How are you? (to a man / to a woman)" },
+ { "t": "አመሰግናለሁ", "r": "Ameseginallehu.", "e": "Thank you." },
+ { "t": "ዋጋው ስንት ነው?", "r": "Wagaw sint new?", "e": "How much is it?" },
+ { "t": "አልገባኝም", "r": "Algebagnim.", "e": "I don't understand." },
+ { "t": "ቡና እንጠጣ", "r": "Buna intetta.", "e": "Let's have coffee." }
+ ],
+ "tags": ["greetings", "travel"]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "coffee-ceremony", "topic": "culture", "title": "The coffee ceremony",
+ "body": [
+ "The coffee ceremony (ቡና ማፍላት, buna maflat) is a central part of Ethiopian hospitality. Green beans are roasted in a pan in front of the guests, ground by hand, and brewed in a clay pot called a ጀበና (jebena), while incense burns.",
+ "Coffee is served in small cups in three rounds, called abol, tona and bereka. Staying for all three is polite."
+ ],
+ "tags": ["customs", "coffee"]
+ }
+ ]
+}
diff --git a/languages/amharic/vocab.js b/languages/amharic/vocab.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa7f0356
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/amharic/vocab.js
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+// Amharic starter words for the Vocabulary Learner.
+// Each word is [Amharic, romanization, English, note]. Written for this project.
+// In the romanization e is the short vowel of “the” and gn is the ny of “canyon”.
+window.LSD_DECKS = window.LSD_DECKS || {};
+window.LSD_DECKS.amharic = [
+ {
+ id: "greetings",
+ title: "Greetings",
+ words: [
+ ["ሰላም", "selam", "hello; peace", "The everyday greeting."],
+ ["ጤና ይስጥልኝ", "tena yistilign", "hello (polite)", "Literally “may he give you health for me”."],
+ ["እንደምን አደርክ", "indemin aderk?", "good morning (to a man)", "To a woman: እንደምን አደርሽ, indemin adersh?"],
+ ["እንዴት ነህ", "indet neh?", "how are you? (to a man)", "To a woman: እንዴት ነሽ, indet nesh?"],
+ ["ደህና ነኝ", "dehna negn", "I'm fine", ""],
+ ["እግዚአብሔር ይመስገን", "igziabher yimesgen", "thank God (I'm well)", "The usual answer to “how are you?”."],
+ ["አመሰግናለሁ", "ameseginallehu", "thank you", ""],
+ ["እባክህ", "ibakih", "please (to a man)", "To a woman: እባክሽ, ibakish."],
+ ["ይቅርታ", "yikirta", "sorry; excuse me", ""],
+ ["አዎ", "awo", "yes", ""],
+ ["አይ", "ay", "no", "Also አይደለም, aydellem, “it isn't”."],
+ ["እሺ", "ishi", "OK", ""],
+ ["ስሜ … ነው", "sime … new", "my name is …", ""],
+ ["ደህና ሁን", "dehna hun", "goodbye (to a man)", "To a woman: ደህና ሁኚ, dehna hugni."],
+ ["እንኳን ደህና መጣህ", "inkwan dehna metah", "welcome (to a man)", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "people",
+ title: "People",
+ words: [
+ ["እኔ", "ine", "I", ""],
+ ["አንተ", "ante", "you (to a man)", ""],
+ ["አንቺ", "anchi", "you (to a woman)", ""],
+ ["እርስዎ", "irswo", "you (respectful)", ""],
+ ["እሱ", "issu", "he", ""],
+ ["እሷ", "isswa", "she", ""],
+ ["እኛ", "igna", "we", ""],
+ ["እነሱ", "inessu", "they", ""],
+ ["ሰው", "sew", "person", ""],
+ ["ሰዎች", "sewoch", "people", ""],
+ ["ወንድ", "wend", "man; male", ""],
+ ["ሴት", "set", "woman; female", ""],
+ ["ልጅ", "lij", "child", ""],
+ ["ጓደኛ", "gwadegna", "friend", ""],
+ ["እናት", "inat", "mother", ""],
+ ["አባት", "abat", "father", ""],
+ ["ቤተሰብ", "beteseb", "family", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "numbers",
+ title: "Numbers",
+ words: [
+ ["ዜሮ", "zero", "zero", ""],
+ ["አንድ", "and", "one", "Ethiopic numeral ፩."],
+ ["ሁለት", "hulet", "two", "፪"],
+ ["ሦስት", "sost", "three", "፫"],
+ ["አራት", "arat", "four", "፬"],
+ ["አምስት", "amist", "five", "፭"],
+ ["ስድስት", "sidist", "six", "፮"],
+ ["ሰባት", "sebat", "seven", "፯"],
+ ["ስምንት", "simint", "eight", "፰"],
+ ["ዘጠኝ", "zetegn", "nine", "፱"],
+ ["አሥር", "asir", "ten", "፲"],
+ ["ሃያ", "haya", "twenty", "፳"],
+ ["መቶ", "meto", "a hundred", "፻"],
+ ["ሺህ", "shih", "a thousand", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "food",
+ title: "Food and drink",
+ words: [
+ ["ውሃ", "wiha", "water", ""],
+ ["ቡና", "buna", "coffee", "Coffee is said to come from Ethiopia."],
+ ["ሻይ", "shay", "tea", ""],
+ ["ወተት", "wetet", "milk", ""],
+ ["እንጀራ", "injera", "injera", "The sour, spongy flatbread eaten with most meals."],
+ ["ዳቦ", "dabo", "bread", ""],
+ ["ወጥ", "wet", "stew", "ዶሮ ወጥ, doro wet, is chicken stew."],
+ ["ስጋ", "siga", "meat", ""],
+ ["ዶሮ", "doro", "chicken", ""],
+ ["ዓሣ", "asa", "fish", ""],
+ ["እንቁላል", "inkulal", "egg", ""],
+ ["አትክልት", "atkilt", "vegetables", ""],
+ ["ፍራፍሬ", "frafre", "fruit", ""],
+ ["ጣፋጭ ነው", "tafach new", "it's delicious", ""],
+ ["ሂሳብ", "hisab", "the bill", "ሂሳብ እባክህ: the bill, please."],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "verbs",
+ title: "Everyday verbs",
+ words: [
+ ["መብላት", "meblat", "to eat", "እበላለሁ: I eat."],
+ ["መጠጣት", "metetat", "to drink", "እጠጣለሁ: I drink."],
+ ["መሄድ", "mehed", "to go", "እሄዳለሁ: I go."],
+ ["መምጣት", "memtat", "to come", "እመጣለሁ: I come."],
+ ["መኖር", "menor", "to live", ""],
+ ["መናገር", "menager", "to speak", ""],
+ ["መፈለግ", "mefeleg", "to want; to look for", "እፈልጋለሁ: I want."],
+ ["መውደድ", "mewded", "to like; to love", ""],
+ ["መሥራት", "mesrat", "to work; to make", ""],
+ ["መማር", "memar", "to learn", ""],
+ ["ማንበብ", "manbeb", "to read", ""],
+ ["መጻፍ", "metsaf", "to write", ""],
+ ["ማየት", "mayet", "to see", ""],
+ ["ማወቅ", "mawek", "to know", "አላውቅም: I don't know."],
+ ["መረዳት", "meredat", "to understand", "አልገባኝም, algebagnim: I don't understand."],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "describing",
+ title: "Describing words",
+ words: [
+ ["ትልቅ", "tilik", "big", ""],
+ ["ትንሽ", "tinish", "small; a little", ""],
+ ["ጥሩ", "tiru", "good", ""],
+ ["መጥፎ", "metfo", "bad", ""],
+ ["ቆንጆ", "konjo", "beautiful", ""],
+ ["አዲስ", "addis", "new", "Addis Ababa means “new flower”."],
+ ["አሮጌ", "aroge", "old (thing)", ""],
+ ["ሞቃት", "mokat", "hot", ""],
+ ["ቀዝቃዛ", "kezkaza", "cold", ""],
+ ["ርካሽ", "rikash", "cheap", ""],
+ ["ውድ", "wid", "expensive; dear", ""],
+ ["ቀላል", "kelal", "easy; light", ""],
+ ["ከባድ", "kebad", "difficult; heavy", ""],
+ ["ደስተኛ", "desitegna", "happy", ""],
+ ["ደክሞኛል", "dekmognal", "I'm tired", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "places",
+ title: "Places",
+ words: [
+ ["ቤት", "bet", "house; home", ""],
+ ["ከተማ", "ketema", "city; town", ""],
+ ["መንገድ", "menged", "road; way", ""],
+ ["ሱቅ", "suk", "shop", ""],
+ ["ገበያ", "gebeya", "market", "Addis Ababa's huge market is the መርካቶ, Merkato."],
+ ["ምግብ ቤት", "migib bet", "restaurant", "Literally “food house”."],
+ ["ትምህርት ቤት", "timhirt bet", "school", ""],
+ ["ሆስፒታል", "hospital", "hospital", ""],
+ ["መድኃኒት ቤት", "medhanit bet", "pharmacy", ""],
+ ["ባንክ", "bank", "bank", ""],
+ ["ቤተ ክርስቲያን", "bete kristiyan", "church", ""],
+ ["መስጊድ", "mesgid", "mosque", ""],
+ ["ሽንት ቤት", "shint bet", "toilet", ""],
+ ["ሆቴል", "hotel", "hotel", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "questions",
+ title: "Questions",
+ words: [
+ ["ምን", "min", "what", ""],
+ ["ማን", "man", "who", "Also used to ask a name."],
+ ["የት", "yet", "where", ""],
+ ["ከየት", "keyet", "where from", ""],
+ ["መቼ", "meche", "when", ""],
+ ["ለምን", "lemin", "why", ""],
+ ["እንዴት", "indet", "how", ""],
+ ["ስንት", "sint", "how many; how much", ""],
+ ["የትኛው", "yetignaw", "which", ""],
+ ["ዋጋው ስንት ነው", "wagaw sint new?", "how much does it cost?", ""],
+ ["… አለ", "… alle?", "is there …? do you have …?", ""],
+ ["ይቻላል", "yichalal?", "is it possible? may I?", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "time",
+ title: "Time and days",
+ words: [
+ ["ዛሬ", "zare", "today", ""],
+ ["ነገ", "nege", "tomorrow", ""],
+ ["ትናንት", "tinant", "yesterday", ""],
+ ["አሁን", "ahun", "now", ""],
+ ["በኋላ", "behwala", "later", ""],
+ ["ጠዋት", "tewat", "morning", ""],
+ ["ማታ", "mata", "evening", ""],
+ ["ሰዓት", "seat", "hour; clock", "Ethiopian time counts hours from 6 a.m., so 7 a.m. is 1 o'clock."],
+ ["ቀን", "ken", "day", ""],
+ ["ሳምንት", "samint", "week", ""],
+ ["ወር", "wer", "month", "The Ethiopian calendar has 12 months of 30 days and a short 13th month."],
+ ["ዓመት", "amet", "year", ""],
+ ["ሰኞ", "segno", "Monday", ""],
+ ["እሑድ", "ihud", "Sunday", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "travel",
+ title: "Getting around",
+ words: [
+ ["አውቶቡስ", "autobus", "bus", ""],
+ ["ባቡር", "babur", "train", ""],
+ ["ታክሲ", "taksi", "taxi; minibus taxi", ""],
+ ["ባጃጅ", "bajaj", "three-wheeler taxi", ""],
+ ["መኪና", "mekina", "car", ""],
+ ["አውሮፕላን", "awroplan", "aeroplane", ""],
+ ["ቲኬት", "tiket", "ticket", ""],
+ ["ቀኝ", "kegn", "right", ""],
+ ["ግራ", "gra", "left", ""],
+ ["ቀጥታ", "kettita", "straight on", ""],
+ ["ቅርብ", "kirb", "near", ""],
+ ["ሩቅ", "ruk", "far", ""],
+ ["እርዳታ", "irdata!", "help!", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+];
diff --git a/languages/cherokee/meta.json b/languages/cherokee/meta.json
index f5757946..a409e2b2 100644
--- a/languages/cherokee/meta.json
+++ b/languages/cherokee/meta.json
@@ -5,5 +5,6 @@
"writingSystems": ["cherokee"],
"characterKeys": ["cherokee"],
"notes": "Cherokee in Sequoyah's syllabary of 85 characters.",
- "speech": "chr"
+ "speech": "chr",
+ "data": { "vocab": "vocab.js", "reference": "reference.json" }
}
diff --git a/languages/cherokee/reference.json b/languages/cherokee/reference.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d0315052
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/cherokee/reference.json
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+{
+ "id": "cherokee",
+ "entries": [
+ {
+ "id": "at-a-glance", "topic": "overview", "title": "Cherokee at a glance",
+ "body": [
+ "Cherokee (ᏣᎳᎩ, Tsalagi) is an Iroquoian language of the Cherokee people, spoken today mainly in Oklahoma and in the Qualla Boundary in North Carolina. It has about 2,000 first-language speakers, most of them elders, and the Cherokee Nation, the Eastern Band and the United Keetoowah Band all run immersion schools and language programmes.",
+ "Cherokee builds long words from a verb root with many prefixes and suffixes. A single verb can say who does what to whom, when, and how the speaker knows it, so a whole English sentence is often one Cherokee word."
+ ],
+ "examples": [
+ { "t": "ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ", "r": "Tsalagi gawonihisdi", "e": "the Cherokee language" }
+ ],
+ "tags": ["Iroquoian", "polysynthetic"]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "syllabary", "topic": "script", "title": "Sequoyah's syllabary",
+ "body": [
+ "Sequoyah, a Cherokee silversmith who did not read any other language, created the syllabary in the 1810s and it was adopted by the Cherokee Nation in 1825. Within a few years a large share of Cherokee people could read and write it, and the newspaper Cherokee Phoenix was printed in it from 1828.",
+ "Each of its 85 characters (86 in the original) stands for a syllable: a consonant plus a vowel, or a vowel alone. The six vowels are a, e, i, o, u and v, a nasal “uh” sound. Some letters look like Latin letters but have unrelated sounds: Ꭰ is a, Ꭱ is e, and Ꮃ is la."
+ ],
+ "table": {
+ "head": ["", "a", "e", "i", "o", "u", "v"],
+ "rows": [
+ ["(vowel)", "Ꭰ", "Ꭱ", "Ꭲ", "Ꭳ", "Ꭴ", "Ꭵ"],
+ ["g / k", "Ꭶ", "Ꭸ", "Ꭹ", "Ꭺ", "Ꭻ", "Ꭼ"],
+ ["h", "Ꭽ", "Ꭾ", "Ꭿ", "Ꮀ", "Ꮁ", "Ꮂ"],
+ ["l", "Ꮃ", "Ꮄ", "Ꮅ", "Ꮆ", "Ꮇ", "Ꮈ"],
+ ["m", "Ꮉ", "Ꮊ", "Ꮋ", "Ꮌ", "Ꮍ", ""],
+ ["s", "Ꮜ", "Ꮞ", "Ꮟ", "Ꮠ", "Ꮡ", "Ꮢ"],
+ ["w", "Ꮹ", "Ꮺ", "Ꮻ", "Ꮼ", "Ꮽ", "Ꮾ"],
+ ["y", "Ꮿ", "Ᏸ", "Ᏹ", "Ᏺ", "Ᏻ", "Ᏼ"]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": ["syllabary", "Sequoyah"]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "numbers", "topic": "numbers", "title": "Numbers",
+ "table": {
+ "head": ["Number", "Cherokee", "Said"],
+ "rows": [
+ ["1", "ᏌᏊ", "saquu"],
+ ["2", "ᏔᎵ", "tali"],
+ ["3", "ᏦᎢ", "tsoi"],
+ ["4", "ᏅᎩ", "nvgi"],
+ ["5", "ᎯᏍᎩ", "hisgi"],
+ ["6", "ᏑᏓᎵ", "sudali"],
+ ["7", "ᎦᎵᏉᎩ", "galiquogi"],
+ ["8", "ᏧᏁᎳ", "tsunela"],
+ ["9", "ᏐᏁᎳ", "sonela"],
+ ["10", "ᏍᎪᎯ", "sgohi"]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": ["counting"]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "phrases", "topic": "phrases", "title": "Everyday phrases",
+ "examples": [
+ { "t": "ᎣᏏᏲ", "r": "Osiyo.", "e": "Hello." },
+ { "t": "ᏙᎯᏧ?", "r": "Dohitsu?", "e": "How are you?" },
+ { "t": "ᎣᏍᏓ, ᏂᎯᏃ?", "r": "Osda, nihino?", "e": "Fine, and you?" },
+ { "t": "ᏩᏙ", "r": "Wado.", "e": "Thank you." },
+ { "t": "ᏙᎾᏓᎪᎲᎢ", "r": "Donadagohvi.", "e": "Until we meet again." }
+ ],
+ "tags": ["greetings"]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "clans", "topic": "culture", "title": "The seven clans",
+ "body": [
+ "Traditional Cherokee society has seven clans, passed down through the mother: Wolf (ᎠᏂᏩᏯ, Aniwaya), Deer (Anikawi), Bird (Anitsiskwa), Paint (Aniwodi), Long Hair (Anigilohi), Blue (Anisahoni) and Wild Potato (Anigatogewi).",
+ "Seven is an important number in Cherokee tradition, and the seven-pointed star appears on the seal of the Cherokee Nation."
+ ],
+ "tags": ["clans", "society"]
+ }
+ ]
+}
diff --git a/languages/cherokee/vocab.js b/languages/cherokee/vocab.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ba89bb97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/cherokee/vocab.js
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+// Cherokee starter words for the Vocabulary Learner.
+// Each word is [Cherokee syllabary, romanization, English, note]. Written for this project.
+// Cherokee verbs change a great deal with person and tense, so these decks keep to words and set phrases.
+window.LSD_DECKS = window.LSD_DECKS || {};
+window.LSD_DECKS.cherokee = [
+ {
+ id: "greetings",
+ title: "Greetings",
+ words: [
+ ["ᎣᏏᏲ", "osiyo", "hello", ""],
+ ["ᏩᏙ", "wado", "thank you", ""],
+ ["ᏙᎯᏧ?", "dohitsu?", "how are you?", ""],
+ ["ᎣᏍᏓ", "osda", "good; fine", "ᎣᏍᏓ, ᏂᎯᏃ? Fine, and you?"],
+ ["ᎥᎥ", "vv", "yes", ""],
+ ["ᎥᏝ", "vtla", "no", ""],
+ ["ᏙᎾᏓᎪᎲᎢ", "donadagohvi", "until we meet again", "Cherokee has no word for a final goodbye."],
+ ["ᏣᎳᎩ", "tsalagi", "Cherokee", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "numbers",
+ title: "Numbers",
+ words: [
+ ["ᏌᏊ", "saquu", "one", ""],
+ ["ᏔᎵ", "tali", "two", ""],
+ ["ᏦᎢ", "tsoi", "three", ""],
+ ["ᏅᎩ", "nvgi", "four", ""],
+ ["ᎯᏍᎩ", "hisgi", "five", ""],
+ ["ᏑᏓᎵ", "sudali", "six", ""],
+ ["ᎦᎵᏉᎩ", "galiquogi", "seven", "Seven is a sacred number: there are seven Cherokee clans."],
+ ["ᏧᏁᎳ", "tsunela", "eight", ""],
+ ["ᏐᏁᎳ", "sonela", "nine", ""],
+ ["ᏍᎪᎯ", "sgohi", "ten", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "family",
+ title: "People and family",
+ words: [
+ ["ᎠᏴ", "ayv", "I; me", ""],
+ ["ᏂᎯ", "nihi", "you", ""],
+ ["ᎠᏍᎦᏯ", "asgaya", "man", ""],
+ ["ᎠᎨᏯ", "ageya", "woman", ""],
+ ["ᎠᏲᎵ", "ayoli", "child; baby", ""],
+ ["ᎡᏥ", "etsi", "mother", "Used when speaking to your own mother."],
+ ["ᎡᏙᏓ", "edoda", "father", "Used when speaking to your own father."],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "nature",
+ title: "Nature and animals",
+ words: [
+ ["ᎠᎹ", "ama", "water", "Also means salt."],
+ ["ᎠᏥᎸ", "atsilv", "fire", ""],
+ ["ᎡᎶᎯ", "elohi", "earth; world", ""],
+ ["ᏅᏙ", "nvdo", "sun; moon", "ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ is the sun, “day-living nvdo”."],
+ ["ᏡᎬ", "tlugv", "tree", ""],
+ ["ᏩᏯ", "waya", "wolf", "The Wolf clan is one of the seven clans."],
+ ["ᏥᏍᏆ", "tsisqua", "bird", ""],
+ ["ᏐᏈᎵ", "sogwili", "horse", ""],
+ ["ᎩᏟ", "gitli", "dog", ""],
+ ["ᏪᏌ", "wesa", "cat", ""],
+ ["ᏯᎾᏏ", "yanasi", "buffalo", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "colours",
+ title: "Colours",
+ words: [
+ ["ᎩᎦᎨ", "gigage", "red", ""],
+ ["ᎤᏁᎦ", "unega", "white", "Also used for “white person”."],
+ ["ᎬᎿᎨ", "gvhnage", "black", ""],
+ ["ᏌᎪᏂᎨ", "sagonige", "blue", ""],
+ ["ᏓᎶᏂᎨ", "dalonige", "yellow", ""],
+ ["ᎢᏤᎢ", "itsei", "green; new", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "food",
+ title: "Food",
+ words: [
+ ["ᏎᎷ", "selu", "corn", "One of the Three Sisters, with beans and squash."],
+ ["ᏚᏯ", "tuya", "beans", ""],
+ ["ᎢᏯ", "iya", "squash; pumpkin", ""],
+ ["ᎦᏚ", "gadu", "bread", ""],
+ ["ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏓ", "uganasda", "sweet; candy", ""],
+ ["ᎧᏫ", "kawi", "coffee", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+];
diff --git a/languages/inuktitut/meta.json b/languages/inuktitut/meta.json
index b7e5fb0a..93448922 100644
--- a/languages/inuktitut/meta.json
+++ b/languages/inuktitut/meta.json
@@ -5,5 +5,6 @@
"writingSystems": ["syllabics"],
"characterKeys": ["syllabics"],
"notes": "Inuktitut in Canadian syllabics, where turning a shape changes its vowel.",
- "speech": "iu"
+ "speech": "iu",
+ "data": { "vocab": "vocab.js", "reference": "reference.json" }
}
diff --git a/languages/inuktitut/reference.json b/languages/inuktitut/reference.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d095ecbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/inuktitut/reference.json
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+{
+ "id": "inuktitut",
+ "entries": [
+ {
+ "id": "at-a-glance", "topic": "overview", "title": "Inuktitut at a glance",
+ "body": [
+ "Inuktitut is the language of the Inuit of the eastern Canadian Arctic, spoken by about 40,000 people. It is an official language of Nunavut and of the Northwest Territories, and is used in schools, government and media there.",
+ "Inuktitut is polysynthetic: a word is built from a root followed by a chain of endings, so one word can carry the meaning of a whole English sentence. ᑐᒃᑐᓯᐅᕆᐊᖃᖅᑐᖓ (tuktusiuriaqaqtunga) means “I have to go caribou hunting”."
+ ],
+ "tags": ["Eskimo-Aleut", "polysynthetic"]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "syllabics", "topic": "script", "title": "How syllabics work",
+ "body": [
+ "Inuktitut in Nunavut is written in Canadian Aboriginal syllabics, first made for Cree in the 1840s and adapted for Inuktitut later in the century. Each consonant has one shape, and the way it is turned shows the vowel: pointing up for i, right for u, left for a.",
+ "A dot above a character makes the vowel long (ᐱ pi, ᐲ pii). A small raised character, written after a syllable, is a consonant with no vowel (ᑉ p). Inuktitut in Nunavik (Quebec) uses the same script; in Labrador and the western Arctic it is written in the Latin alphabet."
+ ],
+ "table": {
+ "head": ["", "i", "u", "a", "final"],
+ "rows": [
+ ["(vowel)", "ᐃ", "ᐅ", "ᐊ", ""],
+ ["p", "ᐱ", "ᐳ", "ᐸ", "ᑉ"],
+ ["t", "ᑎ", "ᑐ", "ᑕ", "ᑦ"],
+ ["k", "ᑭ", "ᑯ", "ᑲ", "ᒃ"],
+ ["m", "ᒥ", "ᒧ", "ᒪ", "ᒻ"],
+ ["n", "ᓂ", "ᓄ", "ᓇ", "ᓐ"],
+ ["s", "ᓯ", "ᓱ", "ᓴ", "ᔅ"],
+ ["q", "ᕿ", "ᖁ", "ᖃ", "ᖅ"]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": ["syllabics"]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "numbers", "topic": "numbers", "title": "Numbers",
+ "body": "Traditional numbers are based on fives and twenties. Today many speakers use English numbers above five.",
+ "table": {
+ "head": ["Number", "Inuktitut", "Said"],
+ "rows": [
+ ["1", "ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ", "atausiq"],
+ ["2", "ᒪᕐᕉᒃ", "marruuk"],
+ ["3", "ᐱᖓᓱᑦ", "pingasut"],
+ ["4", "ᓯᑕᒪᑦ", "sitamat"],
+ ["5", "ᑕᓪᓕᒪᑦ", "tallimat"],
+ ["10", "ᖁᓕᑦ", "qulit"]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": ["counting"]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "phrases", "topic": "phrases", "title": "Everyday phrases",
+ "examples": [
+ { "t": "ᐊᐃ", "r": "Ai.", "e": "Hello." },
+ { "t": "ᐅᓪᓛᒃᑯᑦ", "r": "Ullaakkut.", "e": "Good morning." },
+ { "t": "ᖃᓄᐃᑉᐱᑦ?", "r": "Qanuippit?", "e": "How are you?" },
+ { "t": "ᖃᓄᐃᙱᑦᑐᖓ", "r": "Qanuinngittunga.", "e": "I'm fine." },
+ { "t": "ᖁᔭᓐᓇᒦᒃ", "r": "Qujannamiik.", "e": "Thank you." }
+ ],
+ "tags": ["greetings"]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "place-names", "topic": "culture", "title": "Place names",
+ "body": [
+ "Many places in Nunavut carry their Inuktitut names, which describe the land: Iqaluit (ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ) means “many fish”, Nunavut (ᓄᓇᕗᑦ) “our land”, and Kangiqtugaapik (ᑲᖏᖅᑐᒑᐱᒃ, Clyde River) “nice little inlet”.",
+ "Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit (ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᑐᖃᖏᑦ), traditional Inuit knowledge, is one of the guiding principles of the Nunavut government."
+ ],
+ "tags": ["places", "Nunavut"]
+ }
+ ]
+}
diff --git a/languages/inuktitut/vocab.js b/languages/inuktitut/vocab.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bdc5f5de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/inuktitut/vocab.js
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+// Inuktitut starter words for the Vocabulary Learner.
+// Each word is [Inuktitut syllabics, romanization, English, note]. Written for this project.
+// Inuktitut builds long words from a root and many endings, so these decks keep to words and set phrases.
+window.LSD_DECKS = window.LSD_DECKS || {};
+window.LSD_DECKS.inuktitut = [
+ {
+ id: "greetings",
+ title: "Greetings",
+ words: [
+ ["ᐊᐃ", "ai", "hello", ""],
+ ["ᐅᓪᓛᒃᑯᑦ", "ullaakkut", "good morning", ""],
+ ["ᐅᓐᓄᓴᒃᑯᑦ", "unnusakkut", "good afternoon; good evening", ""],
+ ["ᖃᓄᐃᑉᐱᑦ?", "qanuippit?", "how are you?", ""],
+ ["ᖃᓄᐃᙱᑦᑐᖓ", "qanuinngittunga", "I'm fine", "Literally “I am not anyhow”."],
+ ["ᖁᔭᓐᓇᒦᒃ", "qujannamiik", "thank you", ""],
+ ["ᐄ", "ii", "yes", ""],
+ ["ᐋᒃᑲ", "aakka", "no", ""],
+ ["ᐊᑎᕋ …", "atira …", "my name is …", ""],
+ ["ᑕᕝᕙᐅᕗᑎᑦ", "tavvauvutit", "goodbye (to one person)", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "people",
+ title: "People",
+ words: [
+ ["ᐃᓄᒃ", "inuk", "person", "Plural ᐃᓄᐃᑦ, Inuit: the people."],
+ ["ᐊᓈᓇ", "anaana", "mother", ""],
+ ["ᐊᑖᑕ", "ataata", "father", ""],
+ ["ᓄᑕᕋᖅ", "nutaraq", "child", ""],
+ ["ᐃᓄᑐᖃᖅ", "inutuqaq", "elder", ""],
+ ["ᐊᖑᑦ", "angut", "man", ""],
+ ["ᐊᕐᓇᖅ", "arnaq", "woman", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "numbers",
+ title: "Numbers",
+ words: [
+ ["ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ", "atausiq", "one", ""],
+ ["ᒪᕐᕉᒃ", "marruuk", "two", ""],
+ ["ᐱᖓᓱᑦ", "pingasut", "three", ""],
+ ["ᓯᑕᒪᑦ", "sitamat", "four", ""],
+ ["ᑕᓪᓕᒪᑦ", "tallimat", "five", "Above five, many speakers use English numbers."],
+ ["ᖁᓕᑦ", "qulit", "ten", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "land",
+ title: "Land, sea and sky",
+ words: [
+ ["ᓄᓇ", "nuna", "land", "ᓄᓇᕗᑦ, Nunavut: “our land”."],
+ ["ᐃᒪᖅ", "imaq", "sea; water", ""],
+ ["ᐃᒥᖅ", "imiq", "drinking water", ""],
+ ["ᓯᑯ", "siku", "sea ice", ""],
+ ["ᐊᐳᑦ", "aput", "snow on the ground", ""],
+ ["ᖃᓐᓂᖅ", "qanniq", "falling snow", ""],
+ ["ᓯᕿᓂᖅ", "siqiniq", "sun", ""],
+ ["ᑕᖅᑭᖅ", "taqqiq", "moon; month", ""],
+ ["ᐅᐱᕐᖔᖅ", "upirngaaq", "spring", ""],
+ ["ᐅᑭᐅᖅ", "ukiuq", "winter; year", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "animals",
+ title: "Animals and food",
+ words: [
+ ["ᓇᓄᖅ", "nanuq", "polar bear", ""],
+ ["ᑐᒃᑐ", "tuktu", "caribou", ""],
+ ["ᓇᑦᑎᖅ", "nattiq", "ringed seal", ""],
+ ["ᐃᖃᓗᒃ", "iqaluk", "fish; Arctic char", "ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ, Iqaluit: “many fish”."],
+ ["ᕿᒻᒥᖅ", "qimmiq", "dog", ""],
+ ["ᐊᕐᕕᖅ", "arviq", "bowhead whale", ""],
+ ["ᓂᕿ", "niqi", "food; meat", ""],
+ ["ᑏ", "tii", "tea", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "home-time",
+ title: "Home and time",
+ words: [
+ ["ᐃᒡᓗ", "iglu", "house; any home", "Not only a snow house: that is ᐃᒡᓗᕕᒐᖅ, igluvigaq."],
+ ["ᖃᒧᑏᒃ", "qamutiik", "sled", ""],
+ ["ᖃᔭᖅ", "qajaq", "kayak", ""],
+ ["ᐅᓪᓗᒥ", "ullumi", "today", ""],
+ ["ᖃᐅᑉᐸᑦ", "qauppat", "tomorrow", ""],
+ ["ᐃᑉᐸᒃᓴᖅ", "ippaksaq", "yesterday", ""],
+ ["ᓱᓇ?", "suna?", "what?", ""],
+ ["ᑭᓇ?", "kina?", "who?", ""],
+ ["ᓇᐅᒃ?", "nauk?", "where?", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+];
diff --git a/languages/manipuri/meta.json b/languages/manipuri/meta.json
index 168f576d..37e69116 100644
--- a/languages/manipuri/meta.json
+++ b/languages/manipuri/meta.json
@@ -5,5 +5,6 @@
"writingSystems": ["meetei"],
"characterKeys": ["meetei"],
"notes": "Manipuri (Meeteilon) in Meetei Mayek, whose first letters are named after parts of the body.",
- "speech": "mni"
+ "speech": "mni",
+ "data": { "vocab": "vocab.js", "reference": "reference.json" }
}
diff --git a/languages/manipuri/reference.json b/languages/manipuri/reference.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ebd734e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/manipuri/reference.json
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+{
+ "id": "manipuri",
+ "entries": [
+ {
+ "id": "at-a-glance", "topic": "overview", "title": "Manipuri at a glance",
+ "body": [
+ "Manipuri, also called Meeteilon or Meitei, is the official language of the state of Manipur in north-east India and one of India's 22 scheduled languages. It has about 1.8 million first-language speakers and is a common language among many communities in Manipur.",
+ "It is a Sino-Tibetan language. The verb comes last, small endings mark the subject, object and place, and it is tonal, with two tones."
+ ],
+ "examples": [
+ { "t": "ꯑꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯡ … ꯅꯤ", "r": "Eigi ming … ni.", "e": "My name is …" }
+ ],
+ "tags": ["Sino-Tibetan", "verb-final", "tonal"]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "meetei-mayek", "topic": "script", "title": "Meetei Mayek",
+ "body": [
+ "Meetei Mayek is the traditional script of Manipuri. It was replaced by the Bengali script for about two centuries and was brought back in the 1970s and 1980s; it is now taught in schools and used on signs alongside Bengali script.",
+ "Its first 18 letters are named after parts of the human body: ꯀ (kok) is the head, ꯁ (sam) the hair, ꯂ (lai) the forehead, ꯃ (mit) the eye, ꯄ (pa) the eyelash, ꯅ (na) the ear. Like other Brahmi-family scripts each consonant carries a vowel, and vowel signs change it. Special final letters (lonsum) write a consonant at the end of a syllable, as in ꯆꯥꯛ, chak."
+ ],
+ "table": {
+ "head": ["Letter", "Name", "Sound", "Body part"],
+ "rows": [
+ ["ꯀ", "kok", "k", "head"],
+ ["ꯁ", "sam", "s", "hair"],
+ ["ꯂ", "lai", "l", "forehead"],
+ ["ꯃ", "mit", "m", "eye"],
+ ["ꯄ", "pa", "p", "eyelash"],
+ ["ꯅ", "na", "n", "ear"]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": ["abugida", "Brahmi family"]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "numbers", "topic": "numbers", "title": "Numbers and Meetei Mayek digits",
+ "table": {
+ "head": ["Digit", "Word", "Said"],
+ "rows": [
+ ["꯱", "ꯑꯃꯥ", "ama"],
+ ["꯲", "ꯑꯅꯤ", "ani"],
+ ["꯳", "ꯑꯍꯨꯝ", "ahum"],
+ ["꯴", "ꯃꯔꯤ", "mari"],
+ ["꯵", "ꯃꯉꯥ", "manga"],
+ ["꯶", "ꯇꯔꯨꯛ", "taruk"],
+ ["꯷", "ꯇꯔꯦꯠ", "taret"],
+ ["꯸", "ꯅꯤꯄꯥꯟ", "nipan"],
+ ["꯹", "ꯃꯥꯄꯜ", "mapal"],
+ ["꯱꯰", "ꯇꯔꯥ", "tara"]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": ["digits"]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "phrases", "topic": "phrases", "title": "Everyday phrases",
+ "examples": [
+ { "t": "ꯈꯨꯔꯨꯝꯖꯔꯤ", "r": "Khurumjari.", "e": "Hello. (respectful)" },
+ { "t": "ꯊꯥꯒꯠꯆꯔꯤ", "r": "Thagatchari.", "e": "Thank you." },
+ { "t": "ꯅꯪꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ?", "r": "Nanggi ming karino?", "e": "What is your name?" },
+ { "t": "ꯍꯣꯏ / ꯅꯠꯇꯦ", "r": "Hoi. / Natte.", "e": "Yes. / No." }
+ ],
+ "tags": ["greetings"]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "ima-keithel", "topic": "culture", "title": "Ima Keithel",
+ "body": [
+ "Ima Keithel (ꯏꯃꯥ ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜ), “mothers' market”, in Imphal is a market run entirely by women, with several thousand stall holders. It has existed for centuries and is often called the largest market of its kind.",
+ "Manipur is also known as a home of modern polo, played there as sagol kangjei, and of the Manipuri classical dance, one of India's classical dance forms."
+ ],
+ "tags": ["Imphal", "customs"]
+ }
+ ]
+}
diff --git a/languages/manipuri/vocab.js b/languages/manipuri/vocab.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6bc1e215
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/manipuri/vocab.js
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+// Manipuri (Meeteilon) starter words for the Vocabulary Learner.
+// Each word is [Meetei Mayek, romanization, English, note]. Written for this project.
+// Verbs are given in their dictionary form, which ends in -ba (-ꯕꯥ / -ꯄꯥ).
+window.LSD_DECKS = window.LSD_DECKS || {};
+window.LSD_DECKS.manipuri = [
+ {
+ id: "greetings",
+ title: "Greetings",
+ words: [
+ ["ꯈꯨꯔꯨꯝꯖꯔꯤ", "khurumjari", "hello (respectful)", "Said with joined hands."],
+ ["ꯊꯥꯒꯠꯆꯔꯤ", "thagatchari", "thank you", ""],
+ ["ꯍꯣꯏ", "hoi", "yes", ""],
+ ["ꯅꯠꯇꯦ", "natte", "no; it isn't", ""],
+ ["ꯑꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯡ … ꯅꯤ", "eigi ming … ni", "my name is …", ""],
+ ["ꯅꯪꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ?", "nanggi ming karino?", "what is your name?", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "people",
+ title: "People",
+ words: [
+ ["ꯑꯩ", "ei", "I", ""],
+ ["ꯅꯪ", "nang", "you", "Respectful: ꯅꯍꯥꯛ, nahak."],
+ ["ꯃꯍꯥꯛ", "mahak", "he; she", ""],
+ ["ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏ", "eikhoi", "we", ""],
+ ["ꯃꯈꯣꯏ", "makhoi", "they", ""],
+ ["ꯅꯨꯄꯥ", "nupa", "man", ""],
+ ["ꯅꯨꯄꯤ", "nupi", "woman", ""],
+ ["ꯃꯆꯥ", "macha", "child", ""],
+ ["ꯃꯔꯨꯞ", "marup", "friend", ""],
+ ["ꯏꯃꯥ", "ima", "mother", ""],
+ ["ꯏꯄꯥ", "ipa", "father", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "numbers",
+ title: "Numbers",
+ words: [
+ ["ꯑꯃꯥ", "ama", "one", "Meetei Mayek digit ꯱."],
+ ["ꯑꯅꯤ", "ani", "two", "꯲"],
+ ["ꯑꯍꯨꯝ", "ahum", "three", "꯳"],
+ ["ꯃꯔꯤ", "mari", "four", "꯴"],
+ ["ꯃꯉꯥ", "manga", "five", "꯵"],
+ ["ꯇꯔꯨꯛ", "taruk", "six", "꯶"],
+ ["ꯇꯔꯦꯠ", "taret", "seven", "꯷"],
+ ["ꯅꯤꯄꯥꯟ", "nipan", "eight", "꯸"],
+ ["ꯃꯥꯄꯜ", "mapal", "nine", "꯹"],
+ ["ꯇꯔꯥ", "tara", "ten", "꯱꯰"],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "food",
+ title: "Food and drink",
+ words: [
+ ["ꯏꯁꯤꯡ", "ising", "water", ""],
+ ["ꯆꯥ", "cha", "tea", ""],
+ ["ꯁꯪꯒꯣꯝ", "sanggom", "milk", ""],
+ ["ꯆꯥꯛ", "chak", "cooked rice; a meal", ""],
+ ["ꯉꯥ", "nga", "fish", "Fish is at the heart of Meitei cooking."],
+ ["ꯁꯥ", "sa", "meat; animal", ""],
+ ["ꯌꯦꯔꯨꯝ", "yerum", "egg", ""],
+ ["ꯏꯔꯣꯝꯕꯥ", "eromba", "eromba", "A mash of vegetables, chilli and fermented fish."],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "verbs",
+ title: "Everyday verbs",
+ words: [
+ ["ꯆꯥꯕꯥ", "chaba", "to eat", ""],
+ ["ꯊꯛꯄꯥ", "thakpa", "to drink", ""],
+ ["ꯆꯠꯄꯥ", "chatpa", "to go", ""],
+ ["ꯂꯥꯛꯄꯥ", "lakpa", "to come", ""],
+ ["ꯂꯩꯕꯥ", "leiba", "to be; to stay", ""],
+ ["ꯉꯥꯡꯕꯥ", "ngangba", "to speak", ""],
+ ["ꯄꯥꯕꯥ", "paba", "to read", ""],
+ ["ꯏꯕꯥ", "iba", "to write", ""],
+ ["ꯎꯕꯥ", "uba", "to see", ""],
+ ["ꯈꯪꯕꯥ", "khangba", "to know", ""],
+ ["ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯕꯥ", "nungsiba", "to love", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "describing",
+ title: "Describing words",
+ words: [
+ ["ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ", "achouba", "big", ""],
+ ["ꯑꯄꯤꯛꯄꯥ", "apikpa", "small", ""],
+ ["ꯑꯐꯕꯥ", "aphaba", "good", ""],
+ ["ꯐꯖꯕꯥ", "phajaba", "beautiful", ""],
+ ["ꯑꯅꯧꯕꯥ", "anouba", "new", ""],
+ ["ꯑꯔꯤꯕꯥ", "ariba", "old", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "places",
+ title: "Places and nature",
+ words: [
+ ["ꯌꯨꯝ", "yum", "house; home", ""],
+ ["ꯂꯩꯀꯥꯏ", "leikai", "neighbourhood; locality", ""],
+ ["ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜ", "keithel", "market", ""],
+ ["ꯆꯤꯡ", "ching", "hill", ""],
+ ["ꯇꯨꯔꯦꯜ", "turel", "river", ""],
+ ["ꯄꯥꯠ", "pat", "lake", "ꯂꯣꯛꯇꯥꯛ ꯄꯥꯠ, Loktak Lake, with its floating islands."],
+ ["ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ", "numit", "sun; day", ""],
+ ["ꯊꯥ", "tha", "moon; month", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "time-questions",
+ title: "Time and questions",
+ words: [
+ ["ꯉꯁꯤ", "ngasi", "today", ""],
+ ["ꯍꯌꯦꯡ", "hayeng", "tomorrow", ""],
+ ["ꯉꯔꯥꯡ", "ngarang", "yesterday", ""],
+ ["ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ", "houjik", "now", ""],
+ ["ꯆꯍꯤ", "chahi", "year", ""],
+ ["ꯀꯔꯤ", "kari", "what", ""],
+ ["ꯀꯅꯥ", "kana", "who", ""],
+ ["ꯀꯗꯥꯏ", "kadai", "where", ""],
+ ["ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ", "karamna", "how", ""],
+ ["ꯀꯌꯥ", "kaya", "how many; how much", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+];
diff --git a/languages/mongolian/grammar.js b/languages/mongolian/grammar.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a3fdf0e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/mongolian/grammar.js
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+// Mongolian first grammar for the Grammar Learner. Written for this project.
+// Examples are in Cyrillic, the script used in Mongolia, as [Mongolian, romanization, English];
+// {braces} mark the point of the lesson. Drills are { q, en, options, answer, why }; ＿ is the blank.
+window.GRAMMAR = window.GRAMMAR || {};
+window.GRAMMAR.mongolian = {
+ title: "Mongolian first grammar",
+ intro: "These lessons teach everyday Mongolian as it is spoken in Mongolia and written in Cyrillic there; the Reference cards show how the same words look in the traditional vertical script. The verb comes last, endings are added to words, and vowel harmony decides which form an ending takes: words with a, o, u take endings with a, o, u, and words with e, ö, ü take endings with e, ö, ü. The lessons cover pronouns and “is not”, questions, case endings, “have”, and verbs in the present and past.",
+ lessons: [
+ {
+ id: "pronouns",
+ title: "Pronouns, “is” and “is not”",
+ particle: "би та биш",
+ summary: "The pronouns; “is” is usually left out, and биш means “is not”.",
+ sections: [
+ {
+ p: "би (bi) I, чи (chi) you, та (ta) you (polite, or more than one), тэр (ter) he, she, бид (bid) we, тэд (ted) they. In a simple statement no “is” is needed: Би оюутан, “I (am a) student”. To say “is not”, put биш (bish) at the end.",
+ examples: [
+ ["{Би} оюутан.", "Bi oyuutan.", "I am a student."],
+ ["{Тэр} багш.", "Ter bagsh.", "She is a teacher."],
+ ["Би эмч {биш}.", "Bi emch bish.", "I'm not a doctor."],
+ ["{Та} сайн байна уу?", "Ta sain baina uu?", "Hello. (polite; literally “are you well?”)"],
+ ],
+ },
+ ],
+ drills: [
+ { q: "＿ оюутан.", en: "I am a student.", options: ["Би", "Чи", "Тэр", "Бид"], answer: "Би", why: "Би = I." },
+ { q: "Тэр багш ＿.", en: "He isn't a teacher.", options: ["биш", "байна", "уу", "вэ"], answer: "биш", why: "биш = is not." },
+ { q: "＿ сайн байна уу?", en: "Hello. (polite, to one person)", options: ["Та", "Би", "Бид", "Тэд"], answer: "Та", why: "Та is the polite “you”." },
+ { q: "＿ монгол хүн.", en: "We are Mongolian.", options: ["Бид", "Би", "Тэр", "Чи"], answer: "Бид", why: "Бид = we." },
+ { q: "Би эмч ＿.", en: "I'm not a doctor.", options: ["биш", "байхгүй", "үү", "бэ"], answer: "биш", why: "A noun is negated with биш." },
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "questions",
+ title: "Questions: уу, үү, вэ, бэ",
+ particle: "уу үү вэ бэ",
+ summary: "уу / үү for yes/no questions; вэ / бэ after a question word.",
+ sections: [
+ {
+ p: "A yes/no question ends in уу (uu) after a word with back vowels (a, o, u) and үү (üü) after a word with front vowels (e, ö, ü, and words with only i). After a long vowel or diphthong these are written юу / юү.",
+ examples: [
+ ["Та оюутан {уу}?", "Ta oyuutan uu?", "Are you a student?"],
+ ["Та эмч {үү}?", "Ta emch üü?", "Are you a doctor?"],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ h: "Question words",
+ p: "A question with a question word ends in вэ (ve), or бэ (be) after в, м or н. Question words: юу (yuu) what, хэн (khen) who, хаана (khaana) where, хэзээ (khezee) when, яагаад (yaagaad) why, яаж (yaaj) how, хэд (khed) how many, how much.",
+ examples: [
+ ["Энэ юу {вэ}?", "Ene yuu ve?", "What is this?"],
+ ["Таны нэр хэн {бэ}?", "Tany ner khen be?", "What is your name?"],
+ ["Буудал {хаана} байна вэ?", "Buudal khaana baina ve?", "Where is the station?"],
+ ],
+ },
+ ],
+ drills: [
+ { q: "Та оюутан ＿?", en: "Are you a student?", options: ["уу", "үү", "вэ", "биш"], answer: "уу", why: "оюутан has back vowels, so уу." },
+ { q: "Та эмч ＿?", en: "Are you a doctor?", options: ["үү", "уу", "бэ", "биш"], answer: "үү", why: "эмч has a front vowel, so үү." },
+ { q: "Энэ юу ＿?", en: "What is this?", options: ["вэ", "бэ", "уу", "үү"], answer: "вэ", why: "After a question word, вэ (бэ only after в, м, н)." },
+ { q: "Таны нэр хэн ＿?", en: "What is your name?", options: ["бэ", "вэ", "уу", "үү"], answer: "бэ", why: "хэн ends in н, so бэ. Mongolian asks “who is your name?”." },
+ { q: "Буудал ＿ байна вэ?", en: "Where is the station?", options: ["хаана", "хэн", "юу", "хэзээ"], answer: "хаана", why: "хаана = where." },
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "cases",
+ title: "Endings for “my”, “in” and “from”",
+ particle: "миний -д -аас",
+ summary: "Case endings show possession, place and direction.",
+ sections: [
+ {
+ p: "“My” is миний (minii), “your” чиний (chinii) or polite таны (tany), “his, her” түүний (tüünii), “our” бидний (bidnii).",
+ examples: [
+ ["{Миний} нэр Болд.", "Minii ner Bold.", "My name is Bold."],
+ ["{Таны} нэр хэн бэ?", "Tany ner khen be?", "What is your name?"],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ h: "In, at; from",
+ p: "-д (-d), or -т (-t) after г, р and с, means “in, at, to”: гэрт, at home; Улаанбаатарт, in Ulaanbaatar. -аас / -ээс / -оос / -өөс means “from”, following vowel harmony: Англиас, from England.",
+ examples: [
+ ["Би гэр{т} байна.", "Bi gert baina.", "I'm at home."],
+ ["Би Улаанбаатар{т} амьдардаг.", "Bi Ulaanbaatart amidardag.", "I live in Ulaanbaatar."],
+ ["Би Англи{аас} ирсэн.", "Bi Angliaas irsen.", "I come from England."],
+ ],
+ },
+ ],
+ drills: [
+ { q: "＿ нэр Болд.", en: "My name is Bold.", options: ["Миний", "Чиний", "Таны", "Түүний"], answer: "Миний", why: "Миний = my." },
+ { q: "Би ＿ байна.", en: "I'm at home.", options: ["гэрт", "гэрээс", "гэрийн", "гэр"], answer: "гэрт", why: "-т = in, at (after р)." },
+ { q: "Би Англи＿ ирсэн.", en: "I come from England.", options: ["аас", "д", "ын", "тай"], answer: "аас", why: "-аас = from." },
+ { q: "Би Улаанбаатар＿ амьдардаг.", en: "I live in Ulaanbaatar.", options: ["т", "аас", "ын", "тай"], answer: "т", why: "-т = in (after р)." },
+ { q: "＿ нэр хэн бэ?", en: "What is your name? (polite)", options: ["Таны", "Миний", "Бидний", "Түүний"], answer: "Таны", why: "Таны = your (polite)." },
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "have",
+ title: "There is, and “I have”",
+ particle: "байна байхгүй надад",
+ summary: "байна there is; байхгүй there isn't; надад … байна, I have.",
+ sections: [
+ {
+ p: "байна (baina) means “there is”, and байхгүй (baikhgüi) “there isn't”. To say “I have”, say “to me there is”: надад (nadad) … байна. “You have” is чамд (chamd) or polite танд (tand).",
+ examples: [
+ ["Надад машин {байна}.", "Nadad mashin baina.", "I have a car."],
+ ["Надад цаг {байхгүй}.", "Nadad tsag baikhgüi.", "I don't have time."],
+ ["Танд ус {байна} уу?", "Tand us baina uu?", "Do you have water?"],
+ ],
+ },
+ ],
+ drills: [
+ { q: "Надад машин ＿.", en: "I have a car.", options: ["байна", "байхгүй", "биш", "уу"], answer: "байна", why: "надад … байна = I have." },
+ { q: "Надад цаг ＿.", en: "I don't have time.", options: ["байхгүй", "байна", "биш", "вэ"], answer: "байхгүй", why: "байхгүй = there isn't." },
+ { q: "＿ ах байна.", en: "I have an older brother.", options: ["Надад", "Би", "Миний", "Танд"], answer: "Надад", why: "Надад = to me." },
+ { q: "Танд ус ＿ уу?", en: "Do you have water?", options: ["байна", "байхгүй", "биш", "бэ"], answer: "байна", why: "байна уу? = is there? do you have?" },
+ { q: "Энд кофе ＿.", en: "There's no coffee here.", options: ["байхгүй", "байна", "биш", "уу"], answer: "байхгүй", why: "байхгүй = there isn't." },
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "present",
+ title: "Verbs: now, usually, will",
+ particle: "-на -ж байна -даг",
+ summary: "-на will, -ж байна is doing, -даг usually does, -хгүй won't.",
+ sections: [
+ {
+ p: "Verbs come last and take endings that follow vowel harmony. -на / -нэ / -но / -нө: will do, явна (yavna) I'll go. -ж байна: is doing now, уншиж байна (unshij baina) I'm reading. -даг / -дэг / -дог / -дөг: usually does, ярьдаг (yaridag) speaks. -хгүй: won't, doesn't, идэхгүй (idekhgüi).",
+ examples: [
+ ["Би маргааш Хархорин руу {явна}.", "Bi margaash Kharkhorin ruu yavna.", "I'll go to Kharkhorin tomorrow."],
+ ["Би одоо ном {уншиж байна}.", "Bi odoo nom unshij baina.", "I'm reading a book now."],
+ ["Тэр монголоор {ярьдаг}.", "Ter mongoloor yaridag.", "She speaks Mongolian."],
+ ["Би мах {иддэггүй}.", "Bi makh iddeggüi.", "I don't eat meat."],
+ ],
+ },
+ ],
+ drills: [
+ { q: "Би маргааш Хархорин руу ＿.", en: "I'll go to Kharkhorin tomorrow.", options: ["явна", "явсан", "явахгүй", "явж байна"], answer: "явна", why: "Future: -на." },
+ { q: "Би одоо ном ＿ байна.", en: "I'm reading a book now.", options: ["уншиж", "уншина", "уншсан", "уншихгүй"], answer: "уншиж", why: "Doing now: -ж байна." },
+ { q: "Би маргааш ＿.", en: "I won't come tomorrow.", options: ["ирэхгүй", "ирнэ", "ирсэн", "ирж"], answer: "ирэхгүй", why: "-хгүй = won't." },
+ { q: "Тэр монголоор ＿.", en: "She speaks Mongolian.", options: ["ярьдаг", "ярьсан", "ярихгүй", "ярьж"], answer: "ярьдаг", why: "Usually does: -даг." },
+ { q: "Би одоо ＿ байна.", en: "I'm eating now.", options: ["идэж", "идсэн", "идэхгүй", "идэнэ"], answer: "идэж", why: "Doing now: -ж байна." },
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "past",
+ title: "Verbs: the past",
+ particle: "-сан -лаа -аагүй",
+ summary: "-сан did, -лаа just did, -аагүй didn't.",
+ sections: [
+ {
+ p: "-сан / -сэн / -сон / -сөн is the general past: ирсэн (irsen) came. -лаа / -лээ / -лоо / -лөө is a recent past, for something that just happened: ирлээ (irlee) I've arrived. -аагүй / -ээгүй / -оогүй / -өөгүй means “didn't”: үзээгүй (üzeegüi) didn't see.",
+ examples: [
+ ["Би өчигдөр Улаанбаатарт {ирсэн}.", "Bi öchigdör Ulaanbaatart irsen.", "I arrived in Ulaanbaatar yesterday."],
+ ["Би хоол {идсэн}.", "Bi khool idsen.", "I've eaten."],
+ ["Би тэр киног {үзээгүй}.", "Bi ter kinog üzeegüi.", "I didn't see that film."],
+ ["За, би {ирлээ}!", "Za, bi irlee!", "Right, I'm here!"],
+ ],
+ },
+ ],
+ drills: [
+ { q: "Би өчигдөр Улаанбаатарт ＿.", en: "I arrived in Ulaanbaatar yesterday.", options: ["ирсэн", "ирнэ", "ирэхгүй", "ирж"], answer: "ирсэн", why: "Past: -сэн (front vowels)." },
+ { q: "Би хоол ＿.", en: "I've eaten.", options: ["идсэн", "идэнэ", "идэхгүй", "идэж"], answer: "идсэн", why: "Past: -сэн." },
+ { q: "Би тэр киног ＿.", en: "I didn't see that film.", options: ["үзээгүй", "үзсэн", "үзнэ", "үзэхгүй"], answer: "үзээгүй", why: "Didn't: -ээгүй." },
+ { q: "Тэр Монголд ＿ уу?", en: "Did he go to Mongolia?", options: ["очсон", "очно", "очихгүй", "очиж"], answer: "очсон", why: "Past: -сон (back vowel о)." },
+ { q: "За, би ＿!", en: "Right, I'm here! (I've just arrived)", options: ["ирлээ", "ирнэ", "ирээгүй", "ирэхгүй"], answer: "ирлээ", why: "Just happened: -лээ." },
+ ],
+ },
+ ],
+};
diff --git a/languages/mongolian/meta.json b/languages/mongolian/meta.json
index 83f8da9d..8e2a8e5e 100644
--- a/languages/mongolian/meta.json
+++ b/languages/mongolian/meta.json
@@ -5,5 +5,6 @@
"writingSystems": ["mongolian"],
"characterKeys": ["mongolian"],
"notes": "Mongolian in the traditional vertical script used in Inner Mongolia.",
- "speech": "mn"
+ "speech": "mn",
+ "data": { "grammar": "grammar.js", "vocab": "vocab.js", "reference": "reference.json" }
}
diff --git a/languages/mongolian/reference.json b/languages/mongolian/reference.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f28cc048
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/mongolian/reference.json
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+{
+ "id": "mongolian",
+ "entries": [
+ {
+ "id": "at-a-glance", "topic": "overview", "title": "Mongolian at a glance",
+ "body": [
+ "Mongolian is spoken by about 3 million people in Mongolia and by several million more in Inner Mongolia, China. The standard language of Mongolia is based on the Khalkha dialect.",
+ "The verb comes last, and grammar is carried by endings added one after another to a word. Vowel harmony decides which form of an ending is used. There is no grammatical gender and no word for “the”."
+ ],
+ "examples": [
+ { "t": "Би монгол хэл {сурч байна}.", "r": "Bi mongol khel surch baina.", "e": "I am learning Mongolian." }
+ ],
+ "tags": ["Mongolic", "verb-final", "vowel harmony"]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "scripts", "topic": "script", "title": "Two scripts",
+ "body": [
+ "The traditional Mongolian script (ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ, mongol bichig) was adapted from the Old Uyghur alphabet in the 13th century. It is written in vertical columns from top to bottom, and the columns run from left to right. Letters join along a central spine and change shape at the start, middle and end of a word.",
+ "In Mongolia, Cyrillic has been the everyday script since the 1940s, with two extra letters, Ө and Ү. The traditional script is still taught in schools there, and is the main script in Inner Mongolia. Traditional spelling is older than the pronunciation, so a word can look quite different in the two scripts."
+ ],
+ "table": {
+ "head": ["Traditional", "Cyrillic", "Meaning"],
+ "rows": [
+ ["ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ", "Монгол", "Mongol"],
+ ["ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ", "сайн", "good"],
+ ["ᠨᠢᠭᠡ", "нэг", "one"]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": ["vertical script", "Cyrillic"]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "vowel-harmony", "topic": "sounds", "title": "Vowel harmony",
+ "body": "A word's vowels are either all “back” or all “front” (и goes with both). Endings come in matching forms, and о-words take о-endings, ө-words ө-endings.",
+ "table": {
+ "head": ["Word has", "Example", "Past ending", "“from” ending"],
+ "rows": [
+ ["а, у", "явах, go", "явсан", "-аас"],
+ ["о", "очих, go to", "очсон", "-оос"],
+ ["э, ү", "ирэх, come", "ирсэн", "-ээс"],
+ ["ө", "өгөх, give", "өгсөн", "-өөс"]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": ["pronunciation", "endings"]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "cases", "topic": "grammar", "title": "Main case endings",
+ "table": {
+ "head": ["Case", "Ending", "Meaning", "Example"],
+ "rows": [
+ ["genitive", "-ын / -ийн / -ы", "of, 's", "Монголын, of Mongolia"],
+ ["dative-locative", "-д / -т", "in, at, to", "гэрт, at home"],
+ ["accusative", "-ыг / -ийг / -г", "marks a definite object", "киног үзсэн, saw the film"],
+ ["ablative", "-аас / -ээс / -оос / -өөс", "from", "Англиас, from England"],
+ ["instrumental", "-аар / -ээр / -оор / -өөр", "by, with, in (a language)", "монголоор, in Mongolian"],
+ ["comitative", "-тай / -тэй / -той", "with, having", "сүүтэй цай, tea with milk"]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": ["cases"]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "numbers", "topic": "numbers", "title": "Numbers",
+ "body": "Before a noun, many numbers take a short attributive form: гурав (three) becomes гурван, as in гурван ном, three books.",
+ "table": {
+ "head": ["Number", "Word", "Before a noun"],
+ "rows": [
+ ["1", "нэг (neg)", "нэг"],
+ ["2", "хоёр (khoyor)", "хоёр"],
+ ["3", "гурав (gurav)", "гурван"],
+ ["4", "дөрөв (döröv)", "дөрвөн"],
+ ["5", "тав (tav)", "таван"],
+ ["6", "зургаа (zurgaa)", "зургаан"],
+ ["7", "долоо (doloo)", "долоон"],
+ ["8", "найм (naim)", "найман"],
+ ["9", "ес (yes)", "есөн"],
+ ["10", "арав (arav)", "арван"]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": ["counting"]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "phrases", "topic": "phrases", "title": "Everyday phrases",
+ "examples": [
+ { "t": "Сайн байна уу?", "r": "Sain baina uu?", "e": "Hello." },
+ { "t": "Баярлалаа.", "r": "Bayarlalaa.", "e": "Thank you." },
+ { "t": "Таны нэр хэн бэ?", "r": "Tany ner khen be?", "e": "What is your name?" },
+ { "t": "Энэ хэд вэ?", "r": "Ene khed ve?", "e": "How much is this?" },
+ { "t": "Ойлгохгүй байна.", "r": "Oilgokhgüi baina.", "e": "I don't understand." },
+ { "t": "Мал сүрэг тарган тавтай юу?", "r": "Mal süreg targan tavtai yuu?", "e": "Are your animals fat and well? (a countryside greeting)" }
+ ],
+ "tags": ["greetings", "travel"]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "naadam", "topic": "culture", "title": "Naadam",
+ "body": [
+ "Naadam (Наадам) is Mongolia's biggest festival, held every July. It is built around the “three games of men”: wrestling, horse racing and archery, though women and girls now take part in archery and racing.",
+ "The horse races run across open country for 15 to 30 kilometres, and the riders are children."
+ ],
+ "tags": ["festivals"]
+ }
+ ]
+}
diff --git a/languages/mongolian/vocab.js b/languages/mongolian/vocab.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c93bf97e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/mongolian/vocab.js
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+// Mongolian starter words for the Vocabulary Learner.
+// Each word is [Mongolian (Cyrillic), romanization, English, note]. Written for this project.
+// The Cyrillic spelling is the one used in Mongolia; see the Reference cards for the traditional script.
+window.LSD_DECKS = window.LSD_DECKS || {};
+window.LSD_DECKS.mongolian = [
+ {
+ id: "greetings",
+ title: "Greetings",
+ words: [
+ ["Сайн байна уу?", "sain baina uu?", "hello", "Literally “are you well?”. Polite: Та сайн байна уу?"],
+ ["Сайн, сайн байна уу?", "sain, sain baina uu?", "fine, and you?", "The usual answer."],
+ ["Сайн уу?", "sain uu?", "hi", "Casual."],
+ ["Баярлалаа", "bayarlalaa", "thank you", ""],
+ ["Зүгээр", "zügeer", "it's fine; you're welcome", ""],
+ ["Уучлаарай", "uuchlaarai", "sorry; excuse me", ""],
+ ["Тийм", "tiim", "yes", ""],
+ ["Үгүй", "ügüi", "no", ""],
+ ["За", "za", "OK; well", ""],
+ ["Танилцсандаа баяртай байна", "taniltsandaa bayartai baina", "pleased to meet you", ""],
+ ["Миний нэр …", "minii ner …", "my name is …", ""],
+ ["Баяртай", "bayartai", "goodbye", ""],
+ ["Дараа уулзъя", "daraa uulzya", "see you later", ""],
+ ["Сайхан амраарай", "saikhan amraarai", "have a good rest; good night", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "people",
+ title: "People",
+ words: [
+ ["би", "bi", "I", ""],
+ ["чи", "chi", "you", ""],
+ ["та", "ta", "you (polite)", ""],
+ ["тэр", "ter", "he; she; that", ""],
+ ["бид", "bid", "we", ""],
+ ["тэд", "ted", "they", ""],
+ ["хүн", "khün", "person", ""],
+ ["эрэгтэй", "eregtei", "man; male", ""],
+ ["эмэгтэй", "emegtei", "woman; female", ""],
+ ["хүүхэд", "khüükhed", "child", ""],
+ ["найз", "naiz", "friend", ""],
+ ["ээж", "eej", "mother", ""],
+ ["аав", "aav", "father", ""],
+ ["ах", "akh", "older brother", ""],
+ ["эгч", "egch", "older sister", ""],
+ ["гэр бүл", "ger bül", "family", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "numbers",
+ title: "Numbers",
+ words: [
+ ["тэг", "teg", "zero", ""],
+ ["нэг", "neg", "one", ""],
+ ["хоёр", "khoyor", "two", ""],
+ ["гурав", "gurav", "three", ""],
+ ["дөрөв", "döröv", "four", ""],
+ ["тав", "tav", "five", ""],
+ ["зургаа", "zurgaa", "six", ""],
+ ["долоо", "doloo", "seven", ""],
+ ["найм", "naim", "eight", ""],
+ ["ес", "yes", "nine", ""],
+ ["арав", "arav", "ten", ""],
+ ["хорь", "khori", "twenty", ""],
+ ["зуу", "zuu", "a hundred", ""],
+ ["мянга", "myanga", "a thousand", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "food",
+ title: "Food and drink",
+ words: [
+ ["ус", "us", "water", ""],
+ ["цай", "tsai", "tea", ""],
+ ["сүүтэй цай", "süütei tsai", "milk tea", "Salty milk tea, served everywhere."],
+ ["кофе", "kofe", "coffee", ""],
+ ["сүү", "süü", "milk", ""],
+ ["айраг", "airag", "fermented mare's milk", "The summer drink of the countryside."],
+ ["талх", "talkh", "bread", ""],
+ ["мах", "makh", "meat", ""],
+ ["хонины мах", "khoniny makh", "mutton", ""],
+ ["бууз", "buuz", "steamed dumplings", ""],
+ ["хуушуур", "khuushuur", "fried meat pastry", ""],
+ ["өндөг", "öndög", "egg", ""],
+ ["ногоо", "nogoo", "vegetables", ""],
+ ["жимс", "jims", "fruit", ""],
+ ["амттай", "amttai", "tasty", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "verbs",
+ title: "Everyday verbs",
+ words: [
+ ["идэх", "idekh", "to eat", "Би иднэ: I'll eat."],
+ ["уух", "uukh", "to drink", ""],
+ ["явах", "yavakh", "to go", ""],
+ ["ирэх", "irekh", "to come", ""],
+ ["амьдрах", "amidrakh", "to live", ""],
+ ["ярих", "yarikh", "to speak", ""],
+ ["хүсэх", "khüsekh", "to want", ""],
+ ["дуртай", "durtai", "fond of; to like", "Би цайнд дуртай: I like tea."],
+ ["ажиллах", "ajillakh", "to work", ""],
+ ["сурах", "surakh", "to learn; to study", ""],
+ ["унших", "unshikh", "to read", ""],
+ ["бичих", "bichikh", "to write", ""],
+ ["харах", "kharakh", "to see; to look", ""],
+ ["мэдэх", "medekh", "to know", "Мэдэхгүй: I don't know."],
+ ["ойлгох", "oilgokh", "to understand", "Ойлгохгүй байна: I don't understand."],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "describing",
+ title: "Describing words",
+ words: [
+ ["том", "tom", "big", ""],
+ ["жижиг", "jijig", "small", ""],
+ ["сайн", "sain", "good", ""],
+ ["муу", "muu", "bad", ""],
+ ["сайхан", "saikhan", "beautiful; nice", ""],
+ ["шинэ", "shine", "new", ""],
+ ["хуучин", "khuuchin", "old (thing)", ""],
+ ["халуун", "khaluun", "hot", ""],
+ ["хүйтэн", "khüiten", "cold", ""],
+ ["хямд", "khyamd", "cheap", ""],
+ ["үнэтэй", "ünetei", "expensive", ""],
+ ["амархан", "amarkhan", "easy", ""],
+ ["хэцүү", "khetsüü", "difficult", ""],
+ ["баяртай", "bayartai", "happy", "Also means “goodbye”."],
+ ["ядарсан", "yadarsan", "tired", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "places",
+ title: "Places",
+ words: [
+ ["гэр", "ger", "home; ger (felt tent)", ""],
+ ["байр", "bair", "flat; apartment", ""],
+ ["хот", "khot", "city", ""],
+ ["зам", "zam", "road", ""],
+ ["дэлгүүр", "delgüür", "shop", ""],
+ ["зах", "zakh", "market", ""],
+ ["хоолны газар", "khoolny gazar", "restaurant", "Literally “food place”."],
+ ["сургууль", "surguuli", "school", ""],
+ ["эмнэлэг", "emneleg", "hospital", ""],
+ ["эмийн сан", "emiin san", "pharmacy", ""],
+ ["хийд", "khiid", "monastery", ""],
+ ["хөдөө", "khödöö", "countryside", ""],
+ ["бие засах газар", "biye zasakh gazar", "toilet", ""],
+ ["зочид буудал", "zochid buudal", "hotel", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "questions",
+ title: "Questions",
+ words: [
+ ["юу", "yuu", "what", ""],
+ ["хэн", "khen", "who", "Also used to ask a name."],
+ ["хаана", "khaana", "where", ""],
+ ["хаанаас", "khaanaas", "where from", ""],
+ ["хэзээ", "khezee", "when", ""],
+ ["яагаад", "yaagaad", "why", ""],
+ ["яаж", "yaaj", "how", ""],
+ ["хэд", "khed", "how many; how much", ""],
+ ["аль", "ali", "which", ""],
+ ["Энэ хэд вэ?", "ene khed ve?", "how much is this?", ""],
+ ["… байна уу?", "… baina uu?", "is there …? do you have …?", ""],
+ ["Болох уу?", "bolokh uu?", "is it OK? may I?", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "time",
+ title: "Time and days",
+ words: [
+ ["өнөөдөр", "önöödör", "today", ""],
+ ["маргааш", "margaash", "tomorrow", ""],
+ ["өчигдөр", "öchigdör", "yesterday", ""],
+ ["одоо", "odoo", "now", ""],
+ ["дараа", "daraa", "later; after", ""],
+ ["өглөө", "öglöö", "morning", ""],
+ ["орой", "oroi", "evening", ""],
+ ["цаг", "tsag", "hour; time; clock", ""],
+ ["өдөр", "ödör", "day", ""],
+ ["долоо хоног", "doloo khonog", "week", "Literally “seven nights”."],
+ ["сар", "sar", "month; moon", ""],
+ ["жил", "jil", "year", ""],
+ ["даваа", "davaa", "Monday", ""],
+ ["ням", "nyam", "Sunday", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "travel",
+ title: "Getting around",
+ words: [
+ ["автобус", "avtobus", "bus", ""],
+ ["галт тэрэг", "galt tereg", "train", "Literally “fire cart”."],
+ ["такси", "taksi", "taxi", ""],
+ ["машин", "mashin", "car", ""],
+ ["онгоц", "ongots", "aeroplane", ""],
+ ["морь", "mori", "horse", ""],
+ ["билет", "bilet", "ticket", ""],
+ ["паспорт", "pasport", "passport", ""],
+ ["баруун", "baruun", "right; west", ""],
+ ["зүүн", "züün", "left; east", ""],
+ ["чигээрээ", "chigeeree", "straight on", ""],
+ ["ойрхон", "oirkhon", "near", ""],
+ ["хол", "khol", "far", ""],
+ ["Туслаарай!", "tuslaarai!", "help!", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+];
diff --git a/languages/reference.js b/languages/reference.js
index 009b8b2f..e73633a1 100644
--- a/languages/reference.js
+++ b/languages/reference.js
@@ -1,5 +1,332 @@
// Generated by languages/build_registry.py from languages/*/reference.json. Do not edit.
window.LSD_REFERENCE = {
+ "amharic": {
+ "id": "amharic",
+ "entries": [
+ {
+ "id": "at-a-glance",
+ "topic": "overview",
+ "title": "Amharic at a glance",
+ "body": [
+ "Amharic is the working language of Ethiopia's federal government, spoken by about 35 million people as a first language and by many more as a second. It is a Semitic language, related to Tigrinya, Arabic and Hebrew, and is the second most spoken Semitic language after Arabic.",
+ "The verb comes last. Nouns and verbs take endings and prefixes for person, number and gender, and “you” has separate forms for a man, a woman, and a respected person."
+ ],
+ "examples": [
+ {
+ "t": "አማርኛ {እማራለሁ}።",
+ "r": "Amarigna imarallehu.",
+ "e": "I'm learning Amharic."
+ }
+ ],
+ "tags": [
+ "Semitic",
+ "verb-final"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "fidel",
+ "topic": "script",
+ "title": "How the fidel works",
+ "body": [
+ "Amharic is written in the Ethiopic script, called ፊደል (fidel). Each character is a consonant plus a vowel. A base shape has seven forms, the “orders”, made by adding small strokes, rings or bends for each vowel.",
+ "The script comes from Ge'ez, the classical language of Ethiopia, which is still used in the Orthodox church. Words are separated by spaces today; older texts use ፡, and ። ends a sentence."
+ ],
+ "table": {
+ "head": [
+ "Order",
+ "Vowel",
+ "With ለ (l)",
+ "With በ (b)"
+ ],
+ "rows": [
+ [
+ "1st",
+ "e",
+ "ለ le",
+ "በ be"
+ ],
+ [
+ "2nd",
+ "u",
+ "ሉ lu",
+ "ቡ bu"
+ ],
+ [
+ "3rd",
+ "i",
+ "ሊ li",
+ "ቢ bi"
+ ],
+ [
+ "4th",
+ "a",
+ "ላ la",
+ "ባ ba"
+ ],
+ [
+ "5th",
+ "é",
+ "ሌ lé",
+ "ቤ bé"
+ ],
+ [
+ "6th",
+ "(none) or i",
+ "ል l",
+ "ብ b"
+ ],
+ [
+ "7th",
+ "o",
+ "ሎ lo",
+ "ቦ bo"
+ ]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": [
+ "abugida",
+ "Ge'ez"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "to-be",
+ "topic": "verbs",
+ "title": "“To be”",
+ "body": "ነው and its forms come at the end of the sentence and agree with the subject.",
+ "table": {
+ "head": [
+ "Subject",
+ "Form",
+ "Example"
+ ],
+ "rows": [
+ [
+ "እኔ, I",
+ "ነኝ (negn)",
+ "እኔ ተማሪ ነኝ, I'm a student"
+ ],
+ [
+ "አንተ, you (man)",
+ "ነህ (neh)",
+ "አንተ ተማሪ ነህ"
+ ],
+ [
+ "አንቺ, you (woman)",
+ "ነሽ (nesh)",
+ "አንቺ ተማሪ ነሽ"
+ ],
+ [
+ "እሱ, he",
+ "ነው (new)",
+ "እሱ ተማሪ ነው"
+ ],
+ [
+ "እሷ, she",
+ "ናት (nat)",
+ "እሷ ተማሪ ናት"
+ ],
+ [
+ "እኛ, we",
+ "ነን (nen)",
+ "እኛ ተማሪዎች ነን"
+ ],
+ [
+ "እነሱ, they",
+ "ናቸው (nachew)",
+ "እነሱ ተማሪዎች ናቸው"
+ ]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": [
+ "copula"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "verbs",
+ "topic": "verbs",
+ "title": "Present and past of “go”",
+ "table": {
+ "head": [
+ "Person",
+ "Present / future",
+ "Past"
+ ],
+ "rows": [
+ [
+ "I",
+ "እሄዳለሁ (ihedallehu)",
+ "ሄድኩ (hedku)"
+ ],
+ [
+ "you (man)",
+ "ትሄዳለህ (tihedalleh)",
+ "ሄድክ (hedk)"
+ ],
+ [
+ "you (woman)",
+ "ትሄጃለሽ (tihejallesh)",
+ "ሄድሽ (hedsh)"
+ ],
+ [
+ "he",
+ "ይሄዳል (yihedal)",
+ "ሄደ (hede)"
+ ],
+ [
+ "she",
+ "ትሄዳለች (tihedallech)",
+ "ሄደች (hedech)"
+ ],
+ [
+ "we",
+ "እንሄዳለን (inhedallen)",
+ "ሄድን (hedin)"
+ ],
+ [
+ "they",
+ "ይሄዳሉ (yihedallu)",
+ "ሄዱ (hedu)"
+ ]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": [
+ "conjugation"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "numbers",
+ "topic": "numbers",
+ "title": "Numbers and Ethiopic numerals",
+ "body": "Ethiopic numerals have no zero and have separate signs for tens and for 100. Today they are used mostly for dates and in formal writing; prices use the digits 0–9.",
+ "table": {
+ "head": [
+ "Numeral",
+ "Word",
+ "Said"
+ ],
+ "rows": [
+ [
+ "፩",
+ "አንድ",
+ "and"
+ ],
+ [
+ "፪",
+ "ሁለት",
+ "hulet"
+ ],
+ [
+ "፫",
+ "ሦስት",
+ "sost"
+ ],
+ [
+ "፬",
+ "አራት",
+ "arat"
+ ],
+ [
+ "፭",
+ "አምስት",
+ "amist"
+ ],
+ [
+ "፮",
+ "ስድስት",
+ "sidist"
+ ],
+ [
+ "፯",
+ "ሰባት",
+ "sebat"
+ ],
+ [
+ "፰",
+ "ስምንት",
+ "simint"
+ ],
+ [
+ "፱",
+ "ዘጠኝ",
+ "zetegn"
+ ],
+ [
+ "፲",
+ "አሥር",
+ "asir"
+ ],
+ [
+ "፳",
+ "ሃያ",
+ "haya"
+ ],
+ [
+ "፻",
+ "መቶ",
+ "meto"
+ ]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": [
+ "numerals"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "phrases",
+ "topic": "phrases",
+ "title": "Everyday phrases",
+ "examples": [
+ {
+ "t": "ሰላም",
+ "r": "Selam.",
+ "e": "Hello."
+ },
+ {
+ "t": "እንዴት ነህ? / እንዴት ነሽ?",
+ "r": "Indet neh? / Indet nesh?",
+ "e": "How are you? (to a man / to a woman)"
+ },
+ {
+ "t": "አመሰግናለሁ",
+ "r": "Ameseginallehu.",
+ "e": "Thank you."
+ },
+ {
+ "t": "ዋጋው ስንት ነው?",
+ "r": "Wagaw sint new?",
+ "e": "How much is it?"
+ },
+ {
+ "t": "አልገባኝም",
+ "r": "Algebagnim.",
+ "e": "I don't understand."
+ },
+ {
+ "t": "ቡና እንጠጣ",
+ "r": "Buna intetta.",
+ "e": "Let's have coffee."
+ }
+ ],
+ "tags": [
+ "greetings",
+ "travel"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "coffee-ceremony",
+ "topic": "culture",
+ "title": "The coffee ceremony",
+ "body": [
+ "The coffee ceremony (ቡና ማፍላት, buna maflat) is a central part of Ethiopian hospitality. Green beans are roasted in a pan in front of the guests, ground by hand, and brewed in a clay pot called a ጀበና (jebena), while incense burns.",
+ "Coffee is served in small cups in three rounds, called abol, tona and bereka. Staying for all three is polite."
+ ],
+ "tags": [
+ "customs",
+ "coffee"
+ ]
+ }
+ ]
+ },
"arabic": {
"id": "arabic",
"entries": [
@@ -1953,91 +2280,329 @@ window.LSD_REFERENCE = {
}
]
},
- "chinese": {
- "id": "chinese",
+ "cherokee": {
+ "id": "cherokee",
"entries": [
{
"id": "at-a-glance",
"topic": "overview",
- "title": "Mandarin at a glance",
+ "title": "Cherokee at a glance",
"body": [
- "Mandarin Chinese has almost no inflection: verbs don't change for person or tense, and nouns don't change for number. Meaning comes from word order, small particles and context.",
- "It is tonal: the pitch contour of a syllable is part of the word. The basic order is subject, verb, object, with time and place before the verb.",
- "Pinyin is the official romanization, used for teaching and for typing characters."
+ "Cherokee (ᏣᎳᎩ, Tsalagi) is an Iroquoian language of the Cherokee people, spoken today mainly in Oklahoma and in the Qualla Boundary in North Carolina. It has about 2,000 first-language speakers, most of them elders, and the Cherokee Nation, the Eastern Band and the United Keetoowah Band all run immersion schools and language programmes.",
+ "Cherokee builds long words from a verb root with many prefixes and suffixes. A single verb can say who does what to whom, when, and how the speaker knows it, so a whole English sentence is often one Cherokee word."
],
"examples": [
{
- "t": "我喝茶。",
- "r": "Wǒ hē chá.",
- "e": "I drink tea. / I drank tea."
- },
- {
- "t": "他们喝茶。",
- "r": "Tāmen hē chá.",
- "e": "They drink tea. (the verb stays the same)"
+ "t": "ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ",
+ "r": "Tsalagi gawonihisdi",
+ "e": "the Cherokee language"
}
],
"tags": [
- "SVO",
- "tones",
- "pinyin"
+ "Iroquoian",
+ "polysynthetic"
]
},
{
- "id": "tones",
- "topic": "sounds",
- "title": "The four tones",
- "body": "Each syllable has one of four tones, or a light neutral tone. The same syllable with a different tone is a different word.",
+ "id": "syllabary",
+ "topic": "script",
+ "title": "Sequoyah's syllabary",
+ "body": [
+ "Sequoyah, a Cherokee silversmith who did not read any other language, created the syllabary in the 1810s and it was adopted by the Cherokee Nation in 1825. Within a few years a large share of Cherokee people could read and write it, and the newspaper Cherokee Phoenix was printed in it from 1828.",
+ "Each of its 85 characters (86 in the original) stands for a syllable: a consonant plus a vowel, or a vowel alone. The six vowels are a, e, i, o, u and v, a nasal “uh” sound. Some letters look like Latin letters but have unrelated sounds: Ꭰ is a, Ꭱ is e, and Ꮃ is la."
+ ],
"table": {
"head": [
- "Tone",
- "Contour",
- "Example"
+ "",
+ "a",
+ "e",
+ "i",
+ "o",
+ "u",
+ "v"
],
"rows": [
[
- "1st · ā",
- "high and level",
- "妈 mā · mother"
+ "(vowel)",
+ "Ꭰ",
+ "Ꭱ",
+ "Ꭲ",
+ "Ꭳ",
+ "Ꭴ",
+ "Ꭵ"
],
[
- "2nd · á",
- "rising, as in a question: what?",
- "麻 má · hemp"
+ "g / k",
+ "Ꭶ",
+ "Ꭸ",
+ "Ꭹ",
+ "Ꭺ",
+ "Ꭻ",
+ "Ꭼ"
],
[
- "3rd · ǎ",
- "low, dipping (often just low)",
- "马 mǎ · horse"
+ "h",
+ "Ꭽ",
+ "Ꭾ",
+ "Ꭿ",
+ "Ꮀ",
+ "Ꮁ",
+ "Ꮂ"
],
[
- "4th · à",
- "sharply falling, as in a command",
- "骂 mà · to scold"
+ "l",
+ "Ꮃ",
+ "Ꮄ",
+ "Ꮅ",
+ "Ꮆ",
+ "Ꮇ",
+ "Ꮈ"
+ ],
+ [
+ "m",
+ "Ꮉ",
+ "Ꮊ",
+ "Ꮋ",
+ "Ꮌ",
+ "Ꮍ",
+ ""
],
[
- "neutral · a",
- "short and light",
- "吗 ma · question particle"
+ "s",
+ "Ꮜ",
+ "Ꮞ",
+ "Ꮟ",
+ "Ꮠ",
+ "Ꮡ",
+ "Ꮢ"
+ ],
+ [
+ "w",
+ "Ꮹ",
+ "Ꮺ",
+ "Ꮻ",
+ "Ꮼ",
+ "Ꮽ",
+ "Ꮾ"
+ ],
+ [
+ "y",
+ "Ꮿ",
+ "Ᏸ",
+ "Ᏹ",
+ "Ᏺ",
+ "Ᏻ",
+ "Ᏼ"
]
]
},
- "examples": [
- {
- "t": "妈妈骂马吗？",
- "r": "Māma mà mǎ ma?",
- "e": "Is mum scolding the horse?"
- }
- ],
"tags": [
- "pronunciation",
- "tones"
+ "syllabary",
+ "Sequoyah"
]
},
{
- "id": "tone-sandhi",
- "topic": "sounds",
- "title": "Tone changes",
+ "id": "numbers",
+ "topic": "numbers",
+ "title": "Numbers",
+ "table": {
+ "head": [
+ "Number",
+ "Cherokee",
+ "Said"
+ ],
+ "rows": [
+ [
+ "1",
+ "ᏌᏊ",
+ "saquu"
+ ],
+ [
+ "2",
+ "ᏔᎵ",
+ "tali"
+ ],
+ [
+ "3",
+ "ᏦᎢ",
+ "tsoi"
+ ],
+ [
+ "4",
+ "ᏅᎩ",
+ "nvgi"
+ ],
+ [
+ "5",
+ "ᎯᏍᎩ",
+ "hisgi"
+ ],
+ [
+ "6",
+ "ᏑᏓᎵ",
+ "sudali"
+ ],
+ [
+ "7",
+ "ᎦᎵᏉᎩ",
+ "galiquogi"
+ ],
+ [
+ "8",
+ "ᏧᏁᎳ",
+ "tsunela"
+ ],
+ [
+ "9",
+ "ᏐᏁᎳ",
+ "sonela"
+ ],
+ [
+ "10",
+ "ᏍᎪᎯ",
+ "sgohi"
+ ]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": [
+ "counting"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "phrases",
+ "topic": "phrases",
+ "title": "Everyday phrases",
+ "examples": [
+ {
+ "t": "ᎣᏏᏲ",
+ "r": "Osiyo.",
+ "e": "Hello."
+ },
+ {
+ "t": "ᏙᎯᏧ?",
+ "r": "Dohitsu?",
+ "e": "How are you?"
+ },
+ {
+ "t": "ᎣᏍᏓ, ᏂᎯᏃ?",
+ "r": "Osda, nihino?",
+ "e": "Fine, and you?"
+ },
+ {
+ "t": "ᏩᏙ",
+ "r": "Wado.",
+ "e": "Thank you."
+ },
+ {
+ "t": "ᏙᎾᏓᎪᎲᎢ",
+ "r": "Donadagohvi.",
+ "e": "Until we meet again."
+ }
+ ],
+ "tags": [
+ "greetings"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "clans",
+ "topic": "culture",
+ "title": "The seven clans",
+ "body": [
+ "Traditional Cherokee society has seven clans, passed down through the mother: Wolf (ᎠᏂᏩᏯ, Aniwaya), Deer (Anikawi), Bird (Anitsiskwa), Paint (Aniwodi), Long Hair (Anigilohi), Blue (Anisahoni) and Wild Potato (Anigatogewi).",
+ "Seven is an important number in Cherokee tradition, and the seven-pointed star appears on the seal of the Cherokee Nation."
+ ],
+ "tags": [
+ "clans",
+ "society"
+ ]
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ "chinese": {
+ "id": "chinese",
+ "entries": [
+ {
+ "id": "at-a-glance",
+ "topic": "overview",
+ "title": "Mandarin at a glance",
+ "body": [
+ "Mandarin Chinese has almost no inflection: verbs don't change for person or tense, and nouns don't change for number. Meaning comes from word order, small particles and context.",
+ "It is tonal: the pitch contour of a syllable is part of the word. The basic order is subject, verb, object, with time and place before the verb.",
+ "Pinyin is the official romanization, used for teaching and for typing characters."
+ ],
+ "examples": [
+ {
+ "t": "我喝茶。",
+ "r": "Wǒ hē chá.",
+ "e": "I drink tea. / I drank tea."
+ },
+ {
+ "t": "他们喝茶。",
+ "r": "Tāmen hē chá.",
+ "e": "They drink tea. (the verb stays the same)"
+ }
+ ],
+ "tags": [
+ "SVO",
+ "tones",
+ "pinyin"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "tones",
+ "topic": "sounds",
+ "title": "The four tones",
+ "body": "Each syllable has one of four tones, or a light neutral tone. The same syllable with a different tone is a different word.",
+ "table": {
+ "head": [
+ "Tone",
+ "Contour",
+ "Example"
+ ],
+ "rows": [
+ [
+ "1st · ā",
+ "high and level",
+ "妈 mā · mother"
+ ],
+ [
+ "2nd · á",
+ "rising, as in a question: what?",
+ "麻 má · hemp"
+ ],
+ [
+ "3rd · ǎ",
+ "low, dipping (often just low)",
+ "马 mǎ · horse"
+ ],
+ [
+ "4th · à",
+ "sharply falling, as in a command",
+ "骂 mà · to scold"
+ ],
+ [
+ "neutral · a",
+ "short and light",
+ "吗 ma · question particle"
+ ]
+ ]
+ },
+ "examples": [
+ {
+ "t": "妈妈骂马吗？",
+ "r": "Māma mà mǎ ma?",
+ "e": "Is mum scolding the horse?"
+ }
+ ],
+ "tags": [
+ "pronunciation",
+ "tones"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "tone-sandhi",
+ "topic": "sounds",
+ "title": "Tone changes",
"body": "A few tones change in context. Pinyin is usually written with the original tone, so learn the rule rather than the spelling.",
"table": {
"head": [
@@ -7367,87 +7932,280 @@ window.LSD_REFERENCE = {
}
]
},
- "japanese": {
- "id": "japanese",
+ "inuktitut": {
+ "id": "inuktitut",
"entries": [
{
"id": "at-a-glance",
"topic": "overview",
- "title": "Japanese at a glance",
- "body": [
- "Japanese puts the verb at the end of the sentence (subject, object, verb) and marks the role of each phrase with a small particle after it, so word order before the verb is fairly free.",
- "Nouns have no plural and no gender, and there are no articles. Verbs do not change for person: {食べます} means I, you, she or they eat, and the subject is often left out when context makes it clear.",
- "Three scripts are mixed in ordinary text: hiragana, katakana and kanji."
- ],
- "examples": [
- {
- "t": "私は{寿司を}食べます。",
- "r": "watashi wa sushi o tabemasu",
- "e": "I eat sushi."
- },
- {
- "t": "食べます。",
- "r": "tabemasu",
- "e": "(I / we / they) eat. The subject is understood."
- }
- ],
- "tags": [
- "SOV",
- "particles"
- ]
- },
- {
- "id": "three-scripts",
- "topic": "script",
- "title": "Hiragana, katakana and kanji",
+ "title": "Inuktitut at a glance",
"body": [
- "{Hiragana} writes native words, grammatical endings and particles. {Katakana} writes loanwords, foreign names, onomatopoeia and emphasis. {Kanji} carry the meaning of most nouns and verb stems.",
- "Each kana stands for one mora, so there are 46 basic signs in each kana set. Children learn about 1,000 kanji in primary school; the official list for everyday use (jōyō kanji) has 2,136."
- ],
- "examples": [
- {
- "t": "{私}は{コーヒー}を{飲}みます。",
- "r": "watashi wa kōhī o nomimasu",
- "e": "I drink coffee. (kanji · hiragana · katakana · hiragana)"
- }
+ "Inuktitut is the language of the Inuit of the eastern Canadian Arctic, spoken by about 40,000 people. It is an official language of Nunavut and of the Northwest Territories, and is used in schools, government and media there.",
+ "Inuktitut is polysynthetic: a word is built from a root followed by a chain of endings, so one word can carry the meaning of a whole English sentence. ᑐᒃᑐᓯᐅᕆᐊᖃᖅᑐᖓ (tuktusiuriaqaqtunga) means “I have to go caribou hunting”."
],
"tags": [
- "kana",
- "kanji"
+ "Eskimo-Aleut",
+ "polysynthetic"
]
},
{
- "id": "on-kun",
+ "id": "syllabics",
"topic": "script",
- "title": "On-yomi and kun-yomi",
+ "title": "How syllabics work",
"body": [
- "Most kanji have two kinds of reading. The {on-yomi} came from Chinese and is mostly used in compounds of two or more kanji. The {kun-yomi} is the native Japanese word and is used when the kanji stands alone or is followed by kana.",
- "Dictionaries often write on-yomi in katakana and kun-yomi in hiragana."
- ],
- "examples": [
- {
- "t": "山",
- "r": "yama (kun) · san (on)",
- "e": "mountain"
- },
- {
- "t": "富士{山}",
- "r": "Fuji-san",
- "e": "Mount Fuji (on-yomi in a compound)"
- },
- {
- "t": "{山}に登る",
- "r": "yama ni noboru",
- "e": "climb a mountain (kun-yomi alone)"
- }
+ "Inuktitut in Nunavut is written in Canadian Aboriginal syllabics, first made for Cree in the 1840s and adapted for Inuktitut later in the century. Each consonant has one shape, and the way it is turned shows the vowel: pointing up for i, right for u, left for a.",
+ "A dot above a character makes the vowel long (ᐱ pi, ᐲ pii). A small raised character, written after a syllable, is a consonant with no vowel (ᑉ p). Inuktitut in Nunavik (Quebec) uses the same script; in Labrador and the western Arctic it is written in the Latin alphabet."
],
+ "table": {
+ "head": [
+ "",
+ "i",
+ "u",
+ "a",
+ "final"
+ ],
+ "rows": [
+ [
+ "(vowel)",
+ "ᐃ",
+ "ᐅ",
+ "ᐊ",
+ ""
+ ],
+ [
+ "p",
+ "ᐱ",
+ "ᐳ",
+ "ᐸ",
+ "ᑉ"
+ ],
+ [
+ "t",
+ "ᑎ",
+ "ᑐ",
+ "ᑕ",
+ "ᑦ"
+ ],
+ [
+ "k",
+ "ᑭ",
+ "ᑯ",
+ "ᑲ",
+ "ᒃ"
+ ],
+ [
+ "m",
+ "ᒥ",
+ "ᒧ",
+ "ᒪ",
+ "ᒻ"
+ ],
+ [
+ "n",
+ "ᓂ",
+ "ᓄ",
+ "ᓇ",
+ "ᓐ"
+ ],
+ [
+ "s",
+ "ᓯ",
+ "ᓱ",
+ "ᓴ",
+ "ᔅ"
+ ],
+ [
+ "q",
+ "ᕿ",
+ "ᖁ",
+ "ᖃ",
+ "ᖅ"
+ ]
+ ]
+ },
"tags": [
- "kanji",
- "readings"
+ "syllabics"
]
},
{
- "id": "okurigana",
+ "id": "numbers",
+ "topic": "numbers",
+ "title": "Numbers",
+ "body": "Traditional numbers are based on fives and twenties. Today many speakers use English numbers above five.",
+ "table": {
+ "head": [
+ "Number",
+ "Inuktitut",
+ "Said"
+ ],
+ "rows": [
+ [
+ "1",
+ "ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ",
+ "atausiq"
+ ],
+ [
+ "2",
+ "ᒪᕐᕉᒃ",
+ "marruuk"
+ ],
+ [
+ "3",
+ "ᐱᖓᓱᑦ",
+ "pingasut"
+ ],
+ [
+ "4",
+ "ᓯᑕᒪᑦ",
+ "sitamat"
+ ],
+ [
+ "5",
+ "ᑕᓪᓕᒪᑦ",
+ "tallimat"
+ ],
+ [
+ "10",
+ "ᖁᓕᑦ",
+ "qulit"
+ ]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": [
+ "counting"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "phrases",
+ "topic": "phrases",
+ "title": "Everyday phrases",
+ "examples": [
+ {
+ "t": "ᐊᐃ",
+ "r": "Ai.",
+ "e": "Hello."
+ },
+ {
+ "t": "ᐅᓪᓛᒃᑯᑦ",
+ "r": "Ullaakkut.",
+ "e": "Good morning."
+ },
+ {
+ "t": "ᖃᓄᐃᑉᐱᑦ?",
+ "r": "Qanuippit?",
+ "e": "How are you?"
+ },
+ {
+ "t": "ᖃᓄᐃᙱᑦᑐᖓ",
+ "r": "Qanuinngittunga.",
+ "e": "I'm fine."
+ },
+ {
+ "t": "ᖁᔭᓐᓇᒦᒃ",
+ "r": "Qujannamiik.",
+ "e": "Thank you."
+ }
+ ],
+ "tags": [
+ "greetings"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "place-names",
+ "topic": "culture",
+ "title": "Place names",
+ "body": [
+ "Many places in Nunavut carry their Inuktitut names, which describe the land: Iqaluit (ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ) means “many fish”, Nunavut (ᓄᓇᕗᑦ) “our land”, and Kangiqtugaapik (ᑲᖏᖅᑐᒑᐱᒃ, Clyde River) “nice little inlet”.",
+ "Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit (ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᑐᖃᖏᑦ), traditional Inuit knowledge, is one of the guiding principles of the Nunavut government."
+ ],
+ "tags": [
+ "places",
+ "Nunavut"
+ ]
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ "japanese": {
+ "id": "japanese",
+ "entries": [
+ {
+ "id": "at-a-glance",
+ "topic": "overview",
+ "title": "Japanese at a glance",
+ "body": [
+ "Japanese puts the verb at the end of the sentence (subject, object, verb) and marks the role of each phrase with a small particle after it, so word order before the verb is fairly free.",
+ "Nouns have no plural and no gender, and there are no articles. Verbs do not change for person: {食べます} means I, you, she or they eat, and the subject is often left out when context makes it clear.",
+ "Three scripts are mixed in ordinary text: hiragana, katakana and kanji."
+ ],
+ "examples": [
+ {
+ "t": "私は{寿司を}食べます。",
+ "r": "watashi wa sushi o tabemasu",
+ "e": "I eat sushi."
+ },
+ {
+ "t": "食べます。",
+ "r": "tabemasu",
+ "e": "(I / we / they) eat. The subject is understood."
+ }
+ ],
+ "tags": [
+ "SOV",
+ "particles"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "three-scripts",
+ "topic": "script",
+ "title": "Hiragana, katakana and kanji",
+ "body": [
+ "{Hiragana} writes native words, grammatical endings and particles. {Katakana} writes loanwords, foreign names, onomatopoeia and emphasis. {Kanji} carry the meaning of most nouns and verb stems.",
+ "Each kana stands for one mora, so there are 46 basic signs in each kana set. Children learn about 1,000 kanji in primary school; the official list for everyday use (jōyō kanji) has 2,136."
+ ],
+ "examples": [
+ {
+ "t": "{私}は{コーヒー}を{飲}みます。",
+ "r": "watashi wa kōhī o nomimasu",
+ "e": "I drink coffee. (kanji · hiragana · katakana · hiragana)"
+ }
+ ],
+ "tags": [
+ "kana",
+ "kanji"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "on-kun",
+ "topic": "script",
+ "title": "On-yomi and kun-yomi",
+ "body": [
+ "Most kanji have two kinds of reading. The {on-yomi} came from Chinese and is mostly used in compounds of two or more kanji. The {kun-yomi} is the native Japanese word and is used when the kanji stands alone or is followed by kana.",
+ "Dictionaries often write on-yomi in katakana and kun-yomi in hiragana."
+ ],
+ "examples": [
+ {
+ "t": "山",
+ "r": "yama (kun) · san (on)",
+ "e": "mountain"
+ },
+ {
+ "t": "富士{山}",
+ "r": "Fuji-san",
+ "e": "Mount Fuji (on-yomi in a compound)"
+ },
+ {
+ "t": "{山}に登る",
+ "r": "yama ni noboru",
+ "e": "climb a mountain (kun-yomi alone)"
+ }
+ ],
+ "tags": [
+ "kanji",
+ "readings"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "okurigana",
"topic": "script",
"title": "Okurigana",
"body": "Kanji write the stem of a verb or adjective and hiragana write the part that changes. Those trailing kana are called okurigana. They also tell you which reading of the kanji is meant.",
@@ -10946,150 +11704,627 @@ window.LSD_REFERENCE = {
}
]
},
- "odia": {
- "id": "odia",
+ "manipuri": {
+ "id": "manipuri",
"entries": [
{
"id": "at-a-glance",
"topic": "overview",
- "title": "Odia at a glance",
+ "title": "Manipuri at a glance",
"body": [
- "Odia (formerly spelled Oriya) is the Indo-Aryan language of Odisha on India's east coast, with about 35 million speakers. In 2014 it became one of India's six classical languages, recognized for its long literary history.",
- "The verb comes last, verbs have no gender, and case endings join the end of the noun. It is close to Bengali and Assamese."
+ "Manipuri, also called Meeteilon or Meitei, is the official language of the state of Manipur in north-east India and one of India's 22 scheduled languages. It has about 1.8 million first-language speakers and is a common language among many communities in Manipur.",
+ "It is a Sino-Tibetan language. The verb comes last, small endings mark the subject, object and place, and it is tonal, with two tones."
],
"examples": [
{
- "t": "ମୁଁ ଓଡ଼ିଆ {ଶିଖୁଛି}।",
- "r": "Mun odia shikhuchhi.",
- "e": "I am learning Odia."
+ "t": "ꯑꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯡ … ꯅꯤ",
+ "r": "Eigi ming … ni.",
+ "e": "My name is …"
}
],
"tags": [
- "Indo-Aryan",
- "classical language",
- "SOV"
+ "Sino-Tibetan",
+ "verb-final",
+ "tonal"
]
},
{
- "id": "script",
+ "id": "meetei-mayek",
"topic": "script",
- "title": "The rounded script",
+ "title": "Meetei Mayek",
"body": [
- "Odia letters have a round cap instead of Devanagari's straight top line. One common explanation is that writing was done with a stylus on palm leaves, where a straight line would split the leaf along its grain.",
- "Like other Indian scripts it is an abugida: each consonant carries a short a, said close to the o in “hot”, and other vowels are marks around it."
+ "Meetei Mayek is the traditional script of Manipuri. It was replaced by the Bengali script for about two centuries and was brought back in the 1970s and 1980s; it is now taught in schools and used on signs alongside Bengali script.",
+ "Its first 18 letters are named after parts of the human body: ꯀ (kok) is the head, ꯁ (sam) the hair, ꯂ (lai) the forehead, ꯃ (mit) the eye, ꯄ (pa) the eyelash, ꯅ (na) the ear. Like other Brahmi-family scripts each consonant carries a vowel, and vowel signs change it. Special final letters (lonsum) write a consonant at the end of a syllable, as in ꯆꯥꯛ, chak."
],
"table": {
"head": [
- "Vowel",
- "Mark",
- "With କ"
+ "Letter",
+ "Name",
+ "Sound",
+ "Body part"
],
"rows": [
[
- "a (built in)",
- "",
- "କ ka"
- ],
- [
- "aa",
- "ା",
- "କା kaa"
- ],
- [
- "i",
- "ି",
- "କି ki"
- ],
- [
- "ii",
- "ୀ",
- "କୀ kii"
- ],
- [
- "u",
- "ୁ",
- "କୁ ku"
+ "ꯀ",
+ "kok",
+ "k",
+ "head"
],
[
- "uu",
- "ୂ",
- "କୂ kuu"
+ "ꯁ",
+ "sam",
+ "s",
+ "hair"
],
[
- "e",
- "େ",
- "କେ ke"
+ "ꯂ",
+ "lai",
+ "l",
+ "forehead"
],
[
- "ai",
- "ୈ",
- "କୈ kai"
+ "ꯃ",
+ "mit",
+ "m",
+ "eye"
],
[
- "o",
- "ୋ",
- "କୋ ko"
+ "ꯄ",
+ "pa",
+ "p",
+ "eyelash"
],
[
- "au",
- "ୌ",
- "କୌ kau"
+ "ꯅ",
+ "na",
+ "n",
+ "ear"
]
]
},
"tags": [
- "script",
"abugida",
- "palm leaf"
+ "Brahmi family"
]
},
{
- "id": "present",
- "topic": "verbs",
- "title": "The present tense",
- "body": "Everyday speech uses the continuous present (-ଉଛି) for “I do” and “I am doing”. The ending shows the person and politeness; there is no gender.",
+ "id": "numbers",
+ "topic": "numbers",
+ "title": "Numbers and Meetei Mayek digits",
"table": {
"head": [
- "Subject",
- "go",
- "do"
+ "Digit",
+ "Word",
+ "Said"
],
"rows": [
[
- "ମୁଁ I",
- "ଯାଉଛି",
- "କରୁଛି"
+ "꯱",
+ "ꯑꯃꯥ",
+ "ama"
],
[
- "ଆମେ we",
- "ଯାଉଛୁ",
- "କରୁଛୁ"
+ "꯲",
+ "ꯑꯅꯤ",
+ "ani"
],
[
- "ତୁମେ you (familiar)",
- "ଯାଉଛ",
- "କରୁଛ"
+ "꯳",
+ "ꯑꯍꯨꯝ",
+ "ahum"
],
[
- "ଆପଣ you (polite)",
- "ଯାଉଛନ୍ତି",
- "କରୁଛନ୍ତି"
+ "꯴",
+ "ꯃꯔꯤ",
+ "mari"
],
[
- "ସେ he, she",
- "ଯାଉଛି",
- "କରୁଛି"
+ "꯵",
+ "ꯃꯉꯥ",
+ "manga"
],
[
- "ସେମାନେ they",
- "ଯାଉଛନ୍ତି",
- "କରୁଛନ୍ତି"
+ "꯶",
+ "ꯇꯔꯨꯛ",
+ "taruk"
+ ],
+ [
+ "꯷",
+ "ꯇꯔꯦꯠ",
+ "taret"
+ ],
+ [
+ "꯸",
+ "ꯅꯤꯄꯥꯟ",
+ "nipan"
+ ],
+ [
+ "꯹",
+ "ꯃꯥꯄꯜ",
+ "mapal"
+ ],
+ [
+ "꯱꯰",
+ "ꯇꯔꯥ",
+ "tara"
]
]
},
"tags": [
- "verbs",
- "present"
+ "digits"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "phrases",
+ "topic": "phrases",
+ "title": "Everyday phrases",
+ "examples": [
+ {
+ "t": "ꯈꯨꯔꯨꯝꯖꯔꯤ",
+ "r": "Khurumjari.",
+ "e": "Hello. (respectful)"
+ },
+ {
+ "t": "ꯊꯥꯒꯠꯆꯔꯤ",
+ "r": "Thagatchari.",
+ "e": "Thank you."
+ },
+ {
+ "t": "ꯅꯪꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ?",
+ "r": "Nanggi ming karino?",
+ "e": "What is your name?"
+ },
+ {
+ "t": "ꯍꯣꯏ / ꯅꯠꯇꯦ",
+ "r": "Hoi. / Natte.",
+ "e": "Yes. / No."
+ }
+ ],
+ "tags": [
+ "greetings"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "ima-keithel",
+ "topic": "culture",
+ "title": "Ima Keithel",
+ "body": [
+ "Ima Keithel (ꯏꯃꯥ ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜ), “mothers' market”, in Imphal is a market run entirely by women, with several thousand stall holders. It has existed for centuries and is often called the largest market of its kind.",
+ "Manipur is also known as a home of modern polo, played there as sagol kangjei, and of the Manipuri classical dance, one of India's classical dance forms."
+ ],
+ "tags": [
+ "Imphal",
+ "customs"
+ ]
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ "mongolian": {
+ "id": "mongolian",
+ "entries": [
+ {
+ "id": "at-a-glance",
+ "topic": "overview",
+ "title": "Mongolian at a glance",
+ "body": [
+ "Mongolian is spoken by about 3 million people in Mongolia and by several million more in Inner Mongolia, China. The standard language of Mongolia is based on the Khalkha dialect.",
+ "The verb comes last, and grammar is carried by endings added one after another to a word. Vowel harmony decides which form of an ending is used. There is no grammatical gender and no word for “the”."
+ ],
+ "examples": [
+ {
+ "t": "Би монгол хэл {сурч байна}.",
+ "r": "Bi mongol khel surch baina.",
+ "e": "I am learning Mongolian."
+ }
+ ],
+ "tags": [
+ "Mongolic",
+ "verb-final",
+ "vowel harmony"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "scripts",
+ "topic": "script",
+ "title": "Two scripts",
+ "body": [
+ "The traditional Mongolian script (ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ, mongol bichig) was adapted from the Old Uyghur alphabet in the 13th century. It is written in vertical columns from top to bottom, and the columns run from left to right. Letters join along a central spine and change shape at the start, middle and end of a word.",
+ "In Mongolia, Cyrillic has been the everyday script since the 1940s, with two extra letters, Ө and Ү. The traditional script is still taught in schools there, and is the main script in Inner Mongolia. Traditional spelling is older than the pronunciation, so a word can look quite different in the two scripts."
+ ],
+ "table": {
+ "head": [
+ "Traditional",
+ "Cyrillic",
+ "Meaning"
+ ],
+ "rows": [
+ [
+ "ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ",
+ "Монгол",
+ "Mongol"
+ ],
+ [
+ "ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ",
+ "сайн",
+ "good"
+ ],
+ [
+ "ᠨᠢᠭᠡ",
+ "нэг",
+ "one"
+ ]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": [
+ "vertical script",
+ "Cyrillic"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "vowel-harmony",
+ "topic": "sounds",
+ "title": "Vowel harmony",
+ "body": "A word's vowels are either all “back” or all “front” (и goes with both). Endings come in matching forms, and о-words take о-endings, ө-words ө-endings.",
+ "table": {
+ "head": [
+ "Word has",
+ "Example",
+ "Past ending",
+ "“from” ending"
+ ],
+ "rows": [
+ [
+ "а, у",
+ "явах, go",
+ "явсан",
+ "-аас"
+ ],
+ [
+ "о",
+ "очих, go to",
+ "очсон",
+ "-оос"
+ ],
+ [
+ "э, ү",
+ "ирэх, come",
+ "ирсэн",
+ "-ээс"
+ ],
+ [
+ "ө",
+ "өгөх, give",
+ "өгсөн",
+ "-өөс"
+ ]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": [
+ "pronunciation",
+ "endings"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "cases",
+ "topic": "grammar",
+ "title": "Main case endings",
+ "table": {
+ "head": [
+ "Case",
+ "Ending",
+ "Meaning",
+ "Example"
+ ],
+ "rows": [
+ [
+ "genitive",
+ "-ын / -ийн / -ы",
+ "of, 's",
+ "Монголын, of Mongolia"
+ ],
+ [
+ "dative-locative",
+ "-д / -т",
+ "in, at, to",
+ "гэрт, at home"
+ ],
+ [
+ "accusative",
+ "-ыг / -ийг / -г",
+ "marks a definite object",
+ "киног үзсэн, saw the film"
+ ],
+ [
+ "ablative",
+ "-аас / -ээс / -оос / -өөс",
+ "from",
+ "Англиас, from England"
+ ],
+ [
+ "instrumental",
+ "-аар / -ээр / -оор / -өөр",
+ "by, with, in (a language)",
+ "монголоор, in Mongolian"
+ ],
+ [
+ "comitative",
+ "-тай / -тэй / -той",
+ "with, having",
+ "сүүтэй цай, tea with milk"
+ ]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": [
+ "cases"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "numbers",
+ "topic": "numbers",
+ "title": "Numbers",
+ "body": "Before a noun, many numbers take a short attributive form: гурав (three) becomes гурван, as in гурван ном, three books.",
+ "table": {
+ "head": [
+ "Number",
+ "Word",
+ "Before a noun"
+ ],
+ "rows": [
+ [
+ "1",
+ "нэг (neg)",
+ "нэг"
+ ],
+ [
+ "2",
+ "хоёр (khoyor)",
+ "хоёр"
+ ],
+ [
+ "3",
+ "гурав (gurav)",
+ "гурван"
+ ],
+ [
+ "4",
+ "дөрөв (döröv)",
+ "дөрвөн"
+ ],
+ [
+ "5",
+ "тав (tav)",
+ "таван"
+ ],
+ [
+ "6",
+ "зургаа (zurgaa)",
+ "зургаан"
+ ],
+ [
+ "7",
+ "долоо (doloo)",
+ "долоон"
+ ],
+ [
+ "8",
+ "найм (naim)",
+ "найман"
+ ],
+ [
+ "9",
+ "ес (yes)",
+ "есөн"
+ ],
+ [
+ "10",
+ "арав (arav)",
+ "арван"
+ ]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": [
+ "counting"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "phrases",
+ "topic": "phrases",
+ "title": "Everyday phrases",
+ "examples": [
+ {
+ "t": "Сайн байна уу?",
+ "r": "Sain baina uu?",
+ "e": "Hello."
+ },
+ {
+ "t": "Баярлалаа.",
+ "r": "Bayarlalaa.",
+ "e": "Thank you."
+ },
+ {
+ "t": "Таны нэр хэн бэ?",
+ "r": "Tany ner khen be?",
+ "e": "What is your name?"
+ },
+ {
+ "t": "Энэ хэд вэ?",
+ "r": "Ene khed ve?",
+ "e": "How much is this?"
+ },
+ {
+ "t": "Ойлгохгүй байна.",
+ "r": "Oilgokhgüi baina.",
+ "e": "I don't understand."
+ },
+ {
+ "t": "Мал сүрэг тарган тавтай юу?",
+ "r": "Mal süreg targan tavtai yuu?",
+ "e": "Are your animals fat and well? (a countryside greeting)"
+ }
+ ],
+ "tags": [
+ "greetings",
+ "travel"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "naadam",
+ "topic": "culture",
+ "title": "Naadam",
+ "body": [
+ "Naadam (Наадам) is Mongolia's biggest festival, held every July. It is built around the “three games of men”: wrestling, horse racing and archery, though women and girls now take part in archery and racing.",
+ "The horse races run across open country for 15 to 30 kilometres, and the riders are children."
+ ],
+ "tags": [
+ "festivals"
+ ]
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ "odia": {
+ "id": "odia",
+ "entries": [
+ {
+ "id": "at-a-glance",
+ "topic": "overview",
+ "title": "Odia at a glance",
+ "body": [
+ "Odia (formerly spelled Oriya) is the Indo-Aryan language of Odisha on India's east coast, with about 35 million speakers. In 2014 it became one of India's six classical languages, recognized for its long literary history.",
+ "The verb comes last, verbs have no gender, and case endings join the end of the noun. It is close to Bengali and Assamese."
+ ],
+ "examples": [
+ {
+ "t": "ମୁଁ ଓଡ଼ିଆ {ଶିଖୁଛି}।",
+ "r": "Mun odia shikhuchhi.",
+ "e": "I am learning Odia."
+ }
+ ],
+ "tags": [
+ "Indo-Aryan",
+ "classical language",
+ "SOV"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "script",
+ "topic": "script",
+ "title": "The rounded script",
+ "body": [
+ "Odia letters have a round cap instead of Devanagari's straight top line. One common explanation is that writing was done with a stylus on palm leaves, where a straight line would split the leaf along its grain.",
+ "Like other Indian scripts it is an abugida: each consonant carries a short a, said close to the o in “hot”, and other vowels are marks around it."
+ ],
+ "table": {
+ "head": [
+ "Vowel",
+ "Mark",
+ "With କ"
+ ],
+ "rows": [
+ [
+ "a (built in)",
+ "",
+ "କ ka"
+ ],
+ [
+ "aa",
+ "ା",
+ "କା kaa"
+ ],
+ [
+ "i",
+ "ି",
+ "କି ki"
+ ],
+ [
+ "ii",
+ "ୀ",
+ "କୀ kii"
+ ],
+ [
+ "u",
+ "ୁ",
+ "କୁ ku"
+ ],
+ [
+ "uu",
+ "ୂ",
+ "କୂ kuu"
+ ],
+ [
+ "e",
+ "େ",
+ "କେ ke"
+ ],
+ [
+ "ai",
+ "ୈ",
+ "କୈ kai"
+ ],
+ [
+ "o",
+ "ୋ",
+ "କୋ ko"
+ ],
+ [
+ "au",
+ "ୌ",
+ "କୌ kau"
+ ]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": [
+ "script",
+ "abugida",
+ "palm leaf"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "present",
+ "topic": "verbs",
+ "title": "The present tense",
+ "body": "Everyday speech uses the continuous present (-ଉଛି) for “I do” and “I am doing”. The ending shows the person and politeness; there is no gender.",
+ "table": {
+ "head": [
+ "Subject",
+ "go",
+ "do"
+ ],
+ "rows": [
+ [
+ "ମୁଁ I",
+ "ଯାଉଛି",
+ "କରୁଛି"
+ ],
+ [
+ "ଆମେ we",
+ "ଯାଉଛୁ",
+ "କରୁଛୁ"
+ ],
+ [
+ "ତୁମେ you (familiar)",
+ "ଯାଉଛ",
+ "କରୁଛ"
+ ],
+ [
+ "ଆପଣ you (polite)",
+ "ଯାଉଛନ୍ତି",
+ "କରୁଛନ୍ତି"
+ ],
+ [
+ "ସେ he, she",
+ "ଯାଉଛି",
+ "କରୁଛି"
+ ],
+ [
+ "ସେମାନେ they",
+ "ଯାଉଛନ୍ତି",
+ "କରୁଛନ୍ତି"
+ ]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": [
+ "verbs",
+ "present"
]
},
{
@@ -11942,6 +13177,304 @@ window.LSD_REFERENCE = {
}
]
},
+ "tamazight": {
+ "id": "tamazight",
+ "entries": [
+ {
+ "id": "at-a-glance",
+ "topic": "overview",
+ "title": "Tamazight at a glance",
+ "body": [
+ "Tamazight is the name for the Amazigh (Berber) languages of North Africa, a branch of the Afroasiatic family. In Morocco, where the three main varieties are Tarifit in the north, Central Atlas Tamazight in the middle and Tashelhit in the south, about a quarter to a third of people speak one of them.",
+ "Standard Moroccan Tamazight was developed by the Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture (IRCAM) from these varieties. It became an official language of Morocco in 2011, next to Arabic, and is taught in schools in Tifinagh."
+ ],
+ "examples": [
+ {
+ "t": "{ⴰⵣⵓⵍ}! ⵉⵙⵎ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ.",
+ "r": "Azul! Ism inu Yuba.",
+ "e": "Hello! My name is Yuba."
+ }
+ ],
+ "tags": [
+ "Afroasiatic",
+ "Berber"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "tifinagh",
+ "topic": "script",
+ "title": "Tifinagh",
+ "body": [
+ "Tifinagh descends from the ancient Libyco-Berber script, which was kept alive by the Tuareg. The modern Neo-Tifinagh alphabet used in Morocco has 33 letters, written left to right with spaces between words.",
+ "Every vowel is written, and there are only three full vowels plus a short e sound (ⴻ in some spellings). Letters are mostly circles, lines, dots and crosses. The letter ⵣ, yaz, is the symbol of the Amazigh people and appears on their flag."
+ ],
+ "table": {
+ "head": [
+ "Letter",
+ "Sound",
+ "Letter",
+ "Sound"
+ ],
+ "rows": [
+ [
+ "ⴰ",
+ "a",
+ "ⵎ",
+ "m"
+ ],
+ [
+ "ⵉ",
+ "i",
+ "ⵏ",
+ "n"
+ ],
+ [
+ "ⵓ",
+ "u",
+ "ⵔ",
+ "r"
+ ],
+ [
+ "ⴱ",
+ "b",
+ "ⵙ",
+ "s"
+ ],
+ [
+ "ⴷ",
+ "d",
+ "ⵜ",
+ "t"
+ ],
+ [
+ "ⴳ",
+ "g",
+ "ⵖ",
+ "ɣ (throaty r)"
+ ],
+ [
+ "ⴽ",
+ "k",
+ "ⵛ",
+ "c (sh)"
+ ],
+ [
+ "ⵍ",
+ "l",
+ "ⵣ",
+ "z"
+ ]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": [
+ "alphabet",
+ "Neo-Tifinagh"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "nouns",
+ "topic": "grammar",
+ "title": "Gender and number",
+ "table": {
+ "head": [
+ "",
+ "Masculine",
+ "Feminine"
+ ],
+ "rows": [
+ [
+ "one",
+ "ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ (anlmad)",
+ "ⵜⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ (tanlmadt)"
+ ],
+ [
+ "many",
+ "ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ (inlmadn)",
+ "ⵜⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏ (tinlmadin)"
+ ],
+ [
+ "one",
+ "ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ (aslmad)",
+ "ⵜⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ (taslmadt)"
+ ],
+ [
+ "many",
+ "ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ (islmadn)",
+ "ⵜⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏ (tislmadin)"
+ ]
+ ]
+ },
+ "body": "Feminine nouns are wrapped in ⵜ…ⵜ. Regular plurals change the first vowel to ⵉ and add ⵏ (masculine) or ⵉⵏ (feminine). The table shows “student” and “teacher”.",
+ "tags": [
+ "gender",
+ "plural"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "pronouns",
+ "topic": "grammar",
+ "title": "Pronouns and “my”",
+ "table": {
+ "head": [
+ "Person",
+ "Pronoun",
+ "“my, your…”"
+ ],
+ "rows": [
+ [
+ "I",
+ "ⵏⴽⴽ (nkk)",
+ "ⵉⵏⵓ (inu)"
+ ],
+ [
+ "you (man)",
+ "ⴽⵢⵢⵉ (kyyi)",
+ "ⵏⵏⴽ (nnk)"
+ ],
+ [
+ "you (woman)",
+ "ⴽⵎⵎⵉ (kmmi)",
+ "ⵏⵏⵎ (nnm)"
+ ],
+ [
+ "he",
+ "ⵏⵜⵜⴰ (ntta)",
+ "ⵏⵏⵙ (nns)"
+ ],
+ [
+ "she",
+ "ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ (nttat)",
+ "ⵏⵏⵙ (nns)"
+ ],
+ [
+ "we",
+ "ⵏⴽⵏⵉ (nkni)",
+ "ⵏⵏⵖ (nnɣ)"
+ ]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": [
+ "pronouns"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "numbers",
+ "topic": "numbers",
+ "title": "Numbers",
+ "body": "Amazigh numbers are used for one to ten; for larger numbers and prices, many speakers use Arabic numbers.",
+ "table": {
+ "head": [
+ "Number",
+ "Tifinagh",
+ "Said"
+ ],
+ "rows": [
+ [
+ "1",
+ "ⵢⴰⵏ",
+ "yan"
+ ],
+ [
+ "2",
+ "ⵙⵉⵏ",
+ "sin"
+ ],
+ [
+ "3",
+ "ⴽⵕⴰⴹ",
+ "kraḍ"
+ ],
+ [
+ "4",
+ "ⴽⴽⵓⵥ",
+ "kkuẓ"
+ ],
+ [
+ "5",
+ "ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ",
+ "smmus"
+ ],
+ [
+ "6",
+ "ⵚⴹⵉⵚ",
+ "ṣḍiṣ"
+ ],
+ [
+ "7",
+ "ⵙⴰ",
+ "sa"
+ ],
+ [
+ "8",
+ "ⵜⴰⵎ",
+ "tam"
+ ],
+ [
+ "9",
+ "ⵜⵥⴰ",
+ "tẓa"
+ ],
+ [
+ "10",
+ "ⵎⵔⴰⵡ",
+ "mraw"
+ ]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": [
+ "counting"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "phrases",
+ "topic": "phrases",
+ "title": "Everyday phrases",
+ "examples": [
+ {
+ "t": "ⴰⵣⵓⵍ",
+ "r": "Azul.",
+ "e": "Hello."
+ },
+ {
+ "t": "ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵎⵉⵔⵜ",
+ "r": "Tanmmirt.",
+ "e": "Thank you."
+ },
+ {
+ "t": "ⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⴽ?",
+ "r": "Matta ism nnk?",
+ "e": "What is your name? (to a man)"
+ },
+ {
+ "t": "ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵖ",
+ "r": "Ur ssinɣ.",
+ "e": "I don't know."
+ },
+ {
+ "t": "ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ",
+ "r": "Ar timlilt.",
+ "e": "See you."
+ }
+ ],
+ "tags": [
+ "greetings"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "yennayer",
+ "topic": "culture",
+ "title": "Yennayer",
+ "body": [
+ "Yennayer is the Amazigh new year, celebrated around 13 January across North Africa with family meals, often a couscous or a dish with seven vegetables. The Amazigh calendar counts its years from 950 BC, so 2026 is around 2976.",
+ "Morocco made Yennayer a national public holiday in 2023, and Algeria did so in 2018."
+ ],
+ "tags": [
+ "festivals",
+ "calendar"
+ ]
+ }
+ ]
+ },
"tamil": {
"id": "tamil",
"entries": [
diff --git a/languages/registry.js b/languages/registry.js
index 2953c4e2..aa39e616 100644
--- a/languages/registry.js
+++ b/languages/registry.js
@@ -11,7 +11,12 @@ window.LSD_LANGUAGE_REGISTRY = {
"ethiopic"
],
"notes": "Amharic in the Ethiopic fidel, where each letter has seven vowel orders.",
- "speech": "am-ET"
+ "speech": "am-ET",
+ "data": {
+ "grammar": "grammar.js",
+ "vocab": "vocab.js",
+ "reference": "reference.json"
+ }
},
"arabic": {
"id": "arabic",
@@ -97,7 +102,11 @@ window.LSD_LANGUAGE_REGISTRY = {
"cherokee"
],
"notes": "Cherokee in Sequoyah's syllabary of 85 characters.",
- "speech": "chr"
+ "speech": "chr",
+ "data": {
+ "vocab": "vocab.js",
+ "reference": "reference.json"
+ }
},
"chinese": {
"id": "chinese",
@@ -267,7 +276,11 @@ window.LSD_LANGUAGE_REGISTRY = {
"syllabics"
],
"notes": "Inuktitut in Canadian syllabics, where turning a shape changes its vowel.",
- "speech": "iu"
+ "speech": "iu",
+ "data": {
+ "vocab": "vocab.js",
+ "reference": "reference.json"
+ }
},
"japanese": {
"id": "japanese",
@@ -408,7 +421,11 @@ window.LSD_LANGUAGE_REGISTRY = {
"meetei"
],
"notes": "Manipuri (Meeteilon) in Meetei Mayek, whose first letters are named after parts of the body.",
- "speech": "mni"
+ "speech": "mni",
+ "data": {
+ "vocab": "vocab.js",
+ "reference": "reference.json"
+ }
},
"mongolian": {
"id": "mongolian",
@@ -421,7 +438,12 @@ window.LSD_LANGUAGE_REGISTRY = {
"mongolian"
],
"notes": "Mongolian in the traditional vertical script used in Inner Mongolia.",
- "speech": "mn"
+ "speech": "mn",
+ "data": {
+ "grammar": "grammar.js",
+ "vocab": "vocab.js",
+ "reference": "reference.json"
+ }
},
"odia": {
"id": "odia",
@@ -488,7 +510,12 @@ window.LSD_LANGUAGE_REGISTRY = {
"tifinagh"
],
"notes": "Standard Moroccan Tamazight in Tifinagh, the geometric alphabet of the Amazigh (Berber) languages.",
- "speech": "zgh"
+ "speech": "zgh",
+ "data": {
+ "grammar": "grammar.js",
+ "vocab": "vocab.js",
+ "reference": "reference.json"
+ }
},
"tamil": {
"id": "tamil",
diff --git a/languages/tamazight/grammar.js b/languages/tamazight/grammar.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..211cd784
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/tamazight/grammar.js
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+// Tamazight first grammar for the Grammar Learner. Written for this project.
+// Standard Moroccan Tamazight in Tifinagh. Examples are [Tifinagh, Latin transcription, English];
+// {braces} mark the point of the lesson. Drills are { q, en, options, answer, why }; ＿ is the blank.
+window.GRAMMAR = window.GRAMMAR || {};
+window.GRAMMAR.tamazight = {
+ title: "Tamazight first grammar",
+ intro: "Tamazight is the Amazigh (Berber) language of Morocco, written in Tifinagh. Nouns are masculine or feminine, and a feminine noun is usually wrapped in t…t. Plurals change both ends of the word, “my” and “your” follow the noun, and verbs show the person with prefixes and endings. The Latin transcription is the official one: c is sh, x is kh, ɣ is a throaty r, and a dot under a letter marks an emphatic sound.",
+ lessons: [
+ {
+ id: "pronouns",
+ title: "I, you, and ⴷ “is”",
+ particle: "ⵏⴽⴽ ⴽⵢⵢⵉ ⴷ",
+ summary: "The pronouns, and ⴷ, which links a person to what they are.",
+ sections: [
+ {
+ p: "ⵏⴽⴽ (nkk) I, ⴽⵢⵢⵉ (kyyi) you (to a man), ⴽⵎⵎⵉ (kmmi) you (to a woman), ⵏⵜⵜⴰ (ntta) he, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ (nttat) she, ⵏⴽⵏⵉ (nkni) we, ⵏⵜⵏⵉ (ntni) they (men or mixed), ⵏⵜⵏⵜⵉ (ntnti) they (women). To say “I am a …”, put ⴷ (d) between: ⵏⴽⴽ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ.",
+ examples: [
+ ["{ⵏⴽⴽ} ⴷ ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ.", "Nkk d anlmad.", "I am a student."],
+ ["ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ {ⴷ} ⵜⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ.", "Nttat d taslmadt.", "She is a teacher."],
+ ["{ⵏⴽⵏⵉ} ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ.", "Nkni d imaziɣn.", "We are Amazigh."],
+ ],
+ },
+ ],
+ drills: [
+ { q: "＿ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ.", en: "I am a student.", options: ["ⵏⴽⴽ", "ⵏⵜⵜⴰ", "ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ", "ⵏⴽⵏⵉ"], answer: "ⵏⴽⴽ", why: "ⵏⴽⴽ = I." },
+ { q: "ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ＿ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ.", en: "She is a teacher.", options: ["ⴷ", "ⵓⵔ", "ⵏ", "ⴳ"], answer: "ⴷ", why: "ⴷ links a person to what they are." },
+ { q: "＿ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ.", en: "He is a teacher.", options: ["ⵏⵜⵜⴰ", "ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ", "ⴽⵎⵎⵉ", "ⵏⴽⵏⵉ"], answer: "ⵏⵜⵜⴰ", why: "ⵏⵜⵜⴰ = he; ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ = she." },
+ { q: "＿ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ.", en: "We are Amazigh.", options: ["ⵏⴽⵏⵉ", "ⵏⴽⴽ", "ⵏⵜⵜⴰ", "ⴽⵢⵢⵉ"], answer: "ⵏⴽⵏⵉ", why: "ⵏⴽⵏⵉ = we." },
+ { q: "＿ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ?", en: "Are you a student? (to a man)", options: ["ⴽⵢⵢⵉ", "ⴽⵎⵎⵉ", "ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ", "ⵏⴽⵏⵉ"], answer: "ⴽⵢⵢⵉ", why: "ⴽⵢⵢⵉ is “you” to a man; ⴽⵎⵎⵉ to a woman." },
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "gender",
+ title: "Masculine and feminine",
+ particle: "ⴰ… ⵜ…ⵜ",
+ summary: "Masculine nouns usually start with a vowel; feminine ones are wrapped in t…t.",
+ sections: [
+ {
+ p: "Most masculine nouns begin with ⴰ (a), ⵉ (i) or ⵓ (u). The feminine adds ⵜ (t) at both ends: ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ (anlmad) male student → ⵜⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ (tanlmadt) female student. The same t…t also makes things small: ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ (adrar) mountain → ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔⵜ (tadrart) hill. The name of the language, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, is the feminine of ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ.",
+ examples: [
+ ["ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ {ⴰ}ⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ.", "Ntta d aslmad.", "He is a teacher."],
+ ["ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ {ⵜ}ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ{ⵜ}.", "Nttat d taslmadt.", "She is a teacher."],
+ ["ⵏⴽⴽ ⴷ {ⵜ}ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ{ⵜ}.", "Nkk d tamaziɣt.", "I am Amazigh. (said by a woman)"],
+ ],
+ },
+ ],
+ drills: [
+ { q: "ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ＿.", en: "She is a student.", options: ["ⵜⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ", "ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ", "ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ", "ⵜⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏ"], answer: "ⵜⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ", why: "Feminine: ⵜ + ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ + ⵜ." },
+ { q: "ⵏⴽⴽ ⴷ ＿.", en: "I am Amazigh. (said by a woman)", options: ["ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ", "ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ", "ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ", "ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ"], answer: "ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ", why: "A woman uses the feminine, wrapped in ⵜ…ⵜ." },
+ { q: "ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ＿.", en: "He is a teacher.", options: ["ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ", "ⵜⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ", "ⵜⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ", "ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ"], answer: "ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ", why: "Masculine: no ⵜ…ⵜ." },
+ { q: "＿", en: "a hill (a small mountain)", options: ["ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔⵜ", "ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ", "ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ", "ⴰⵙⵉⴼ"], answer: "ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔⵜ", why: "ⵜ…ⵜ around a masculine noun can also mean “small”." },
+ { q: "Which of these nouns is masculine?", en: "", options: ["ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ", "ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ", "ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ", "ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ"], answer: "ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ", why: "ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ (man) starts with ⴰ and has no ⵜ…ⵜ." },
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "plural",
+ title: "Plurals",
+ particle: "ⵉ…ⵏ ⵜⵉ…ⵉⵏ",
+ summary: "Masculine plurals often go a… → i…n; feminine ta…t → ti…in.",
+ sections: [
+ {
+ p: "A common masculine plural changes the first ⴰ to ⵉ and adds ⵏ: ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ → ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ (inlmadn) students. A common feminine plural changes ⵜⴰ…ⵜ to ⵜⵉ…ⵉⵏ: ⵜⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ → ⵜⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏ (tinlmadin). Some plurals are irregular: ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ (woman) → ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ, but ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ (mountain) → ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ.",
+ examples: [
+ ["ⵏⵜⵏⵉ ⴷ {ⵉ}ⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ{ⵏ}.", "Ntni d inlmadn.", "They are students."],
+ ["ⵏⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴷ {ⵜⵉ}ⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ{ⵉⵏ}.", "Ntnti d tinlmadin.", "They (women) are students."],
+ ["{ⵉ}ⵔⴳⴰⵣ{ⵏ} ⴷ {ⵜⵉ}ⵎⵖⴰⵔ{ⵉⵏ}", "irgazn d timɣarin", "men and women"],
+ ],
+ },
+ ],
+ drills: [
+ { q: "ⵏⵜⵏⵉ ⴷ ＿.", en: "They are students.", options: ["ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ", "ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ", "ⵜⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏ", "ⵜⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ"], answer: "ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ", why: "Masculine plural: ⵉ…ⵏ." },
+ { q: "ⵏⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴷ ＿.", en: "They (women) are students.", options: ["ⵜⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏ", "ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ", "ⵜⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ", "ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ"], answer: "ⵜⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏ", why: "Feminine plural: ⵜⵉ…ⵉⵏ." },
+ { q: "＿", en: "men", options: ["ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ", "ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ", "ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ", "ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ"], answer: "ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ", why: "ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ → ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ." },
+ { q: "＿", en: "women", options: ["ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ", "ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ", "ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ", "ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ"], answer: "ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ", why: "ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ → ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ." },
+ { q: "ⵏⴽⵏⵉ ⴷ ＿.", en: "We are teachers.", options: ["ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ", "ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ", "ⵜⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ", "ⵉⵏⵓ"], answer: "ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ", why: "ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ → ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ." },
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "possession",
+ title: "My, your, his",
+ particle: "ⵉⵏⵓ ⵏⵏⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ",
+ summary: "“My”, “your” and “his” come after the noun.",
+ sections: [
+ {
+ p: "After the noun: ⵉⵏⵓ (inu) my, ⵏⵏⴽ (nnk) your (man), ⵏⵏⵎ (nnm) your (woman), ⵏⵏⵙ (nns) his, her, ⵏⵏⵖ (nnɣ) our. ⵏ (n) means “of”: ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ, Yuba's book.",
+ examples: [
+ ["ⵉⵙⵎ {ⵉⵏⵓ} ⵢⵓⴱⴰ.", "Ism inu Yuba.", "My name is Yuba."],
+ ["ⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ {ⵏⵏⴽ}?", "Matta ism nnk?", "What is your name? (to a man)"],
+ ["ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ {ⵏⵏⵙ} ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ.", "Taddart nns tmqqur.", "His house is big."],
+ ],
+ },
+ ],
+ drills: [
+ { q: "ⵉⵙⵎ ＿ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ.", en: "My name is Yuba.", options: ["ⵉⵏⵓ", "ⵏⵏⴽ", "ⵏⵏⵙ", "ⵏⵏⵎ"], answer: "ⵉⵏⵓ", why: "ⵉⵏⵓ = my." },
+ { q: "ⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ＿?", en: "What is your name? (to a man)", options: ["ⵏⵏⴽ", "ⵏⵏⵎ", "ⵉⵏⵓ", "ⵏⵏⵖ"], answer: "ⵏⵏⴽ", why: "ⵏⵏⴽ = your, to a man." },
+ { q: "ⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ＿?", en: "What is your name? (to a woman)", options: ["ⵏⵏⵎ", "ⵏⵏⴽ", "ⵏⵏⵙ", "ⵉⵏⵓ"], answer: "ⵏⵏⵎ", why: "ⵏⵏⵎ = your, to a woman." },
+ { q: "ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ＿ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ.", en: "His house is big.", options: ["ⵏⵏⵙ", "ⵉⵏⵓ", "ⵏⵏⴽ", "ⵏⵏⵖ"], answer: "ⵏⵏⵙ", why: "ⵏⵏⵙ = his, her." },
+ { q: "ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ＿", en: "our house", options: ["ⵏⵏⵖ", "ⵉⵏⵓ", "ⵏⵏⵙ", "ⵏⵏⴽ"], answer: "ⵏⵏⵖ", why: "ⵏⵏⵖ = our." },
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "places",
+ title: "In, from, to, of",
+ particle: "ⴳ ⵣⴳ ⵙ ⵏ",
+ summary: "Short words for place: ⴳ in, ⵣⴳ from, ⵙ to, ⵏ of.",
+ sections: [
+ {
+ p: "ⴳ (g) in, at; ⵣⴳ (zg) from; ⵙ (s) to; ⵏ (n) of. After these words a noun often changes its first vowel (the “annexed state”): ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ, house → ⴳ ⵜⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ, in the house. Place names stay as they are.",
+ examples: [
+ ["ⵏⴽⴽ {ⵣⴳ} ⵎⵔⵔⴰⴽⵛ.", "Nkk zg Mrrakc.", "I'm from Marrakech."],
+ ["ⵜⵣⴷⵖ {ⴳ} ⵕⴱⴰⵟ.", "Tzdɣ g Rbaṭ.", "She lives in Rabat."],
+ ["ⴷⴷⵉⵖ {ⵙ} ⵜⵉⵣⵏⵉⵜ.", "Ddiɣ s Tiznit.", "I went to Tiznit."],
+ ["ⵏⴽⴽ {ⴳ} ⵜⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ.", "Nkk g tddart.", "I'm at home."],
+ ],
+ },
+ ],
+ drills: [
+ { q: "ⵏⴽⴽ ＿ ⵎⵔⵔⴰⴽⵛ.", en: "I'm from Marrakech.", options: ["ⵣⴳ", "ⴳ", "ⵙ", "ⴷ"], answer: "ⵣⴳ", why: "ⵣⴳ = from." },
+ { q: "ⵜⵣⴷⵖ ＿ ⵕⴱⴰⵟ.", en: "She lives in Rabat.", options: ["ⴳ", "ⵣⴳ", "ⵙ", "ⵏ"], answer: "ⴳ", why: "ⴳ = in." },
+ { q: "ⴷⴷⵉⵖ ＿ ⵜⵉⵣⵏⵉⵜ.", en: "I went to Tiznit.", options: ["ⵙ", "ⵣⴳ", "ⴳ", "ⵏ"], answer: "ⵙ", why: "ⵙ = to." },
+ { q: "ⵏⴽⴽ ⴳ ＿.", en: "I'm at home.", options: ["ⵜⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ", "ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ", "ⵜⵉⴷⴷⴰⵔ", "ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ"], answer: "ⵜⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ", why: "After ⴳ the noun is in the annexed state: ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ → ⵜⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ." },
+ { q: "ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ＿ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ", en: "Yuba's book", options: ["ⵏ", "ⴳ", "ⵙ", "ⵣⴳ"], answer: "ⵏ", why: "ⵏ = of." },
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "verbs",
+ title: "Verbs: did, and didn't",
+ particle: "-ⵖ ⵉ- ⵜ- ⵓⵔ",
+ summary: "The person is marked on the verb; ⵓⵔ makes it negative.",
+ sections: [
+ {
+ p: "The verb carries the person: -ⵖ (-ɣ) for I, ⵉ- (i-) for he, ⵜ- (t-) for she, ⵏ- (n-) for we. The past of ⴷⴷⵓ (go): ⴷⴷⵉⵖ (ddiɣ) I went, ⵜⴷⴷⵉⵜ (tddit) you went, ⵉⴷⴷⴰ (idda) he went, ⵜⴷⴷⴰ (tdda) she went, ⵏⴷⴷⴰ (ndda) we went.",
+ examples: [
+ ["ⵉⴹⵍⵍⵉ {ⴷⴷⵉⵖ} ⵙ ⵎⵔⵔⴰⴽⵛ.", "Iḍlli ddiɣ s Mrrakc.", "Yesterday I went to Marrakech."],
+ ["{ⵔⵉⵖ} ⴰⵎⴰⵏ.", "Riɣ aman.", "I want water."],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ h: "Not",
+ p: "ⵓⵔ (ur) before the verb makes it negative, and some verbs change their stem after it: ⵙⵙⵏⵖ (ssnɣ) I know → ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵖ (ur ssinɣ) I don't know.",
+ examples: [
+ ["{ⵓⵔ} ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵖ.", "Ur ssinɣ.", "I don't know."],
+ ],
+ },
+ ],
+ drills: [
+ { q: "ⵉⴹⵍⵍⵉ ＿ ⵙ ⵎⵔⵔⴰⴽⵛ.", en: "Yesterday I went to Marrakech.", options: ["ⴷⴷⵉⵖ", "ⵉⴷⴷⴰ", "ⵜⴷⴷⴰ", "ⵏⴷⴷⴰ"], answer: "ⴷⴷⵉⵖ", why: "I: the ending -ⵖ." },
+ { q: "ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ＿ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵏⵉⵜ.", en: "He went to Tiznit.", options: ["ⵉⴷⴷⴰ", "ⴷⴷⵉⵖ", "ⵜⴷⴷⴰ", "ⵏⴷⴷⴰ"], answer: "ⵉⴷⴷⴰ", why: "He: the prefix ⵉ-." },
+ { q: "ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ＿ ⵙ ⵕⴱⴰⵟ.", en: "She went to Rabat.", options: ["ⵜⴷⴷⴰ", "ⵉⴷⴷⴰ", "ⴷⴷⵉⵖ", "ⵏⴷⴷⴰ"], answer: "ⵜⴷⴷⴰ", why: "She: the prefix ⵜ-." },
+ { q: "ⵓⵔ ＿.", en: "I don't know.", options: ["ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵖ", "ⵙⵙⵏⵖ", "ⵉⵙⵙⵏ", "ⵜⵙⵙⵏ"], answer: "ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵖ", why: "After ⵓⵔ, ⵙⵙⵏⵖ changes to ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵖ." },
+ { q: "＿ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ.", en: "I want water.", options: ["ⵔⵉⵖ", "ⵉⵔⴰ", "ⵜⵔⴰ", "ⵏⵔⴰ"], answer: "ⵔⵉⵖ", why: "I: the ending -ⵖ." },
+ ],
+ },
+ ],
+};
diff --git a/languages/tamazight/meta.json b/languages/tamazight/meta.json
index eaa94234..87bf165c 100644
--- a/languages/tamazight/meta.json
+++ b/languages/tamazight/meta.json
@@ -5,5 +5,6 @@
"writingSystems": ["tifinagh"],
"characterKeys": ["tifinagh"],
"notes": "Standard Moroccan Tamazight in Tifinagh, the geometric alphabet of the Amazigh (Berber) languages.",
- "speech": "zgh"
+ "speech": "zgh",
+ "data": { "grammar": "grammar.js", "vocab": "vocab.js", "reference": "reference.json" }
}
diff --git a/languages/tamazight/reference.json b/languages/tamazight/reference.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..37e507e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/tamazight/reference.json
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+{
+ "id": "tamazight",
+ "entries": [
+ {
+ "id": "at-a-glance", "topic": "overview", "title": "Tamazight at a glance",
+ "body": [
+ "Tamazight is the name for the Amazigh (Berber) languages of North Africa, a branch of the Afroasiatic family. In Morocco, where the three main varieties are Tarifit in the north, Central Atlas Tamazight in the middle and Tashelhit in the south, about a quarter to a third of people speak one of them.",
+ "Standard Moroccan Tamazight was developed by the Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture (IRCAM) from these varieties. It became an official language of Morocco in 2011, next to Arabic, and is taught in schools in Tifinagh."
+ ],
+ "examples": [
+ { "t": "{ⴰⵣⵓⵍ}! ⵉⵙⵎ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ.", "r": "Azul! Ism inu Yuba.", "e": "Hello! My name is Yuba." }
+ ],
+ "tags": ["Afroasiatic", "Berber"]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "tifinagh", "topic": "script", "title": "Tifinagh",
+ "body": [
+ "Tifinagh descends from the ancient Libyco-Berber script, which was kept alive by the Tuareg. The modern Neo-Tifinagh alphabet used in Morocco has 33 letters, written left to right with spaces between words.",
+ "Every vowel is written, and there are only three full vowels plus a short e sound (ⴻ in some spellings). Letters are mostly circles, lines, dots and crosses. The letter ⵣ, yaz, is the symbol of the Amazigh people and appears on their flag."
+ ],
+ "table": {
+ "head": ["Letter", "Sound", "Letter", "Sound"],
+ "rows": [
+ ["ⴰ", "a", "ⵎ", "m"],
+ ["ⵉ", "i", "ⵏ", "n"],
+ ["ⵓ", "u", "ⵔ", "r"],
+ ["ⴱ", "b", "ⵙ", "s"],
+ ["ⴷ", "d", "ⵜ", "t"],
+ ["ⴳ", "g", "ⵖ", "ɣ (throaty r)"],
+ ["ⴽ", "k", "ⵛ", "c (sh)"],
+ ["ⵍ", "l", "ⵣ", "z"]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": ["alphabet", "Neo-Tifinagh"]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "nouns", "topic": "grammar", "title": "Gender and number",
+ "table": {
+ "head": ["", "Masculine", "Feminine"],
+ "rows": [
+ ["one", "ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ (anlmad)", "ⵜⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ (tanlmadt)"],
+ ["many", "ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ (inlmadn)", "ⵜⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏ (tinlmadin)"],
+ ["one", "ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ (aslmad)", "ⵜⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ (taslmadt)"],
+ ["many", "ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ (islmadn)", "ⵜⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏ (tislmadin)"]
+ ]
+ },
+ "body": "Feminine nouns are wrapped in ⵜ…ⵜ. Regular plurals change the first vowel to ⵉ and add ⵏ (masculine) or ⵉⵏ (feminine). The table shows “student” and “teacher”.",
+ "tags": ["gender", "plural"]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "pronouns", "topic": "grammar", "title": "Pronouns and “my”",
+ "table": {
+ "head": ["Person", "Pronoun", "“my, your…”"],
+ "rows": [
+ ["I", "ⵏⴽⴽ (nkk)", "ⵉⵏⵓ (inu)"],
+ ["you (man)", "ⴽⵢⵢⵉ (kyyi)", "ⵏⵏⴽ (nnk)"],
+ ["you (woman)", "ⴽⵎⵎⵉ (kmmi)", "ⵏⵏⵎ (nnm)"],
+ ["he", "ⵏⵜⵜⴰ (ntta)", "ⵏⵏⵙ (nns)"],
+ ["she", "ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ (nttat)", "ⵏⵏⵙ (nns)"],
+ ["we", "ⵏⴽⵏⵉ (nkni)", "ⵏⵏⵖ (nnɣ)"]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": ["pronouns"]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "numbers", "topic": "numbers", "title": "Numbers",
+ "body": "Amazigh numbers are used for one to ten; for larger numbers and prices, many speakers use Arabic numbers.",
+ "table": {
+ "head": ["Number", "Tifinagh", "Said"],
+ "rows": [
+ ["1", "ⵢⴰⵏ", "yan"],
+ ["2", "ⵙⵉⵏ", "sin"],
+ ["3", "ⴽⵕⴰⴹ", "kraḍ"],
+ ["4", "ⴽⴽⵓⵥ", "kkuẓ"],
+ ["5", "ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ", "smmus"],
+ ["6", "ⵚⴹⵉⵚ", "ṣḍiṣ"],
+ ["7", "ⵙⴰ", "sa"],
+ ["8", "ⵜⴰⵎ", "tam"],
+ ["9", "ⵜⵥⴰ", "tẓa"],
+ ["10", "ⵎⵔⴰⵡ", "mraw"]
+ ]
+ },
+ "tags": ["counting"]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "phrases", "topic": "phrases", "title": "Everyday phrases",
+ "examples": [
+ { "t": "ⴰⵣⵓⵍ", "r": "Azul.", "e": "Hello." },
+ { "t": "ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵎⵉⵔⵜ", "r": "Tanmmirt.", "e": "Thank you." },
+ { "t": "ⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⴽ?", "r": "Matta ism nnk?", "e": "What is your name? (to a man)" },
+ { "t": "ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵖ", "r": "Ur ssinɣ.", "e": "I don't know." },
+ { "t": "ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ", "r": "Ar timlilt.", "e": "See you." }
+ ],
+ "tags": ["greetings"]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "yennayer", "topic": "culture", "title": "Yennayer",
+ "body": [
+ "Yennayer is the Amazigh new year, celebrated around 13 January across North Africa with family meals, often a couscous or a dish with seven vegetables. The Amazigh calendar counts its years from 950 BC, so 2026 is around 2976.",
+ "Morocco made Yennayer a national public holiday in 2023, and Algeria did so in 2018."
+ ],
+ "tags": ["festivals", "calendar"]
+ }
+ ]
+}
diff --git a/languages/tamazight/vocab.js b/languages/tamazight/vocab.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..57235457
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/tamazight/vocab.js
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+// Standard Moroccan Tamazight starter words for the Vocabulary Learner.
+// Each word is [Tifinagh, Latin transcription, English, note]. Written for this project.
+// In the transcription c is sh, x is kh, ɣ is a throaty r, and a dot marks an emphatic sound.
+window.LSD_DECKS = window.LSD_DECKS || {};
+window.LSD_DECKS.tamazight = [
+ {
+ id: "greetings",
+ title: "Greetings",
+ words: [
+ ["ⴰⵣⵓⵍ", "azul", "hello", "The common Amazigh greeting."],
+ ["ⴰⵣⵓⵍ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⴽ", "azul fllak", "hello to you (to a man)", "To a woman: ⴰⵣⵓⵍ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵎ, azul fllam."],
+ ["ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵎⵉⵔⵜ", "tanmmirt", "thank you", ""],
+ ["ⵉⵀ", "ih", "yes", ""],
+ ["ⵓⵀⵓ", "uhu", "no", ""],
+ ["ⵎⴰⵏⵣⴰⴽⵉⵏ?", "manzakin?", "how are you?", ""],
+ ["ⵙ ⵍⵅⵉⵔ", "s lxir", "fine", ""],
+ ["ⵉⵙⵎ ⵉⵏⵓ …", "ism inu …", "my name is …", ""],
+ ["ⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⴽ?", "matta ism nnk?", "what is your name? (to a man)", "To a woman: ⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵎ?"],
+ ["ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ", "ar timlilt", "see you; goodbye", "Literally “until the meeting”."],
+ ["ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵣ", "asggʷas amggaz", "happy new year", "Said at Yennayer, the Amazigh new year."],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "people",
+ title: "People",
+ words: [
+ ["ⵏⴽⴽ", "nkk", "I", ""],
+ ["ⴽⵢⵢⵉ", "kyyi", "you (to a man)", ""],
+ ["ⴽⵎⵎⵉ", "kmmi", "you (to a woman)", ""],
+ ["ⵏⵜⵜⴰ", "ntta", "he", ""],
+ ["ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ", "nttat", "she", ""],
+ ["ⵏⴽⵏⵉ", "nkni", "we", ""],
+ ["ⵏⵜⵏⵉ", "ntni", "they", "ⵏⵜⵏⵜⵉ, ntnti, for women only."],
+ ["ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ", "argaz", "man; husband", "Plural ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ, irgazn."],
+ ["ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ", "tamɣart", "woman; wife", "Plural ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ, timɣarin."],
+ ["ⴰⴼⵔⵓⵅ", "afrux", "boy; child", ""],
+ ["ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵓⵅⵜ", "tafruxt", "girl", ""],
+ ["ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ", "amddakkʷl", "friend", ""],
+ ["ⵢⵓⵎⵎⴰ", "yumma", "mum", ""],
+ ["ⴱⴰⴱⴰ", "baba", "dad", ""],
+ ["ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ", "aslmad", "teacher", "A woman: ⵜⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ, taslmadt."],
+ ["ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ", "anlmad", "student", "A woman: ⵜⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ, tanlmadt."],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "numbers",
+ title: "Numbers",
+ words: [
+ ["ⵢⴰⵏ", "yan", "one", "With feminine nouns: ⵢⴰⵜ, yat."],
+ ["ⵙⵉⵏ", "sin", "two", "Feminine: ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, snat."],
+ ["ⴽⵕⴰⴹ", "kraḍ", "three", ""],
+ ["ⴽⴽⵓⵥ", "kkuẓ", "four", ""],
+ ["ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ", "smmus", "five", ""],
+ ["ⵚⴹⵉⵚ", "ṣḍiṣ", "six", ""],
+ ["ⵙⴰ", "sa", "seven", ""],
+ ["ⵜⴰⵎ", "tam", "eight", ""],
+ ["ⵜⵥⴰ", "tẓa", "nine", ""],
+ ["ⵎⵔⴰⵡ", "mraw", "ten", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "food",
+ title: "Food and drink",
+ words: [
+ ["ⴰⵎⴰⵏ", "aman", "water", "Always plural in form."],
+ ["ⴰⵜⴰⵢ", "atay", "tea", "Mint tea is served with every visit."],
+ ["ⴰⴽⴼⴰⵢ", "akfay", "milk", ""],
+ ["ⴰⵖⵔⵓⵎ", "aɣrum", "bread", ""],
+ ["ⴰⵢⵙⵓⵎ", "aysum", "meat", ""],
+ ["ⴰⵙⵍⵎ", "aslm", "fish", ""],
+ ["ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴰⵢⵜ", "taglayt", "egg", ""],
+ ["ⵙⴽⵙⵓ", "sksu", "couscous", ""],
+ ["ⵜⴰⵎⵎⵏⵜ", "tammnt", "honey", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "verbs",
+ title: "Everyday verbs",
+ words: [
+ ["ⵛⵛ", "cc", "eat", "ⵛⵛⵉⵖ, cciɣ: I ate."],
+ ["ⵙⵡ", "sw", "drink", "ⵙⵡⵉⵖ, swiɣ: I drank."],
+ ["ⴷⴷⵓ", "ddu", "go", "ⴷⴷⵉⵖ, ddiɣ: I went."],
+ ["ⴰⵡⵉ", "awi", "take; bring", ""],
+ ["ⵣⴷⵖ", "zdɣ", "live (somewhere)", ""],
+ ["ⵙⴰⵡⵍ", "sawl", "speak", ""],
+ ["ⵔⵉ", "ri", "want", "ⵔⵉⵖ, riɣ: I want."],
+ ["ⵙⵙⵏ", "ssn", "know", "ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵖ, ur ssinɣ: I don't know."],
+ ["ⵖⵔ", "ɣr", "read; call", ""],
+ ["ⴰⵔⴰ", "ara", "write", ""],
+ ["ⵥⵕ", "ẓr", "see", ""],
+ ["ⵅⴷⵎ", "xdm", "work", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "describing",
+ title: "Describing words",
+ words: [
+ ["ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ", "mqqur", "be big", "ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ, imqqur: it's big."],
+ ["ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢ", "mẓẓiy", "be small", ""],
+ ["ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰ", "iɣuda", "it's good; it's nice", ""],
+ ["ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ", "amaynu", "new", ""],
+ ["ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ", "aqbur", "old (thing)", ""],
+ ["ⵉⵃⵎⴰ", "iḥma", "it's hot", ""],
+ ["ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵉⴹ", "ismmiḍ", "it's cold", ""],
+ ["ⵉⵖⵍⴰ", "iɣla", "it's expensive", ""],
+ ["ⵉⵔⵅⴰ", "irxa", "it's cheap", ""],
+ ["ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ", "ifulki", "it's beautiful", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "places",
+ title: "Places",
+ words: [
+ ["ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ", "taddart", "house", "Plural ⵜⵉⴷⴷⴰⵔ, tiddar."],
+ ["ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ", "tamdint", "city", ""],
+ ["ⴰⵖⵕⵎ", "aɣrm", "village; fortified village", ""],
+ ["ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ", "abrid", "road; way", ""],
+ ["ⴰⵙⵓⵇ", "asuq", "market", ""],
+ ["ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ", "tinml", "school", ""],
+ ["ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ", "adrar", "mountain", "The Atlas mountains are home to many Amazigh communities."],
+ ["ⴰⵙⵉⴼ", "asif", "river", ""],
+ ["ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ", "tamazirt", "homeland; countryside", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "time",
+ title: "Time",
+ words: [
+ ["ⴰⵙⵙⴰ", "ass-a", "today", ""],
+ ["ⴰⵙⴽⴽⴰ", "askka", "tomorrow", ""],
+ ["ⵉⴹⵍⵍⵉ", "iḍlli", "yesterday", ""],
+ ["ⴷⵖⵉ", "dɣi", "now", ""],
+ ["ⴰⵙⵙ", "ass", "day", ""],
+ ["ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ", "ayyur", "month; moon", ""],
+ ["ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ", "asggʷas", "year", ""],
+ ["ⵢⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ", "ynnayr", "January; the Amazigh new year", "Celebrated around 13 January."],
+ ],
+ },
+ {
+ id: "questions",
+ title: "Questions",
+ words: [
+ ["ⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ", "matta", "what", ""],
+ ["ⵎⴰⵏⵉ", "mani", "where", ""],
+ ["ⵎⵍⵎⵉ", "mlmi", "when", ""],
+ ["ⵎⴰⵅ", "max", "why", ""],
+ ["ⵎⵏⵛⴽ", "mnck", "how much; how many", ""],
+ ["ⵎⵏⵛⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰ?", "mnck ad iswa?", "how much does it cost?", ""],
+ ],
+ },
+];