diff --git a/.chronus/changes/protobuf-optional-2026-4-5-12-8-31.md b/.chronus/changes/protobuf-optional-2026-4-5-12-8-31.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..55d9222c337
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.chronus/changes/protobuf-optional-2026-4-5-12-8-31.md
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+---
+changeKind: feature
+packages:
+  - "@typespec/protobuf"
+---
+
+Map TypeSpec optionality (`?`) to protobuf `optional` where appropriate.
+
+- `optional` is applied to fields with protobuf scalar types to set explicit presence.
+- `optional` is _not_ applied to fields with message types, because they _always_ have explicit presence.
+- Attempting to convert a TypeSpec optional property where the type is an array or `Protobuf.Map` instance produces a warning, because protobuf cannot differentiate between "empty" and "unset" `repeated`/`map`-typed fields.
diff --git a/packages/protobuf/src/ast.ts b/packages/protobuf/src/ast.ts
index 068a62de8e8..c397a7d2c0e 100644
--- a/packages/protobuf/src/ast.ts
+++ b/packages/protobuf/src/ast.ts
@@ -262,6 +262,10 @@ export interface ProtoFieldDeclaration extends ProtoDeclarationCommon {
    * Whether or not the field is repeated (i.e. an array).
    */
   repeated?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * Whether or not the field uses the proto3 `optional` label.
+   */
+  optional?: boolean;
   options?: Partial<DefaultFieldOptions>;
   type: ProtoType;
   index: number;
diff --git a/packages/protobuf/src/lib.ts b/packages/protobuf/src/lib.ts
index 611140ab6aa..e46c8d8c4e0 100644
--- a/packages/protobuf/src/lib.ts
+++ b/packages/protobuf/src/lib.ts
@@ -112,6 +112,20 @@ export const TypeSpecProtobufLibrary = createTypeSpecLibrary({
         union: "a message field's type may not be a union",
       },
     },
+    "optional-array-field": {
+      severity: "warning",
+      messages: {
+        default:
+          "optional array fields cannot preserve unset versus empty in protobuf; emitting a repeated field without the 'optional' label",
+      },
+    },
+    "optional-map-field": {
+      severity: "warning",
+      messages: {
+        default:
+          "optional map fields cannot preserve unset versus empty in protobuf; emitting a map field without the 'optional' label",
+      },
+    },
     "namespace-collision": {
       severity: "error",
       messages: {
diff --git a/packages/protobuf/src/transform/index.ts b/packages/protobuf/src/transform/index.ts
index 9c8402f0383..50522ba4d57 100644
--- a/packages/protobuf/src/transform/index.ts
+++ b/packages/protobuf/src/transform/index.ts
@@ -832,10 +832,47 @@ function tspToProto(program: Program, emitterOptions: ProtobufEmitterOptions): P
 
     // Determine if the property type is an array
     if (isArray(property.type)) field.repeated = true;
+    field.optional = shouldEmitOptionalLabel(property);
 
     return field;
   }
 
+  function shouldEmitOptionalLabel(property: ModelProperty): boolean {
+    if (!property.optional) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    if (isArray(property.type)) {
+      reportDiagnostic.once(program, {
+        code: "optional-array-field",
+        format: {},
+        target: property,
+      });
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    if (isMap(program, property.type)) {
+      reportDiagnostic.once(program, {
+        code: "optional-map-field",
+        format: {},
+        target: property,
+      });
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    switch (property.type.kind) {
+      case "Scalar":
+      case "Enum":
+        return true;
+      case "Intrinsic":
+      case "Model":
+      case "Union":
+        return false;
+      default:
+        return false;
+    }
+  }
+
   /**
    * @param e - the Enum to convert
    * @returns a corresponding protobuf enum declaration
diff --git a/packages/protobuf/src/write.ts b/packages/protobuf/src/write.ts
index 3e58853d057..c08dc69ba82 100644
--- a/packages/protobuf/src/write.ts
+++ b/packages/protobuf/src/write.ts
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ function writeVariant(decl: ProtoEnumVariantDeclaration, indentLevel: number): I
 }
 
 function writeField(decl: ProtoFieldDeclaration, indentLevel: number): Iterable<string> {
-  const prefix = decl.repeated ? "repeated " : "";
+  const prefix = decl.repeated ? "repeated " : decl.optional ? "optional " : "";
   const output = prefix + `${writeType(decl.type)} ${decl.name} = ${decl.index};`;
 
   return writeDocumentationCommentFlexible(decl, output, indentLevel);
diff --git a/packages/protobuf/test/scenarios/optional-lossy/diagnostics.txt b/packages/protobuf/test/scenarios/optional-lossy/diagnostics.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ffe6f894d71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/protobuf/test/scenarios/optional-lossy/diagnostics.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+/test/main.tsp:18:13 - warning @typespec/protobuf/optional-array-field: optional array fields cannot preserve unset versus empty in protobuf; emitting a repeated field without the 'optional' label
+/test/main.tsp:19:13 - warning @typespec/protobuf/optional-map-field: optional map fields cannot preserve unset versus empty in protobuf; emitting a map field without the 'optional' label
diff --git a/packages/protobuf/test/scenarios/optional-lossy/input/main.tsp b/packages/protobuf/test/scenarios/optional-lossy/input/main.tsp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8a2bb34ca75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/protobuf/test/scenarios/optional-lossy/input/main.tsp
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import "@typespec/protobuf";
+
+using Protobuf;
+
+@package
+namespace Test;
+
+@Protobuf.service
+interface Service {
+  foo(...Input): Output;
+}
+
+model Input {
+  @field(1) id: string;
+}
+
+model Output {
+  @field(1) tags?: string[];
+  @field(2) counters?: Map<sfixed32, string>;
+}
diff --git a/packages/protobuf/test/scenarios/optional-lossy/output/@typespec/protobuf/main.proto b/packages/protobuf/test/scenarios/optional-lossy/output/@typespec/protobuf/main.proto
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b1ca54f0ad1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/protobuf/test/scenarios/optional-lossy/output/@typespec/protobuf/main.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// Generated by Microsoft TypeSpec
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+message Input {
+  string id = 1;
+}
+
+message Output {
+  repeated string tags = 1;
+  map<sfixed32, string> counters = 2;
+}
+
+service Service {
+  rpc Foo(Input) returns (Output);
+}
diff --git a/packages/protobuf/test/scenarios/optional/input/main.tsp b/packages/protobuf/test/scenarios/optional/input/main.tsp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a78e33d04ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/protobuf/test/scenarios/optional/input/main.tsp
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import "@typespec/protobuf";
+
+using Protobuf;
+
+@package
+namespace Test;
+
+@Protobuf.service
+interface Service {
+  foo(...Input): Output;
+}
+
+enum Status {
+  Unknown: 0,
+  Ready: 1,
+}
+
+model Input {
+  @field(1) id: string;
+}
+
+model Details {
+  @field(1) note: string;
+}
+
+model Output {
+  @field(1) count?: int32;
+  @field(2) name?: string;
+  @field(3) status?: Status;
+  @field(4) details?: Details;
+}
diff --git a/packages/protobuf/test/scenarios/optional/output/@typespec/protobuf/main.proto b/packages/protobuf/test/scenarios/optional/output/@typespec/protobuf/main.proto
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..566b5b8227e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/protobuf/test/scenarios/optional/output/@typespec/protobuf/main.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+// Generated by Microsoft TypeSpec
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+message Input {
+  string id = 1;
+}
+
+enum Status {
+  Unknown = 0;
+  Ready = 1;
+}
+
+message Details {
+  string note = 1;
+}
+
+message Output {
+  optional int32 count = 1;
+  optional string name = 2;
+  optional Status status = 3;
+  Details details = 4;
+}
+
+service Service {
+  rpc Foo(Input) returns (Output);
+}
diff --git a/website/src/content/docs/docs/emitters/protobuf/guide.md b/website/src/content/docs/docs/emitters/protobuf/guide.md
index 7619db4efc1..987742f224f 100644
--- a/website/src/content/docs/docs/emitters/protobuf/guide.md
+++ b/website/src/content/docs/docs/emitters/protobuf/guide.md
@@ -82,6 +82,31 @@ message TestMessage {
 }
 ```
 
+#### Optional fields
+
+When a TypeSpec property is defined as optional (`?`) inside of a model that defines a `message`, the protobuf emitter writes the proto3 `optional` label for singular scalar and enum fields.
+
+```typespec
+model Example {
+  @field(1)
+  count?: int32;
+
+  @field(2)
+  name?: string;
+}
+```
+
+```protobuf
+message Example {
+  optional int32 count = 1;
+  optional string name = 2;
+}
+```
+
+Optional message fields (TypeSpec optional properties where the type is a model) are emitted without the `optional` label because message-typed fields always have explicit presence discipline in proto3 (in other words, _all message-typed fields are effectively optional in the Protocol Buffers layer_). Validating optionality constraints on message-typed fields requires checking the presence of the field in the application that uses the protobuf implementation.
+
+Optional `repeated` and `map` fields are emitted without `optional` and produce a warning; protobuf cannot distinguish between _unset_ and _empty_ for those shapes because they are represented by "repeating" a field index within the protobuf message payload (if the field isn't set in the message, that means "_empty_" and there is no alternative to represent "_this field is not set_").
+
 ### Services
 
 TypeSpec defines a "service" using the [`TypeSpec.service` decorator][native-service], but the Protobuf "service" concept is different and is denoted by the [`TypeSpec.Protobuf.service` decorator][protobuf-service].