From db15ccffc9c5518fb43b8e3c414b6b296024d74b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: JainAyush-01 <ayushj9027@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Oct 2026 05:47:28 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1/3] [io] Fix data loss in nested directories during batched
 TFileMerger

When TFileMerger merges files with SetMaxOpenedFiles (e.g. hadd -n),
merging is performed incrementally across batches with kIncremental.
In TFileMerger::MergeOne, the cleanup condition previously checked:
    if (ownobj && (!(type & kIncremental) || dirobj->GetFile() != target))

For nested subdirectories at depth >= 2, `target` is the parent
TDirectoryFile, whereas `dirobj->GetFile()` returns the root TFile
(`fOutputFile`). Consequently, `dirobj->GetFile() != target` always
evaluated to true for nested directories, prematurely deleting the
in-memory directory before fOutputFile->Write() could flush it,
causing silent data loss of objects merged in subsequent batches.

Comparing `dirobj->GetFile() != fOutputFile` properly ensures that
directories belonging to the output file are not prematurely deleted
during incremental merges.

Fixes #23666. Added regression test NestedDirMaxOpenedFiles in
TFileMergerTests.cxx.
---
 io/io/src/TFileMerger.cxx       |  2 +-
 io/io/test/TFileMergerTests.cxx | 86 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 87 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/io/io/src/TFileMerger.cxx b/io/io/src/TFileMerger.cxx
index 727bc530701a0..2ba0dd9f038f4 100644
--- a/io/io/src/TFileMerger.cxx
+++ b/io/io/src/TFileMerger.cxx
@@ -828,7 +828,7 @@ Bool_t TFileMerger::MergeOne(TDirectory *target, TList *sourcelist, Int_t type,
       // and we are in incremental mode (because it will be reused
       // and has not been written to disk (for performance reason).
       // coverity[var_deref_model] the IsA()->InheritsFrom guarantees that the dynamic_cast will succeed.
-      if (ownobj && (!(type & kIncremental) || dirobj->GetFile() != target)) {
+      if (ownobj && (!(type & kIncremental) || dirobj->GetFile() != fOutputFile)) {
          dirobj->ResetBit(kMustCleanup);
          delete dirobj;
       }
diff --git a/io/io/test/TFileMergerTests.cxx b/io/io/test/TFileMergerTests.cxx
index 137bf1f89bc34..3ac955ed9f24a 100644
--- a/io/io/test/TFileMergerTests.cxx
+++ b/io/io/test/TFileMergerTests.cxx
@@ -478,3 +478,89 @@ TEST(TFileMerger, TypeMismatchErrorTObjectWithNonTObject)
       fm.PartialMerge();
    }
 }
+
+// https://github.com/root-project/root/issues/23666
+TEST(TFileMerger, NestedDirMaxOpenedFiles)
+{
+   struct CleanupRAII {
+      std::vector<std::string> fFiles;
+      ~CleanupRAII()
+      {
+         for (const auto &file : fFiles) {
+            gSystem->Unlink(file.c_str());
+         }
+      }
+   } cleanup;
+
+   const std::string file1 = "test_nested_merge_in1.root";
+   const std::string file2 = "test_nested_merge_in2.root";
+   const std::string file3 = "test_nested_merge_in3.root";
+   const std::string fileOut = "test_nested_merge_out.root";
+
+   cleanup.fFiles.push_back(file1);
+   cleanup.fFiles.push_back(file2);
+   cleanup.fFiles.push_back(file3);
+   cleanup.fFiles.push_back(fileOut);
+
+   const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, int>> inputs = {
+      {file1, 5},
+      {file2, 7},
+      {file3, 11}
+   };
+
+   // Create 3 input files with objects inside a nested directory (depth >= 2)
+   for (const auto &input : inputs) {
+      TFile f(input.first.c_str(), "RECREATE");
+      ASSERT_FALSE(f.IsZombie());
+      auto topDir = f.mkdir("nested");
+      ASSERT_NE(topDir, nullptr);
+      auto subDir = topDir->mkdir("dir");
+      ASSERT_NE(subDir, nullptr);
+      subDir->cd();
+
+      TTree tree("tree", "Test Tree");
+      int val = 0;
+      tree.Branch("val", &val, "val/I");
+      for (int i = 0; i < input.second; ++i) {
+         val = i;
+         tree.Fill();
+      }
+
+      TH1F hist("hist", "Test Hist", 10, 0, 10);
+      for (int i = 0; i < input.second; ++i) {
+         hist.Fill(i % 10);
+      }
+
+      f.Write();
+   }
+
+   // Merge using TFileMerger with SetMaxOpenedFiles(3) to force incremental batching across multiple batches
+   {
+      TFileMerger merger(false);
+      EXPECT_TRUE(merger.OutputFile(fileOut.c_str()));
+      merger.SetMaxOpenedFiles(3);
+      merger.AddFile(file1.c_str(), false);
+      merger.AddFile(file2.c_str(), false);
+      merger.AddFile(file3.c_str(), false);
+      EXPECT_TRUE(merger.Merge());
+   }
+
+   // Verify that all entries from all files (including the final incremental batch) are present
+   {
+      TFile fOut(fileOut.c_str(), "READ");
+      ASSERT_FALSE(fOut.IsZombie());
+
+      auto topDir = fOut.Get<TDirectory>("nested");
+      ASSERT_NE(topDir, nullptr);
+      auto subDir = topDir->Get<TDirectory>("dir");
+      ASSERT_NE(subDir, nullptr);
+
+      auto tree = subDir->Get<TTree>("tree");
+      ASSERT_NE(tree, nullptr);
+      EXPECT_EQ(tree->GetEntries(), 5 + 7 + 11);
+
+      auto hist = subDir->Get<TH1F>("hist");
+      ASSERT_NE(hist, nullptr);
+      EXPECT_EQ(hist->GetEntries(), 5 + 7 + 11);
+   }
+}

From d901d781e9d4c04ace7e829a30d77b9953d94f8c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Vincenzo Eduardo Padulano <vincenzo.eduardo.padulano@cern.ch>
Date: Fri, 23 Oct 2026 17:34:07 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 2/3] Improve test

* Allocate TFile and TTree on the heap (to avoid corner-case issues with
  DeleteChangesMemory)
* Clarify intent of the test: it's not to use `kIncremental` but to
  exercise the `-n` option in hadd, using SetMaxOpenedFiles in
  TFileMerger
* Also check correct TTree entry values
---
 io/io/test/TFileMergerTests.cxx | 52 +++++++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 30 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/io/io/test/TFileMergerTests.cxx b/io/io/test/TFileMergerTests.cxx
index 3ac955ed9f24a..b6241c37a0fef 100644
--- a/io/io/test/TFileMergerTests.cxx
+++ b/io/io/test/TFileMergerTests.cxx
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ TEST(TFileMerger, TypeMismatchErrorTObjectWithNonTObject)
    }
 }
 
-// https://github.com/root-project/root/issues/23666
+// Regression test for https://github.com/root-project/root/issues/23666
 TEST(TFileMerger, NestedDirMaxOpenedFiles)
 {
    struct CleanupRAII {
@@ -502,28 +502,24 @@ TEST(TFileMerger, NestedDirMaxOpenedFiles)
    cleanup.fFiles.push_back(file3);
    cleanup.fFiles.push_back(fileOut);
 
-   const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, int>> inputs = {
-      {file1, 5},
-      {file2, 7},
-      {file3, 11}
-   };
+   const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, int>> inputs = {{file1, 5}, {file2, 7}, {file3, 11}};
 
    // Create 3 input files with objects inside a nested directory (depth >= 2)
    for (const auto &input : inputs) {
-      TFile f(input.first.c_str(), "RECREATE");
-      ASSERT_FALSE(f.IsZombie());
-      auto topDir = f.mkdir("nested");
+      auto f = std::make_unique<TFile>(input.first.c_str(), "RECREATE");
+      ASSERT_FALSE(f->IsZombie());
+      auto topDir = f->mkdir("nested");
       ASSERT_NE(topDir, nullptr);
       auto subDir = topDir->mkdir("dir");
       ASSERT_NE(subDir, nullptr);
       subDir->cd();
 
-      TTree tree("tree", "Test Tree");
+      auto tree = std::make_unique<TTree>("tree", "Test Tree");
       int val = 0;
-      tree.Branch("val", &val, "val/I");
+      tree->Branch("val", &val, "val/I");
       for (int i = 0; i < input.second; ++i) {
          val = i;
-         tree.Fill();
+         tree->Fill();
       }
 
       TH1F hist("hist", "Test Hist", 10, 0, 10);
@@ -531,26 +527,28 @@ TEST(TFileMerger, NestedDirMaxOpenedFiles)
          hist.Fill(i % 10);
       }
 
-      f.Write();
+      f->Write();
    }
 
-   // Merge using TFileMerger with SetMaxOpenedFiles(3) to force incremental batching across multiple batches
+   // Merge the input files into the output file. The original issue was triggered by the use of the `-n` parameter in
+   // `hadd`, which opens at most `N` files at once, set to the same number of input files (3). The merger used to only
+   // merge data from the first two files leaving out data from the third.
    {
-      TFileMerger merger(false);
+      TFileMerger merger{false};
       EXPECT_TRUE(merger.OutputFile(fileOut.c_str()));
       merger.SetMaxOpenedFiles(3);
-      merger.AddFile(file1.c_str(), false);
-      merger.AddFile(file2.c_str(), false);
-      merger.AddFile(file3.c_str(), false);
+      merger.AddFile(file1.c_str(), /*cpProgress*/ false);
+      merger.AddFile(file2.c_str(), /*cpProgress*/ false);
+      merger.AddFile(file3.c_str(), /*cpProgress*/ false);
       EXPECT_TRUE(merger.Merge());
    }
 
-   // Verify that all entries from all files (including the final incremental batch) are present
+   // Verify correct values for merged objects in the output file
    {
-      TFile fOut(fileOut.c_str(), "READ");
-      ASSERT_FALSE(fOut.IsZombie());
+      auto fOut = std::make_unique<TFile>(fileOut.c_str(), "READ");
+      ASSERT_FALSE(fOut->IsZombie());
 
-      auto topDir = fOut.Get<TDirectory>("nested");
+      auto topDir = fOut->Get<TDirectory>("nested");
       ASSERT_NE(topDir, nullptr);
       auto subDir = topDir->Get<TDirectory>("dir");
       ASSERT_NE(subDir, nullptr);
@@ -558,6 +556,16 @@ TEST(TFileMerger, NestedDirMaxOpenedFiles)
       auto tree = subDir->Get<TTree>("tree");
       ASSERT_NE(tree, nullptr);
       EXPECT_EQ(tree->GetEntries(), 5 + 7 + 11);
+      int val = 0;
+      tree->SetBranchAddress("val", &val);
+      int entryCursor{};
+      for (const auto &input : inputs) {
+         for (int i = 0; i < input.second; ++i) {
+            tree->GetEntry(entryCursor);
+            EXPECT_EQ(val, i);
+            entryCursor++;
+         }
+      }
 
       auto hist = subDir->Get<TH1F>("hist");
       ASSERT_NE(hist, nullptr);

From 65ae899ddf25c9b94d98edbfe336e60ee2ea7967 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florine de Geus <florine.de.geus@cern.ch>
Date: Fri, 23 Oct 2026 18:31:03 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 3/3] [io] Add regression tests for #23666

---
 roottest/root/io/hadd/CMakeLists.txt          |  23 ++++
 ...hadd_check_nested_objects_128files_23666.C |  12 ++
 .../hadd_check_nested_objects_argn_23666.C    |  12 ++
 ...est_hadd_nested_objects_128files_23666.txt | 128 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../hadd/test_hadd_nested_objects_23666.root  | Bin 0 -> 5617 bytes
 5 files changed, 175 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 roottest/root/io/hadd/hadd_check_nested_objects_128files_23666.C
 create mode 100644 roottest/root/io/hadd/hadd_check_nested_objects_argn_23666.C
 create mode 100644 roottest/root/io/hadd/test_hadd_nested_objects_128files_23666.txt
 create mode 100644 roottest/root/io/hadd/test_hadd_nested_objects_23666.root

diff --git a/roottest/root/io/hadd/CMakeLists.txt b/roottest/root/io/hadd/CMakeLists.txt
index af76895b12106..163b575a709ba 100644
--- a/roottest/root/io/hadd/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/roottest/root/io/hadd/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -284,3 +284,26 @@ ROOTTEST_ADD_TEST(test_hadd_merge_rntuple_634,
                   COMMAND ${ROOT_hadd_CMD} -f test_hadd_merge_rntuple_634_merged.root test_hadd_merge_rntuple_634_1.root test_hadd_merge_rntuple_634_2.root
                   POSTCMD ${ROOT_root_CMD} -q check_merge_rntuple_634.C
                   PASSRC 0)
+
+
+# Regression test for https://github.com/root-project/root/issues/23666
+configure_file(test_hadd_nested_objects_23666.root . COPYONLY)
+configure_file(hadd_check_nested_objects_argn_23666.C . COPYONLY)
+ROOTTEST_ADD_TEST(test_hadd_nested_objects_argn_23666,
+                  PRECMD ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E rm -f test_hadd_nested_objects_argn_23666_merged.root
+                  COMMAND ${ROOT_hadd_CMD} -f -n 3 test_hadd_nested_objects_argn_23666_merged.root test_hadd_nested_objects_23666.root test_hadd_nested_objects_23666.root test_hadd_nested_objects_23666.root
+                  POSTCMD ${ROOT_root_CMD} -q hadd_check_nested_objects_argn_23666.C
+                  PASSRC 0)
+
+configure_file(hadd_check_nested_objects_128files_23666.C . COPYONLY)
+configure_file(test_hadd_nested_objects_128files_23666.txt . COPYONLY)
+ROOTTEST_ADD_TEST(test_hadd_nested_objects_128files_23666,
+                  PRECMD ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E rm -f test_hadd_nested_objects_128files_23666_merged.root
+                  COMMAND ${ROOT_hadd_CMD} -f test_hadd_nested_objects_128files_23666_merged.root @test_hadd_nested_objects_128files_23666.txt
+                  POSTCMD ${ROOT_root_CMD} -q hadd_check_nested_objects_128files_23666.C
+                  PASSRC 0)
+ROOTTEST_ADD_TEST(test_hadd_nested_objects_128files_n16_23666,
+                  PRECMD ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E rm -f test_hadd_nested_objects_128files_23666_merged.root
+                  COMMAND ${ROOT_hadd_CMD} -f -n 16 test_hadd_nested_objects_128files_23666_merged.root @test_hadd_nested_objects_128files_23666.txt
+                  POSTCMD ${ROOT_root_CMD} -q hadd_check_nested_objects_128files_23666.C
+                  PASSRC 0)
diff --git a/roottest/root/io/hadd/hadd_check_nested_objects_128files_23666.C b/roottest/root/io/hadd/hadd_check_nested_objects_128files_23666.C
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..a3a04ef4d46b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/roottest/root/io/hadd/hadd_check_nested_objects_128files_23666.C
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+int hadd_check_nested_objects_argn_23666()
+{
+   auto file = std::unique_ptr<TFile>(TFile::Open("test_hadd_nested_objects_128files_23666_merged.root"));
+   auto tree = std::unique_ptr<TTree>(file->Get<TTree>("A/B/tree"));
+
+   if (auto nentries = tree->GetEntries(); nentries != 128) {
+      std::cerr << "Number of entries is " << nentries << " (expected 128) \n";
+      return 1;
+   }
+
+   return 0;
+}
diff --git a/roottest/root/io/hadd/hadd_check_nested_objects_argn_23666.C b/roottest/root/io/hadd/hadd_check_nested_objects_argn_23666.C
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..10f0c49e2904f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/roottest/root/io/hadd/hadd_check_nested_objects_argn_23666.C
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+int hadd_check_nested_objects_argn_23666()
+{
+   auto file = std::unique_ptr<TFile>(TFile::Open("test_hadd_nested_objects_argn_23666_merged.root"));
+   auto tree = std::unique_ptr<TTree>(file->Get<TTree>("A/B/tree"));
+
+   if (auto nentries = tree->GetEntries(); nentries != 3) {
+      std::cerr << "Number of entries is " << nentries << " (expected 3) \n";
+      return 1;
+   }
+
+   return 0;
+}
diff --git a/roottest/root/io/hadd/test_hadd_nested_objects_128files_23666.txt b/roottest/root/io/hadd/test_hadd_nested_objects_128files_23666.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..2e06063af6390
--- /dev/null
+++ b/roottest/root/io/hadd/test_hadd_nested_objects_128files_23666.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+test_hadd_nested_objects_23666.root
+test_hadd_nested_objects_23666.root
+test_hadd_nested_objects_23666.root
+test_hadd_nested_objects_23666.root
+test_hadd_nested_objects_23666.root
+test_hadd_nested_objects_23666.root
+test_hadd_nested_objects_23666.root
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diff --git a/roottest/root/io/hadd/test_hadd_nested_objects_23666.root b/roottest/root/io/hadd/test_hadd_nested_objects_23666.root
new file mode 100644
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