README.md

java11-pecs-principle

Overview of PECS principle.

Reference: Effective Java: Joshua Bloch
Reference: https://howtodoinjava.com/java/generics/java-generics-what-is-pecs-producer-extends-consumer-super/

preface

Please refer my other github project: https://github.com/mtumilowicz/java11-covariance-contravariance-invariance

• Covariance: ? extends Integer

  List<Integer> ints = new LinkedList<>();
  List<? extends Number> nums = ints;
  

• Contravariance: ? super Integer

  List<Integer> ints = new LinkedList<>();
  List<? super Integer> nums = ints;
  

• Invariance: neither covariant nor contravariant

  Generics are invarant

• Remark:

  • covariance is read-only
  • contravariance is write-only
  • otherwise compile-time error

PECS stands for producer-extends, consumer-super:

• Use the <? extends T> wildcard if you need to retrieve object of type T from a collection.
• Use the <? super T> wildcard if you need to put objects of type T in a collection.

Properly used, wildcard types are nearly invisible to the users of a class (if the user of a class has to think about wildcard types, there is probably something wrong with its API.)

project description

We provide easy examples of PECS principle (and we show also examples of bad design - contradiction of PECS) in PECSTest:

• producer
  • constructor of a LinkedList is a good example of producer

    public LinkedList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
        this();
        addAll(c);
    }
    

  • if we use side function with bad design

    private static <T> LinkedList<T> fromList_badDesign(Collection<T> list) { // it should be Collection<? extends T>
        return new LinkedList<>(list);
    }
    

    then

    LinkedList<Animal> dogs = fromList_badDesign(new LinkedList<Dog>()); // compile time error
    

  • if we use side function with good design

    private static <T> LinkedList<T> fromList_goodDesign(Collection<? extends T> list) {
        return new LinkedList<>(list);
    }
    

    then

    LinkedList<Animal> dogs = fromList_badDesign(new LinkedList<Dog>()); // OK!
    

• consumer
  • addAll method of Collections is a good example of consumer

    boolean addAll(Collection<? super T> c, T... elements) {
        ...
    }
    

  • suppose we have collection of animals, we want to add a dog to it, but we don't want to add a dog to the cats of course.

    private static void addDog_goodDesign(Collection<? super Dog> c) {
        c.add(new Dog());
    }
    
    private static void addDog_badDesign(Collection<Dog> c) {
        c.add(new Dog());
    }
    
    private static void addDog_badDesign2(Collection<Animal> c) {
        c.add(new Dog());
    }
    

    then

    addDog_goodDesign(new LinkedList<Animal>());
    //        addDog_goodDesign(new LinkedList<Cat>()); // compile time error
    //        addDog_badDesign(new LinkedList<Animal>()); // compile time error
    //        addDog_badDesign2(new LinkedList<Dog>()); // compile time error
    

    note that collections are invariant so:

    addDog_badDesign2(new LinkedList<Dog>()); // compile time error