diff --git a/compose2pod/parsing.py b/compose2pod/parsing.py
index 179fe43..af8965b 100644
--- a/compose2pod/parsing.py
+++ b/compose2pod/parsing.py
@@ -161,13 +161,40 @@ def _classify_volume(volume: str) -> tuple[str, str | None]:
 # even when that letter is declared top-level, a declaration Docker ignores.
 # Two letters (`CC:\data:/var`) is an ordinary named-volume reference instead.
 #
-# podman refuses every mount either reading makes (measured, podman 4.9.3): a
-# colon inside a source has nowhere to go in a `-v` spec, which splits into at
-# most source:target:options (`invalid option type "/var"`), and a container
-# path that is not absolute is refused outright (`invalid container path`).
-# So the whole family is a rule-two refusal, and a one-character volume name
-# is reachable only through the long form, where Docker honours `source: v`.
+# A second colon flips Docker's reading (measured, v5.1.2): `C:\data:/var` and
+# `v:/data:ro` are binds whose source keeps the drive colon, while `C:\data`,
+# `v:/data` and `v:` are anonymous volumes whose target is the whole string.
+# Two letters (`CC:\data:/var`) is an ordinary named-volume reference instead.
+#
+# The two readings fail for different reasons, so they carry different messages
+# (docs/adr/0006-docker-rejection-parity.md). podman 4.9.3 refuses the
+# anonymous reading outright -- a container path that is not absolute is an
+# `invalid container path`, and no spelling names one. The bind reading it does
+# mount, via `--mount type=bind`; only the short `-v` spec cannot spell it,
+# since that splits into at most source:target:options. Both escape through the
+# long form, which emits `--mount` and where Docker honours `source: v`.
 _DRIVE_SHAPED_SOURCE = re.compile(r"^[a-zA-Z]:")
+_DRIVE_SHAPED_BIND_COLONS = 2
+
+
+def _reject_drive_shaped_volume(name: str, volume: str) -> None:
+    """Refuse a short-syntax entry whose leading single letter Docker reads as a drive marker."""
+    preamble = (
+        f"service {name!r}: volume {volume!r}: a leading single letter is a Windows drive marker "
+        "to Docker, not a volume name, so this entry is "
+    )
+    if volume.count(":") >= _DRIVE_SHAPED_BIND_COLONS:
+        msg = (
+            f"{preamble}a bind whose source keeps the colon, which the short form cannot emit "
+            "(use the long form, which mounts it with --mount)"
+        )
+        raise UnsupportedComposeError(msg)
+    msg = (
+        f"{preamble}an anonymous volume whose target is the whole string, and "
+        "podman refuses a container path that is not absolute "
+        "(name a one-character volume through the long form instead)"
+    )
+    raise UnsupportedComposeError(msg)
 
 
 _VOLUME_LONG_TYPES = ("bind", "volume", "tmpfs", "image")
@@ -207,12 +234,7 @@ def _validate_service_volumes(name: str, svc: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
             # Refused before classification, so a single leading letter is
             # never read as a one-character volume name the way Docker never
             # reads it either.
-            msg = (
-                f"service {name!r}: volume {volume!r}: a leading single letter is a Windows drive path "
-                "to Docker, not a volume name, and podman cannot express the mount it makes "
-                "(name a one-character volume through the long form instead)"
-            )
-            raise UnsupportedComposeError(msg)
+            _reject_drive_shaped_volume(name, volume)
         kind, _ = _classify_volume(volume)
         if kind == "anonymous" and not volume.startswith("/"):
             msg = f"service {name!r}: anonymous volume '{volume}' must be an absolute path"
diff --git a/docs/adr/0006-docker-rejection-parity.md b/docs/adr/0006-docker-rejection-parity.md
index dbbc24b..64a5e35 100644
--- a/docs/adr/0006-docker-rejection-parity.md
+++ b/docs/adr/0006-docker-rejection-parity.md
@@ -5,15 +5,28 @@ Two rules, one direction each. A document `docker compose config` rejects, compo
 rootless runners and accepting a file Docker refuses turns a hard error into a green CI run. A
 document Docker accepts, compose2pod accepts whenever podman can express it inside a pod. Where
 podman cannot, that is a legitimate refusal (`network_mode`; `sysctls: ["a"]` with no value;
-`volumes: ["a"]`, which podman rejects as a relative mount target; a short-form volume entry whose
-source is a single letter, which Docker reads as a Windows drive path (`C:\data:/var`, and `v:/data`
-too) and podman cannot mount either way, leaving the long form as the way to name a one-character
-volume), and where compose2pod merely
-does not parse a form yet, that is a tracked limitation, never a design position. Docker's
-verdict binds only on the document, not the host: `env_file` existence, `${VAR:?}`, and a
+`volumes: ["a"]`, which podman rejects as a relative mount target; a short-form volume entry Docker
+reads as an anonymous volume whose target is not absolute -- a leading single letter is a drive
+marker to Docker, never a volume name, so `C:\data`, `v:/data` and `v:` all ask for a container path
+podman refuses outright, leaving the long form as the way to name a one-character volume), and where
+compose2pod merely does not parse a form yet, that is a tracked limitation, never a design position.
+The two are held apart in the refusal messages as well as here: a drive-shaped entry Docker reads as
+a *bind* is refused for the short form's own limit, not for podman's, and says so.
+Docker's verdict binds only on the document, not the host: `env_file` existence, `${VAR:?}`, and a
 negative on a top-level numeric key are facts about the machine that runs the script and are
 deferred to it. `tests/conformance/` runs both oracles for real over a probe matrix generated
 from `SERVICE_KEYS | STRUCTURAL_KEYS | IGNORED_SERVICE_KEYS`, so a new key is probed the moment
-it is added. One residual is open by design: `depends_on` errors among services outside the
+it is added, and `tests/integration/refusals.py` measures the other side, pairing each volume-family
+refusal above with the `--mount` that expresses what Docker says the document means, so a claim that
+podman cannot express something cannot go stale unnoticed either. It carries both verdicts:
+`REFUSALS` for the mounts podman will not make, `LIMITATIONS` for the ones it would, which is what
+keeps a limitation from quietly reading as rule two. The rest of the refusals get rows, and a gate
+that every site has one, under [#109](https://github.com/modern-python/compose2pod/issues/109).
+Verdicts are per version: the rulings here are measured against `docker compose config` v5.1.2 and
+podman 4.9.3. Two residuals are open by design: `depends_on` errors among services outside the
 target's closure are accepted here and rejected by Docker
-([#87](https://github.com/modern-python/compose2pod/issues/87)).
+([#87](https://github.com/modern-python/compose2pod/issues/87)), and the drive-qualified *bind*
+(`C:\data:/var`) is a limitation rather than rule two, since podman mounts that source through
+`--mount` and only the short `-v` spec cannot spell it -- the long form already emits `--mount`, so
+the capability is reachable today and only the short spelling is missing
+([#111](https://github.com/modern-python/compose2pod/issues/111)).
diff --git a/tests/integration/conftest.py b/tests/integration/conftest.py
index dbec375..55dad79 100644
--- a/tests/integration/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/integration/conftest.py
@@ -23,6 +23,26 @@
 _SH = shutil.which("sh")
 _INTEGRATION_DIR = Path(__file__).parent
 
+# Every rule-two refusal probed this run, as `<row id>: exit=<code> <podman's message>`.
+# Stashed on `Config` (pytest's documented cross-hook slot) rather than a module global
+# so it is unambiguously one collector per pytest run, not one per import -- the same
+# reason tests/conformance/conftest.py stashes its over-rejection list.
+_PODMAN_VERDICTS: pytest.StashKey[list[str]] = pytest.StashKey()
+
+# A container that starts and exits immediately, so a probe's verdict is its mount's,
+# not its workload's.
+_PROBE_IMAGE = "busybox:1.36"
+
+
+def _podman_version() -> str:
+    if _PODMAN is None:
+        return "podman not installed"
+
+    proc = subprocess.run(  # noqa: S603 - _PODMAN is an absolute path from shutil.which
+        [_PODMAN, "--version"], capture_output=True, text=True, check=False
+    )
+    return proc.stdout.strip() or "podman version unknown"
+
 
 @pytest.hookimpl(tryfirst=True)
 def pytest_collection_modifyitems(items: "list[pytest.Item]") -> None:
@@ -32,6 +52,28 @@ def pytest_collection_modifyitems(items: "list[pytest.Item]") -> None:
             item.add_marker(pytest.mark.integration)
 
 
+def pytest_configure(config: pytest.Config) -> None:
+    """Create this run's podman-verdict collector before any probe executes."""
+    config.stash[_PODMAN_VERDICTS] = []
+
+
+def pytest_terminal_summary(terminalreporter: pytest.TerminalReporter) -> None:
+    """Print what podman actually said about every rule-two refusal probed this run.
+
+    The probes assert the exit code only: pinning podman's wording would make the
+    suite churn on a rewording of someone else's error string. Printing it is how
+    a drift in *why* podman refuses stays visible without CI going red on
+    cosmetics. Silent when nothing was collected, which is the normal case for
+    `just test-ci` (integration is deselected there, so no probe ever runs).
+    """
+    verdicts = terminalreporter.config.stash.get(_PODMAN_VERDICTS, [])
+    if not verdicts:
+        return
+    terminalreporter.section(f"rule two: podman's verdicts ({_podman_version()})")
+    for label in verdicts:
+        terminalreporter.write_line(label)
+
+
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class PodRun:
     """Result of running one generated script to completion."""
@@ -94,3 +136,26 @@ def _run(
     for pod in created:
         assert _PODMAN is not None  # narrows for the type checker; _require_podman already skipped otherwise
         subprocess.run([_PODMAN, "pod", "rm", "-f", pod], capture_output=True, check=False)  # noqa: S603
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def probe_podman(request: pytest.FixtureRequest) -> Callable[[str, list[str]], int]:
+    """Run `podman run --rm <argv> busybox true`; return its exit code, record its message.
+
+    The message goes to `pytest_terminal_summary`, never to an assertion.
+    """
+
+    def _probe(label: str, argv: list[str]) -> int:
+        assert _PODMAN is not None  # narrows for the type checker; _require_podman already skipped otherwise
+        proc = subprocess.run(  # noqa: S603 - _PODMAN is an absolute path from shutil.which
+            [_PODMAN, "run", "--rm", *argv, _PROBE_IMAGE, "true"],
+            capture_output=True,
+            text=True,
+            check=False,
+            timeout=180,
+        )
+        message = " ".join((proc.stderr or proc.stdout).split())
+        request.config.stash[_PODMAN_VERDICTS].append(f"{label}: exit={proc.returncode} {message}"[:300])
+        return proc.returncode
+
+    return _probe
diff --git a/tests/integration/refusals.py b/tests/integration/refusals.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc12960
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/integration/refusals.py
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+r"""Every documented refusal, paired with the podman invocation that would express it.
+
+ADR-0006 draws a line: compose2pod accepts whatever Docker accepts *whenever podman
+can express it*, and refuses where podman cannot. Nothing ran podman to check which
+side of that line a refusal sat on, which is how issue #86's unmeasured "podman can
+express it" became #104's shipped acceptance of a script that dies at `podman run`.
+These tables turn each claim back into a measurement, in both directions:
+
+- `REFUSALS` -- podman will not make this mount, so refusing is rule two.
+- `LIMITATIONS` -- podman *will* make it and we refuse anyway, so the refusal is the
+  short form's own limit. ADR-0006 calls that "a tracked limitation, never a design
+  position", and a row here is what keeps it tracked.
+
+`podman_argv` is the faithful spelling of what `docker compose config` says the
+document means -- a `type`/`source`/`target` triple, rendered as the `--mount` that
+maps onto it one-to-one. It is deliberately not whatever `emit._volume_flags` would
+produce: a short `-v` spec re-splits on colons and so can fail for its own grammar
+rather than for podman's inability to mount, which would make a row pass for the
+wrong reason and hide an emit bug behind a parity claim.
+
+Only the volume family is covered so far; the rest of the refusals ADR-0006 names
+are issue #109 phase 2, and the gate that every refusal site has a row is phase 3.
+"""
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Any
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Refusal:
+    """A refusal podman agrees with: it will not make the mount the document asks for."""
+
+    id: str
+    compose: dict[str, Any]
+    refusal_match: str
+    podman_argv: list[str]
+    control_argv: list[str]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Limitation:
+    """A refusal podman does not agree with: it makes the mount, and compose2pod cannot spell it.
+
+    `host_dir` is created under the test's `tmp_path` first, because a bind whose
+    source does not exist fails for that reason instead of the one being measured.
+    `{host}` in `podman_argv` is substituted with its absolute path.
+    """
+
+    id: str
+    compose: dict[str, Any]
+    refusal_match: str
+    host_dir: str
+    podman_argv: list[str]
+
+
+def _one_volume(entry: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    return {"services": {"app": {"image": "busybox:1.36", "volumes": [entry]}}}
+
+
+# An anonymous volume podman *can* mount, run through the same `--mount` grammar
+# every row below uses. A row going red because busybox is unpullable or because
+# `type=volume` with no source is spelled wrong would take this control with it,
+# so "podman refused the mount" is never confused with "nothing ran".
+_ANONYMOUS_CONTROL = ["--mount", "type=volume,dst=/data"]
+
+_NOT_ABSOLUTE = "podman refuses a container path that is not absolute"
+_SHORT_FORM_CANNOT_EMIT = "which the short form cannot emit"
+
+
+REFUSALS: list[Refusal] = [
+    Refusal(
+        id="anonymous-volume-relative-target",
+        compose=_one_volume("a"),
+        refusal_match="anonymous volume 'a' must be an absolute path",
+        podman_argv=["--mount", "type=volume,dst=a"],
+        control_argv=_ANONYMOUS_CONTROL,
+    ),
+    Refusal(
+        id="drive-shaped-source-no-target",
+        compose=_one_volume("C:\\data"),
+        refusal_match=_NOT_ABSOLUTE,
+        podman_argv=["--mount", "type=volume,dst=C:\\data"],
+        control_argv=_ANONYMOUS_CONTROL,
+    ),
+    Refusal(
+        id="single-letter-source-with-path",
+        compose=_one_volume("v:/data"),
+        refusal_match=_NOT_ABSOLUTE,
+        podman_argv=["--mount", "type=volume,dst=v:/data"],
+        control_argv=_ANONYMOUS_CONTROL,
+    ),
+    Refusal(
+        id="single-letter-source-empty-target",
+        compose=_one_volume("v:"),
+        refusal_match=_NOT_ABSOLUTE,
+        podman_argv=["--mount", "type=volume,dst=v:"],
+        control_argv=_ANONYMOUS_CONTROL,
+    ),
+]
+
+
+LIMITATIONS: list[Limitation] = [
+    Limitation(
+        id="drive-qualified-bind",
+        compose=_one_volume("C:\\data:/var"),
+        refusal_match=_SHORT_FORM_CANNOT_EMIT,
+        host_dir="C:\\data",
+        podman_argv=["--mount", "type=bind,src={host},dst=/var"],
+    ),
+    Limitation(
+        id="drive-relative-bind",
+        compose=_one_volume("C:data:/var"),
+        refusal_match=_SHORT_FORM_CANNOT_EMIT,
+        host_dir="C:data",
+        podman_argv=["--mount", "type=bind,src={host},dst=/var"],
+    ),
+]
diff --git a/tests/integration/test_podman_refusals.py b/tests/integration/test_podman_refusals.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d689f78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/integration/test_podman_refusals.py
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+"""Rule two, measured: which refusals podman agrees with, and which are only ours.
+
+ADR-0006 lets compose2pod refuse a document `docker compose config` accepts when
+podman cannot express it, and calls a refusal podman *would* honour a tracked
+limitation instead. That distinction is only as good as the measurement behind it,
+and until now there was none -- issue #86 asserted expressibility, #104 shipped it,
+and `podman run` exited 125.
+"""
+
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import pytest
+
+from compose2pod.exceptions import UnsupportedComposeError
+from compose2pod.parsing import validate
+from tests.integration.refusals import LIMITATIONS, REFUSALS, Limitation, Refusal
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("refusal", REFUSALS, ids=lambda refusal: refusal.id)
+def test_a_documented_refusal_names_a_mount_podman_will_not_make(
+    refusal: Refusal, probe_podman: Callable[[str, list[str]], int]
+) -> None:
+    with pytest.raises(UnsupportedComposeError, match=refusal.refusal_match):
+        validate(refusal.compose)
+
+    assert probe_podman(f"{refusal.id} [control]", refusal.control_argv) == 0, (
+        "the control mount failed, so this row proves nothing about podman's verdict"
+    )
+    assert probe_podman(refusal.id, refusal.podman_argv) != 0, (
+        "podman made the mount this document asks for, so refusing it is a limitation, not rule two"
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("limitation", LIMITATIONS, ids=lambda limitation: limitation.id)
+def test_a_tracked_limitation_names_a_mount_podman_would_have_made(
+    limitation: Limitation, probe_podman: Callable[[str, list[str]], int], tmp_path: Path
+) -> None:
+    with pytest.raises(UnsupportedComposeError, match=limitation.refusal_match):
+        validate(limitation.compose)
+
+    source = tmp_path / limitation.host_dir
+    source.mkdir(parents=True)
+    argv = [part.format(host=source) for part in limitation.podman_argv]
+
+    assert probe_podman(f"{limitation.id} [limitation]", argv) == 0, (
+        "podman refuses this mount too, so it is rule two and belongs in REFUSALS"
+    )
diff --git a/tests/test_parsing.py b/tests/test_parsing.py
index a45e002..4dfc332 100644
--- a/tests/test_parsing.py
+++ b/tests/test_parsing.py
@@ -1739,34 +1739,38 @@ def test_tilde_bind_mount_needs_no_declaration() -> None:
     validate(_doc(volumes=["~/data:/var"]))
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("entry", ["C:\\data", "v:/data", "a:/var", "v:"])
+def test_a_drive_shaped_entry_docker_reads_as_an_anonymous_volume_is_refused_for_its_target(entry: str) -> None:
+    # Measured against `docker compose config` v5.1.2: a leading single letter
+    # is a Windows drive marker whatever the letter is, so none of these names
+    # a volume -- even when the letter is declared top-level, a declaration
+    # Docker ignores. With one colon it is an anonymous volume whose target is
+    # the whole string, which podman refuses outright (`invalid container
+    # path`, measured 4.9.3).
+    with pytest.raises(UnsupportedComposeError, match="podman refuses a container path that is not absolute"):
+        validate(_doc(volumes=[entry]))
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "entry",
-    [
-        "C:\\data:/var",
-        "C:/data:/var",
-        "c:\\data:/var",
-        "C:\\data:/var:ro",
-        "C:\\data",
-        "C:data:/var",
-        "v:/data",
-        "a:/var",
-        "v:",
-    ],
+    ["C:\\data:/var", "C:/data:/var", "c:\\data:/var", "C:\\data:/var:ro", "C:data:/var", "v:/data:ro"],
 )
-def test_single_letter_volume_source_is_refused_with_the_podman_reason(entry: str) -> None:
-    # Measured against `docker compose config` v5.1.2: a leading single letter
-    # is a Windows drive marker whatever the letter is, so none of these names
-    # a volume. Docker reads a source keeping the drive colon
-    # (`C:\data:/var`, `v:/data:ro`), or an anonymous volume whose target is
-    # the whole string (`C:\data`, `v:/data`, `a:/var`, `v:`) -- even when the
-    # letter is declared top-level, which Docker ignores. podman 4.9.3 refuses
-    # every mount either reading makes: a colon inside a source has nowhere to
-    # go in a `-v` spec (`invalid option type "/var"`), and a container path
-    # that is not absolute is refused outright (`invalid container path`).
-    with pytest.raises(UnsupportedComposeError, match="Windows drive path"):
+def test_a_drive_shaped_entry_docker_reads_as_a_bind_is_refused_for_the_short_form_spelling(entry: str) -> None:
+    # A second colon flips Docker's reading to a bind whose source keeps the
+    # drive colon (measured, v5.1.2). podman does mount that source -- 4.9.3
+    # takes `--mount type=bind,src=C:\data,dst=/var` -- so the refusal is the
+    # short form's own limit, not rule two, and the message must say so.
+    with pytest.raises(UnsupportedComposeError, match="which the short form cannot emit"):
         validate(_doc(volumes=[entry]))
 
 
+def test_a_bind_source_keeping_a_colon_can_still_be_mounted_through_the_long_form() -> None:
+    # The escape hatch the short-form refusal points at: the long form emits
+    # `--mount`, whose source is a single field, so the colon has somewhere to
+    # go. podman 4.9.3 mounts it (exit 0, measured in the integration job).
+    validate(_doc(volumes=[{"type": "bind", "source": "C:\\data", "target": "/var"}]))
+
+
 def test_a_one_character_volume_can_still_be_named_in_the_long_form() -> None:
     # The refusal is a short-syntax artifact, so the long form keeps the
     # capability: Docker honours `source: v` there (measured, v5.1.2 -- the