diff --git a/internal/airplay/fairplay.go b/internal/airplay/fairplay.go
index fa8bc07..1dcd5b0 100644
--- a/internal/airplay/fairplay.go
+++ b/internal/airplay/fairplay.go
@@ -108,17 +108,11 @@ func (c *AirPlayClient) FairPlaySetup(ctx context.Context) error {
 	dbg("[FP] wrapped fpAesKey: %02x", fpAesKey[:])
 	dbg("[FP] m3 first 32 bytes: %02x", c.fpM3[:min(32, len(c.fpM3))])
 
-	// Hash with pair-verify shared secret (ECDH X25519) if available.
-	// The receiver does: SHA-512(fairplay_decrypt(ekey) || ecdh_secret)[:16]
-	finalKey := c.fpAesKey
-	if c.PairKeys != nil && len(c.PairKeys.SharedSecret) > 0 {
-		h := sha512.New()
-		h.Write(c.fpAesKey)
-		h.Write(c.PairKeys.SharedSecret)
-		finalKey = h.Sum(nil)[:16]
-		dbg("[FP] hashed with SharedSecret (%d bytes)", len(c.PairKeys.SharedSecret))
+	finalKey := deriveStreamMasterKey(c.fpAesKey, sharedSecret(c.PairKeys), c.encrypted)
+	if c.encrypted && len(sharedSecret(c.PairKeys)) > 0 {
+		dbg("[FP] hashed with SharedSecret (%d bytes)", len(sharedSecret(c.PairKeys)))
 	} else {
-		dbg("[FP] using raw fpAesKey (no SharedSecret available)")
+		dbg("[FP] using raw fpAesKey (legacy receiver or no SharedSecret)")
 	}
 
 	c.fpKey = finalKey
@@ -154,3 +148,37 @@ func (c *AirPlayClient) deriveStreamKeys() error {
 
 	return nil
 }
+
+// sharedSecret returns the pair-verify X25519 secret, or nil.
+func sharedSecret(keys *PairKeys) []byte {
+	if keys == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return keys.SharedSecret
+}
+
+// deriveStreamMasterKey returns the key the receiver will decrypt the stream
+// with, given the raw FairPlay key that ekey wraps.
+//
+// A HAP-paired receiver mixes the pair-verify secret in:
+//
+//	SHA-512(fairplay_decrypt(ekey) || ecdh_secret)[:16]
+//
+// A legacy receiver does not. ekey wraps the raw key, and that is the only key
+// material a legacy receiver ever sees, so it decrypts with that key directly.
+//
+// hapEncrypted is the discriminator, not the presence of a secret: rawPairVerify
+// stores a shared secret even though it deliberately leaves the channel
+// unencrypted, so keying off the secret alone mixed it in on the legacy path
+// too. The sender then encrypted with SHA-512(key || secret) while the receiver
+// decrypted with the raw key -- RTSP setup succeeded and the picture stayed
+// black. See issue #17.
+func deriveStreamMasterKey(rawKey, secret []byte, hapEncrypted bool) []byte {
+	if !hapEncrypted || len(secret) == 0 {
+		return rawKey
+	}
+	h := sha512.New()
+	h.Write(rawKey)
+	h.Write(secret)
+	return h.Sum(nil)[:16]
+}
diff --git a/internal/airplay/fairplay_streamkey_helper_test.go b/internal/airplay/fairplay_streamkey_helper_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..317c0e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/airplay/fairplay_streamkey_helper_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+package airplay
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func readSource(t *testing.T, name string) []byte {
+	t.Helper()
+	b, err := os.ReadFile(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("read %s: %v", name, err)
+	}
+	return b
+}
diff --git a/internal/airplay/fairplay_streamkey_test.go b/internal/airplay/fairplay_streamkey_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d277125
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/airplay/fairplay_streamkey_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+package airplay
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto/sha512"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// The stream master key must be the raw FairPlay key on a legacy receiver and
+// the SHA-512 mixture on a HAP-paired one. The discriminator is whether the
+// channel is HAP-encrypted, not whether a shared secret happens to exist --
+// rawPairVerify stores one even though it leaves the channel unencrypted.
+func TestDeriveStreamMasterKey(t *testing.T) {
+	raw := bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xa5}, 16)
+	secret := bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x5a}, 32)
+
+	h := sha512.New()
+	h.Write(raw)
+	h.Write(secret)
+	mixed := h.Sum(nil)[:16]
+
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		name         string
+		secret       []byte
+		hapEncrypted bool
+		want         []byte
+	}{
+		// The case issue #17 was about: rawPairVerify leaves a shared secret
+		// behind, but the receiver only ever saw ekey, which wraps the raw key.
+		{"legacy pairing, secret present", secret, false, raw},
+		{"legacy pairing, no secret", nil, false, raw},
+		{"HAP pairing", secret, true, mixed},
+		{"HAP flagged but no secret", nil, true, raw},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := deriveStreamMasterKey(raw, tc.secret, tc.hapEncrypted)
+			if !bytes.Equal(got, tc.want) {
+				t.Fatalf("got %x, want %x", got, tc.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// The two branches must not coincide, or the test above proves nothing.
+func TestDeriveStreamMasterKeyBranchesDiffer(t *testing.T) {
+	raw := bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xa5}, 16)
+	secret := bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x5a}, 32)
+	if bytes.Equal(
+		deriveStreamMasterKey(raw, secret, false),
+		deriveStreamMasterKey(raw, secret, true),
+	) {
+		t.Fatal("legacy and HAP derivations produce the same key")
+	}
+}
+
+// rawPairVerify must keep leaving the channel unencrypted, since that flag is
+// what now selects the derivation. If it ever sets c.encrypted, legacy
+// receivers silently regress to the mixed key and the picture goes black again.
+func TestRawPairVerifyDoesNotEnableHAPEncryption(t *testing.T) {
+	if !bytes.Contains(readSource(t, "pairing.go"), []byte("c.PairKeys.SharedSecret = shared")) {
+		t.Skip("pairing.go no longer stores a shared secret in the expected form")
+	}
+	src := readSource(t, "pairing.go")
+	start := bytes.Index(src, []byte("func (c *AirPlayClient) rawPairVerify"))
+	if start < 0 {
+		t.Skip("rawPairVerify not found")
+	}
+	body := src[start:]
+	if end := bytes.Index(body, []byte("\nfunc ")); end > 0 {
+		body = body[:end]
+	}
+	if bytes.Contains(body, []byte("c.encrypted = true")) {
+		t.Error("rawPairVerify now enables HAP encryption; deriveStreamMasterKey " +
+			"would switch legacy receivers to the mixed key (see issue #17)")
+	}
+}