diff --git a/Lib/test/test_free_threading/test_os.py b/Lib/test/test_free_threading/test_os.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..96a23edc0d1319
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_free_threading/test_os.py
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+import os
+import shutil
+import tempfile
+import threading
+import unittest
+
+from test import support
+from test.support import threading_helper
+
+
+if support.check_sanitizer(thread=True):
+    NUMITEMS = 200
+    N_NEXT = 2
+    N_CLOSE = 2
+    REPEAT = 10
+else:
+    NUMITEMS = 1000
+    N_NEXT = 6
+    N_CLOSE = 3
+    REPEAT = 20
+
+
+@threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
+class ScandirThreadingTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, self.dir, ignore_errors=True)
+        self.names = set()
+        for i in range(NUMITEMS):
+            name = f"f{i}"
+            with open(os.path.join(self.dir, name), "w"):
+                pass
+            self.names.add(name)
+
+    def run_threads(self, funcs):
+        threading_helper.run_concurrently(funcs)
+
+    def test_close_racing_next(self):
+        # gh-152754: one thread's next() racing another's close() must not crash.
+        def nexter():
+            for _ in self.it:
+                pass
+
+        def closer():
+            self.it.close()
+
+        for _ in range(REPEAT):
+            self.it = os.scandir(self.dir)
+            try:
+                self.run_threads([nexter] * N_NEXT + [closer] * N_CLOSE)
+            finally:
+                self.it.close()
+
+    def test_shared_next(self):
+        # gh-152754: threads sharing one iterator must not crash or lose entries.
+        self.it = os.scandir(self.dir)
+        results = []
+        results_lock = threading.Lock()
+
+        def worker():
+            local = []
+            for entry in self.it:
+                local.append(entry.name)
+            with results_lock:
+                results.extend(local)
+
+        try:
+            self.run_threads([worker] * (N_NEXT + N_CLOSE))
+        finally:
+            self.it.close()
+
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(results), sorted(self.names))
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-07-09-14-56-24.gh-issue-152754.CyyC5j.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-07-09-14-56-24.gh-issue-152754.CyyC5j.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c62d92bccbf8ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-07-09-14-56-24.gh-issue-152754.CyyC5j.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Fix a crash when the same :func:`os.scandir` iterator is used concurrently
+from multiple threads on the :term:`free-threaded <free threading>` build.
diff --git a/Modules/posixmodule.c b/Modules/posixmodule.c
index 57db175336702e..f063861bfe39b5 100644
--- a/Modules/posixmodule.c
+++ b/Modules/posixmodule.c
@@ -16821,6 +16821,11 @@ DirEntry_from_posix_info(PyObject *module, path_t *path, const char *name,
 
 typedef struct {
     PyObject_HEAD
+#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+    // Protects scandir iterator state when a os.scandir() iterator is used
+    // from multiple threads.
+    PyMutex mutex;
+#endif
     path_t path;
 #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
     HANDLE handle;
@@ -16836,67 +16841,89 @@ typedef struct {
 
 #define ScandirIterator_CAST(op)    ((ScandirIterator *)(op))
 
+#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+#  define SCANDIR_ITERATOR_LOCK(iterator) PyMutex_Lock(&(iterator)->mutex)
+#  define SCANDIR_ITERATOR_UNLOCK(iterator) PyMutex_Unlock(&(iterator)->mutex)
+#else
+#  define SCANDIR_ITERATOR_LOCK(iterator) ((void)0)
+#  define SCANDIR_ITERATOR_UNLOCK(iterator) ((void)0)
+#endif
+
 #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
 
 static int
 ScandirIterator_is_closed(ScandirIterator *iterator)
 {
-    return iterator->handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
+    SCANDIR_ITERATOR_LOCK(iterator);
+    int closed = iterator->handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
+    SCANDIR_ITERATOR_UNLOCK(iterator);
+    return closed;
 }
 
 static void
 ScandirIterator_closedir(ScandirIterator *iterator)
 {
+    SCANDIR_ITERATOR_LOCK(iterator);
     HANDLE handle = iterator->handle;
-
-    if (handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
-        return;
-
     iterator->handle = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
-    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
-    FindClose(handle);
-    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
+    SCANDIR_ITERATOR_UNLOCK(iterator);
+
+    if (handle != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
+        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
+        FindClose(handle);
+        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
+    }
 }
 
 static PyObject *
 ScandirIterator_iternext(PyObject *op)
 {
     ScandirIterator *iterator = ScandirIterator_CAST(op);
-    WIN32_FIND_DATAW *file_data = &iterator->file_data;
+    WIN32_FIND_DATAW file_data;
     BOOL success;
-    PyObject *entry;
+    DWORD error = ERROR_SUCCESS;
+    int found = 0;
 
+    SCANDIR_ITERATOR_LOCK(iterator);
     /* Happens if the iterator is iterated twice, or closed explicitly */
-    if (iterator->handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
-        return NULL;
-
-    while (1) {
+    while (iterator->handle != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
         if (!iterator->first_time) {
             Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
-            success = FindNextFileW(iterator->handle, file_data);
+            success = FindNextFileW(iterator->handle, &iterator->file_data);
+            if (!success) {
+                error = GetLastError();
+            }
             Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
             if (!success) {
-                /* Error or no more files */
-                if (GetLastError() != ERROR_NO_MORE_FILES)
-                    path_error(&iterator->path);
                 break;
             }
         }
         iterator->first_time = 0;
 
         /* Skip over . and .. */
-        if (wcscmp(file_data->cFileName, L".") != 0 &&
-            wcscmp(file_data->cFileName, L"..") != 0)
+        if (wcscmp(iterator->file_data.cFileName, L".") != 0 &&
+            wcscmp(iterator->file_data.cFileName, L"..") != 0)
         {
-            PyObject *module = PyType_GetModule(Py_TYPE(iterator));
-            entry = DirEntry_from_find_data(module, &iterator->path, file_data);
-            if (!entry)
-                break;
-            return entry;
+            file_data = iterator->file_data;
+            found = 1;
+            break;
         }
 
         /* Loop till we get a non-dot directory or finish iterating */
     }
+    SCANDIR_ITERATOR_UNLOCK(iterator);
+
+    if (found) {
+        PyObject *module = PyType_GetModule(Py_TYPE(iterator));
+        PyObject *entry = DirEntry_from_find_data(module, &iterator->path, &file_data);
+        if (entry != NULL) {
+            return entry;
+        }
+    }
+    else if (error != ERROR_SUCCESS && error != ERROR_NO_MORE_FILES) {
+        SetLastError(error);
+        path_error(&iterator->path);
+    }
 
     /* Error or no more files */
     ScandirIterator_closedir(iterator);
@@ -16908,27 +16935,30 @@ ScandirIterator_iternext(PyObject *op)
 static int
 ScandirIterator_is_closed(ScandirIterator *iterator)
 {
-    return !iterator->dirp;
+    SCANDIR_ITERATOR_LOCK(iterator);
+    int closed = iterator->dirp == NULL;
+    SCANDIR_ITERATOR_UNLOCK(iterator);
+    return closed;
 }
 
 static void
 ScandirIterator_closedir(ScandirIterator *iterator)
 {
+    SCANDIR_ITERATOR_LOCK(iterator);
     DIR *dirp = iterator->dirp;
-
-    if (!dirp)
-        return;
-
     iterator->dirp = NULL;
-    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
+    SCANDIR_ITERATOR_UNLOCK(iterator);
+
+    if (dirp != NULL) {
+        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
 #ifdef HAVE_FDOPENDIR
-    if (iterator->path.is_fd) {
-        rewinddir(dirp);
-    }
+        if (iterator->path.is_fd) {
+            rewinddir(dirp);
+        }
 #endif
-    closedir(dirp);
-    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
-    return;
+        closedir(dirp);
+        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
+    }
 }
 
 static PyObject *
@@ -16936,24 +16966,29 @@ ScandirIterator_iternext(PyObject *op)
 {
     ScandirIterator *iterator = ScandirIterator_CAST(op);
     struct dirent *direntp;
-    Py_ssize_t name_len;
+    Py_ssize_t name_len = 0;
     int is_dot;
-    PyObject *entry;
+    int found = 0;
+    int error = 0;
+    int no_memory = 0;
+    char *name = NULL;
+    ino_t d_ino = 0;
+#ifdef HAVE_DIRENT_D_TYPE
+    unsigned char d_type = 0;
+#endif
 
+    SCANDIR_ITERATOR_LOCK(iterator);
     /* Happens if the iterator is iterated twice, or closed explicitly */
-    if (!iterator->dirp)
-        return NULL;
-
-    while (1) {
-        errno = 0;
+    while (iterator->dirp != NULL) {
         Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
+        errno = 0;
         direntp = readdir(iterator->dirp);
+        if (direntp == NULL) {
+            error = errno;
+        }
         Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
 
         if (!direntp) {
-            /* Error or no more files */
-            if (errno != 0)
-                path_error(&iterator->path);
             break;
         }
 
@@ -16962,21 +16997,46 @@ ScandirIterator_iternext(PyObject *op)
         is_dot = direntp->d_name[0] == '.' &&
                  (name_len == 1 || (direntp->d_name[1] == '.' && name_len == 2));
         if (!is_dot) {
-            PyObject *module = PyType_GetModule(Py_TYPE(iterator));
-            entry = DirEntry_from_posix_info(module,
-                                             &iterator->path, direntp->d_name,
-                                             name_len, direntp->d_ino
+            name = PyMem_RawMalloc(name_len + 1);
+            if (name == NULL) {
+                no_memory = 1;
+                break;
+            }
+            memcpy(name, direntp->d_name, name_len);
+            name[name_len] = '\0';
+            d_ino = direntp->d_ino;
 #ifdef HAVE_DIRENT_D_TYPE
-                                             , direntp->d_type
+            d_type = direntp->d_type;
 #endif
-                                            );
-            if (!entry)
-                break;
-            return entry;
+            found = 1;
+            break;
         }
 
         /* Loop till we get a non-dot directory or finish iterating */
     }
+    SCANDIR_ITERATOR_UNLOCK(iterator);
+
+    if (found) {
+        PyObject *module = PyType_GetModule(Py_TYPE(iterator));
+        PyObject *entry = DirEntry_from_posix_info(module,
+                                                   &iterator->path, name,
+                                                   name_len, d_ino
+#ifdef HAVE_DIRENT_D_TYPE
+                                                   , d_type
+#endif
+                                                  );
+        PyMem_RawFree(name);
+        if (entry != NULL) {
+            return entry;
+        }
+    }
+    else if (no_memory) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+    }
+    else if (error != 0) {
+        errno = error;
+        path_error(&iterator->path);
+    }
 
     /* Error or no more files */
     ScandirIterator_closedir(iterator);
@@ -17114,6 +17174,9 @@ os_scandir_impl(PyObject *module, path_t *path)
     if (!iterator)
         return NULL;
 
+#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+    iterator->mutex = (PyMutex){0};
+#endif
 #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
     iterator->handle = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
 #else