diff --git a/apps/postcards/src/features/backup/Backup.tsx b/apps/postcards/src/features/backup/Backup.tsx
index fa4ea30..1278fe6 100644
--- a/apps/postcards/src/features/backup/Backup.tsx
+++ b/apps/postcards/src/features/backup/Backup.tsx
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ export function Backup() {
       setMessage({ kind: "err", text: result.error });
       return;
     }
-    if (visits.length > 0 || trips.length > 0 || stories.length > 0) {
+    if (hasData) {
       const ok = window.confirm(
         t("backup.confirm.replace", {
           curPlaces: visits.length,
diff --git a/apps/postcards/src/features/guides/GuideButton.tsx b/apps/postcards/src/features/guides/GuideButton.tsx
index 149709d..889cc7b 100644
--- a/apps/postcards/src/features/guides/GuideButton.tsx
+++ b/apps/postcards/src/features/guides/GuideButton.tsx
@@ -24,6 +24,9 @@ const KIND_GROUP: Record<string, "explore" | "understand" | "phrasebook"> = {
 };
 const GROUP_ORDER = ["explore", "understand", "phrasebook"] as const;
 
+/** Whether the device is offline right now (guides are online-only, opt-in). */
+const isOffline = () => typeof navigator !== "undefined" && !navigator.onLine;
+
 /** Resolve the names a place's guides are built from (common country name —
  *  the real Wikivoyage article title, e.g. "Russia", not "Russian Federation"). */
 function guideNames(place: PlaceRef) {
@@ -203,7 +206,7 @@ function GuideContent({ placeName, names }: { placeName: string; names: GuideNam
   const tried = useRef(false);
   useEffect(() => {
     if (tried.current || summary || wpSummary || !autoLoad) return;
-    if (typeof navigator !== "undefined" && !navigator.onLine) return;
+    if (isOffline()) return;
     tried.current = true;
     void loadOverview();
     // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
@@ -271,7 +274,7 @@ function GuideContent({ placeName, names }: { placeName: string; names: GuideNam
           )}
         {!overview && state === "empty" && (
           <p className="muted small">
-            {typeof navigator !== "undefined" && !navigator.onLine
+            {isOffline()
               ? t("guide.emptyOffline")
               : t("guide.emptyOnline")}{" "}
             <button type="button" className="mini-btn" onClick={loadOverview}>
@@ -321,7 +324,7 @@ function GuideContent({ placeName, names }: { placeName: string; names: GuideNam
         )}
         {fullState === "empty" && (
           <p className="muted small">
-            {typeof navigator !== "undefined" && !navigator.onLine
+            {isOffline()
               ? t("guide.fullOffline")
               : t("guide.fullEmpty")}{" "}
             <button type="button" className="mini-btn" onClick={() => void loadFullGuide()}>
diff --git a/apps/postcards/src/features/map/MapScreen.tsx b/apps/postcards/src/features/map/MapScreen.tsx
index a11b57b..fea9c6b 100644
--- a/apps/postcards/src/features/map/MapScreen.tsx
+++ b/apps/postcards/src/features/map/MapScreen.tsx
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ import { MapView, hasSavedCamera, type Basemap, type MapFocus, type MapFit } fro
 import { tripArcs } from "./visitedLayers";
 import { fitBounds } from "./mapFit";
 import { dateBuckets, mapDateMatches, rangeExactYear, type MapDate } from "../travel/period";
-import { citiesInView, type Bounds } from "./viewport";
+import { citiesInView, IN_VIEW_CAP, type Bounds } from "./viewport";
 import { bundledMapSource } from "../../lib/map-source/bundledMapSource";
 import type { City } from "../../lib/reference/types";
 import type { PlaceRef } from "../../lib/schema/models";
@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ import { useT, type MessageKey } from "../../lib/i18n";
 // most relevant cities) — reactions to a toggle stay instant even at world
 // zoom instead of recounting 135k rows.
 const PAGE = 30;
-const IN_VIEW_CAP = 2000;
 const POI_LIST_CAP = 50;
 const collator = new Intl.Collator(); // hoisted: per-pair localeCompare over 135k rows janks pans
 const BASEMAP_KEY = "postcards-basemap";
diff --git a/apps/postcards/src/features/map/MapView.tsx b/apps/postcards/src/features/map/MapView.tsx
index f56ee6b..1dbcef2 100644
--- a/apps/postcards/src/features/map/MapView.tsx
+++ b/apps/postcards/src/features/map/MapView.tsx
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ export interface MapFit {
 }
 
 export type Basemap = "simple" | "osm" | "detail";
-export type MapMode = "all" | "cities" | "monuments" | "airports";
+type MapMode = "all" | "cities" | "monuments" | "airports";
 
 const MODE_LAYERS: Record<Exclude<MapMode, "all">, string[]> = {
   cities: ["cities-visited", "cities-inview", "cities-all", "cities-wishlist"],
@@ -1237,9 +1237,7 @@ export function MapView({
   }
 
   function applyTripArcs(map: MlMap) {
-    (map.getSource("trip-arcs") as GeoJSONSource | undefined)?.setData(
-      tripArcsRef.current ?? { type: "FeatureCollection", features: [] },
-    );
+    (map.getSource("trip-arcs") as GeoJSONSource | undefined)?.setData(tripArcsRef.current ?? EMPTY_FC);
   }
 
   function applyTheme(map: MlMap, isDark: boolean) {
diff --git a/apps/postcards/src/features/map/viewport.ts b/apps/postcards/src/features/map/viewport.ts
index e2d13e6..efc65fb 100644
--- a/apps/postcards/src/features/map/viewport.ts
+++ b/apps/postcards/src/features/map/viewport.ts
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ export function citiesInView(
 
 /** The personal statuses the map shows (multi-select; empty = show all). Kept as
  *  a bare string list so viewport.ts stays free of store imports. */
-export type CityStatus = "visited" | "wishlist" | "unvisited";
+type CityStatus = "visited" | "wishlist" | "unvisited";
 
 /** Working set considered "in view" before the on-map marker cap — the same
  *  size the MapScreen list snapshots, so the map dots and the list stay in
diff --git a/apps/postcards/src/features/passport/poster.ts b/apps/postcards/src/features/passport/poster.ts
index 47b188e..92256f0 100644
--- a/apps/postcards/src/features/passport/poster.ts
+++ b/apps/postcards/src/features/passport/poster.ts
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ function flagAnchor(geom: Polygon | MultiPolygon): [number, number] {
   return project(best!);
 }
 
-export interface PosterStats {
+interface PosterStats {
   countries: number;
   cities: number;
 }
diff --git a/apps/postcards/src/features/settings/SyncSection.tsx b/apps/postcards/src/features/settings/SyncSection.tsx
index 665e837..cb3cc49 100644
--- a/apps/postcards/src/features/settings/SyncSection.tsx
+++ b/apps/postcards/src/features/settings/SyncSection.tsx
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ export function SyncSection() {
   }
 
   async function onDownloadData() {
-    const [{ serializeFile }] = await Promise.all([import("../backup/exportJson")]);
+    const { serializeFile } = await import("../backup/exportJson");
     const text = serializeFile(
       useVisits.getState().visits,
       useTrips.getState().trips,
diff --git a/apps/postcards/src/features/stats/StatStrip.tsx b/apps/postcards/src/features/stats/StatStrip.tsx
index e3e84d6..30ad4e1 100644
--- a/apps/postcards/src/features/stats/StatStrip.tsx
+++ b/apps/postcards/src/features/stats/StatStrip.tsx
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import { useUi, type PlacesView } from "../../lib/store/useUi";
 import { useFilters } from "../../lib/store/useFilters";
 import { getReferenceData } from "../../lib/reference/referenceData";
 import { computeCoverage } from "./computeStats";
-import { formatInt, formatPercent } from "../../lib/format/format";
+import { formatInt, formatPercent, formatPercentFloor } from "../../lib/format/format";
 import { useT } from "../../lib/i18n";
 
 /** Compact counter strip. Every counter is a shortcut: tap it to open the
@@ -46,12 +46,7 @@ export function StatStrip() {
   }) {
     // A tiny-but-nonzero coverage rounds to "0%", which reads as "none visited"
     // even after you've been somewhere. Floor it to "<1%" (same as the hero).
-    const pctLabel =
-      pct != null && pct > 0 && formatPercent(pct) === formatPercent(0)
-        ? "<1%"
-        : pct != null
-          ? formatPercent(pct)
-          : null;
+    const pctLabel = pct != null ? formatPercentFloor(pct) : null;
     const aria =
       pct != null
         ? t("statStrip.visitedAria", {
diff --git a/apps/postcards/src/features/stats/StatsView.tsx b/apps/postcards/src/features/stats/StatsView.tsx
index 8c6c636..8806848 100644
--- a/apps/postcards/src/features/stats/StatsView.tsx
+++ b/apps/postcards/src/features/stats/StatsView.tsx
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ import { travelTotals } from "../travel/distance";
 import { MODE_GLYPH } from "../travel/modes";
 import { useUi, type PlacesView } from "../../lib/store/useUi";
 import { useFilters } from "../../lib/store/useFilters";
-import { countryFlag, formatDate, formatInt, formatKm, formatPercent } from "../../lib/format/format";
+import { countryFlag, formatDate, formatInt, formatKm, formatPercent, formatPercentFloor } from "../../lib/format/format";
 import { CONTINENT_COLORS, CONTINENT_ORDER } from "../../lib/reference/continents";
 import { ScopeToggle } from "../../ui/ScopeToggle";
 import { useT, type MessageKey } from "../../lib/i18n";
@@ -148,18 +148,12 @@ function CountryRow({
     useFilters.getState().set({ country: c.iso2, minPop, listOnly: false });
     useUi.getState().openPlaces(view);
   };
-  // Cities coverage is a sliver of a huge denominator, so it often rounds to 0 —
-  // floor a real, non-zero share to "<1%" so it never reads as "nothing seen".
-  const pctText = (p: number) => {
-    const s = formatPercent(p);
-    return p > 0 && s === formatPercent(0) ? "<1%" : s;
-  };
 
   // Slim summary meter: a tiny label + percentage + bar.
   const meter = (labelKey: MessageKey, ariaKey: MessageKey, pctVal: number, color?: string) => (
     <div className="cmeter">
       <span className="cmeter-cap">
-        {t(labelKey)} <b>{pctText(pctVal)}</b>
+        {t(labelKey)} <b>{formatPercentFloor(pctVal)}</b>
       </span>
       <Bar value={pctVal} label={t(ariaKey, { name: c.name })} color={color} />
     </div>
@@ -180,7 +174,7 @@ function CountryRow({
       <>
         <div className="metric-label">
           <span>{t(labelKey)}</span>
-          <span className="muted">{t(detailKey, { pct: pctText(pctVal), visited, total })}</span>
+          <span className="muted">{t(detailKey, { pct: formatPercentFloor(pctVal), visited, total })}</span>
         </div>
         <Bar value={pctVal} label={t(ariaKey, { name: c.name })} color={color} />
       </>
@@ -403,17 +397,11 @@ export function StatsView() {
   );
   /* eslint-enable react-hooks/exhaustive-deps */
 
-  // World-coverage %, with a floor so a real visit that rounds to 0 still reads
-  // as progress rather than a discouraging "0%".
-  const worldPctText = formatPercent(coverage.worldPct);
-  const worldPctLabel =
-    coverage.worldPct > 0 && worldPctText === formatPercent(0) ? "<1%" : worldPctText;
-  // City coverage is a sliver of a huge denominator (every 15k+ town on Earth),
-  // so a real visit almost always rounds to 0% — floor it to "<1%" so progress
-  // never reads as nothing.
-  const cityPctText = formatPercent(coverage.cityPct);
-  const cityPctLabel =
-    coverage.cityPct > 0 && cityPctText === formatPercent(0) ? "<1%" : cityPctText;
+  // Coverage %s, floored so a real visit that rounds to 0 still reads as progress
+  // ("<1%") rather than a discouraging "0%" (city coverage sits over a huge
+  // denominator — every 15k+ town on Earth — so it almost always rounds to 0).
+  const worldPctLabel = formatPercentFloor(coverage.worldPct);
+  const cityPctLabel = formatPercentFloor(coverage.cityPct);
 
   // Continent constellation: a dot per continent, lit when it's been touched.
   // Antarctica only earns a dot once visited (nobody's "missing" Antarctica).
diff --git a/apps/postcards/src/features/travel/TripComposer.tsx b/apps/postcards/src/features/travel/TripComposer.tsx
index d6345e6..38f580c 100644
--- a/apps/postcards/src/features/travel/TripComposer.tsx
+++ b/apps/postcards/src/features/travel/TripComposer.tsx
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ import { MyPlacesPicker } from "./MyPlacesPicker";
 import { myPlaces } from "./myPlaces";
 import { addStop, moveStop, removeStop } from "./tripStops";
 import { tripPathKm } from "./distance";
+import { MODE_ORDER } from "./modes";
 import { parseTripDate } from "./tripDate";
 
-const MODES: TravelMode[] = ["flight", "train", "bus", "ferry", "car", "other"];
 const MONTHS = ["01", "02", "03", "04", "05", "06", "07", "08", "09", "10", "11", "12"];
 
 /**
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ export function TripComposer({ tripId, onClose }: { tripId: string | null; onClo
       <label className="field">
         <span className="field-label">{t("trip.compose.modeLabel")}</span>
         <select className="select" value={mode} onChange={(e) => setMode(e.target.value as TravelMode)}>
-          {MODES.map((m) => (
+          {MODE_ORDER.map((m) => (
             <option key={m} value={m}>
               {t(`travel.mode.${m}` as const)}
             </option>
diff --git a/apps/postcards/src/lib/format/format.ts b/apps/postcards/src/lib/format/format.ts
index 4718d9a..b2cbe02 100644
--- a/apps/postcards/src/lib/format/format.ts
+++ b/apps/postcards/src/lib/format/format.ts
@@ -45,6 +45,13 @@ export function formatPercent(value: number, locale = activeLocale, digits = 0):
   }).format(value);
 }
 
+/** Like formatPercent, but a real but tiny share (rounds to 0%) floors to "<1%" so
+ *  progress never reads as "nothing" (coverage %s over huge denominators). */
+export function formatPercentFloor(value: number, locale = activeLocale): string {
+  const s = formatPercent(value, locale);
+  return value > 0 && s === formatPercent(0, locale) ? "<1%" : s;
+}
+
 /** ISO YYYY-MM-DD -> localized date; passthrough if unparseable. */
 export function formatDate(iso: string | null, locale = activeLocale): string {
   if (!iso) return "";
diff --git a/apps/postcards/src/lib/image/photoBlobs.ts b/apps/postcards/src/lib/image/photoBlobs.ts
index 019f825..f09eca4 100644
--- a/apps/postcards/src/lib/image/photoBlobs.ts
+++ b/apps/postcards/src/lib/image/photoBlobs.ts
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ export interface PhotoBlobKV {
 }
 
 /** A photo as persisted on the visit record: the id of its blob + its caption. */
-export interface PhotoRef {
+interface PhotoRef {
   id: string;
   caption: string | null;
 }
diff --git a/apps/postcards/src/lib/schema/helpers.ts b/apps/postcards/src/lib/schema/helpers.ts
index f1cc253..2dc1554 100644
--- a/apps/postcards/src/lib/schema/helpers.ts
+++ b/apps/postcards/src/lib/schema/helpers.ts
@@ -87,3 +87,7 @@ export function normalizeVisitPhotos(v: Visit): Visit {
 export function backfillUpdatedAt<T extends { addedAt: string; updatedAt?: string }>(r: T): T {
   return r.updatedAt ? r : { ...r, updatedAt: r.addedAt };
 }
+
+/** Current instant as an ISO-8601 string — the `updatedAt`/tombstone timestamp every
+ *  store stamps on a write (one definition instead of a copy per store). */
+export const stampNow = (): string => new Date().toISOString();
diff --git a/apps/postcards/src/lib/store/useStories.ts b/apps/postcards/src/lib/store/useStories.ts
index e6fd11d..bf12e1a 100644
--- a/apps/postcards/src/lib/store/useStories.ts
+++ b/apps/postcards/src/lib/store/useStories.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { create } from "zustand";
-import { backfillUpdatedAt } from "../schema/helpers";
+import { backfillUpdatedAt, stampNow } from "../schema/helpers";
 import type { Photo, PlaceRef, Story } from "../schema/models";
 import * as db from "../db/storiesDb";
 import * as visitsDb from "../db/visitsDb";
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import { stampPlaceCoords } from "../reference/placeCoords";
 import { uuid } from "./uuid";
 
 /** Now, as the ISO stamp written to `updatedAt` on every mutating path (spec 013). */
-const stampNow = () => new Date().toISOString();
 
 /** Journal order: newest story date first (ties broken by newest addedAt). */
 export function sortStories(stories: Story[]): Story[] {
diff --git a/apps/postcards/src/lib/store/useTrips.ts b/apps/postcards/src/lib/store/useTrips.ts
index ea17ebc..2ac89a4 100644
--- a/apps/postcards/src/lib/store/useTrips.ts
+++ b/apps/postcards/src/lib/store/useTrips.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 import { create } from "zustand";
-import { backfillUpdatedAt } from "../schema/helpers";
+import { backfillUpdatedAt, stampNow } from "../schema/helpers";
 import type { PlaceRef, TravelMode, Trip } from "../schema/models";
 import * as db from "../db/tripsDb";
 import * as visitsDb from "../db/visitsDb";
 import { uuid } from "./uuid";
 
 /** Now, as the ISO stamp written to `updatedAt` on every mutating path (spec 013). */
-const stampNow = () => new Date().toISOString();
 
 interface TripsState {
   trips: Trip[];
diff --git a/apps/postcards/src/lib/store/useVisits.ts b/apps/postcards/src/lib/store/useVisits.ts
index 71bcc05..957cd69 100644
--- a/apps/postcards/src/lib/store/useVisits.ts
+++ b/apps/postcards/src/lib/store/useVisits.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { create } from "zustand";
-import { backfillUpdatedAt, MAX_PHOTOS_PER_VISIT, normalizeVisitPhotos, placeKey } from "../schema/helpers";
+import { backfillUpdatedAt, MAX_PHOTOS_PER_VISIT, normalizeVisitPhotos, placeKey, stampNow } from "../schema/helpers";
 import type { Photo, PlaceRef, Visit } from "../schema/models";
 import { sanitizeText } from "../schema/sanitize";
 import * as db from "../db/visitsDb";
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import { stampPlaceCoords } from "../reference/placeCoords";
 import { uuid } from "./uuid";
 
 /** Now, as the ISO stamp written to `updatedAt` on every mutating path (spec 013). */
-const stampNow = () => new Date().toISOString();
 
 /**
  * Pure dedupe/upsert: at most one visit per (kind, id) (FR-015).