diff --git a/.github/workflows/golangci-lint.yml b/.github/workflows/golangci-lint.yml
index 294eda2..b2c39fd 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/golangci-lint.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/golangci-lint.yml
@@ -22,6 +22,6 @@ jobs:
         with:
           go-version: ${{ matrix.go }}
       - name: golangci-lint
-        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v7
+        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v6
         with:
-          version: v1.60.3
+          version: v1.64.8
diff --git a/.golangci.yml b/.golangci.yml
index 55bafb2..5b79723 100644
--- a/.golangci.yml
+++ b/.golangci.yml
@@ -1,52 +1,4 @@
-# This file contains all available configuration options
-# with their default values (in comments).
-
-# Options for analysis running.
 run:
-  # The default concurrency value is the number of available CPU.
-  # concurrency: 4
-
-  # Timeout for analysis, e.g. 30s, 5m.
-  # Default: 1m
-  # timeout: 5m
-
-  # Exit code when at least one issue was found.
-  # Default: 1
-  # issues-exit-code: 2
-
-  # Include test files or not.
-  # Default: true
-  # tests: false
-
-  # List of build tags, all linters use it.
-  # Default: [].
-  # build-tags:
-  #   - mytag
-
-  # Which dirs to skip: issues from them won't be reported.
-  # Can use regexp here: `generated.*`, regexp is applied on full path.
-  # Default value is empty list,
-  # but default dirs are skipped independently of this option's value (see skip-dirs-use-default).
-  # "/" will be replaced by current OS file path separator to properly work on Windows.
-  # skip-dirs:
-  #   - src/external_libs
-  #   - autogenerated_by_my_lib
-
-  # Enables skipping of directories:
-  # - vendor$, third_party$, testdata$, examples$, Godeps$, builtin$
-  # Default: true
-  # skip-dirs-use-default: false
-
-  # Which files to skip: they will be analyzed, but issues from them won't be reported.
-  # Default value is empty list,
-  # but there is no need to include all autogenerated files,
-  # we confidently recognize autogenerated files.
-  # If it's not please let us know.
-  # "/" will be replaced by current OS file path separator to properly work on Windows.
-  # skip-files:
-  #   - ".*\\.my\\.go$"
-  #   - lib/bad.go
-
   # If set we pass it to "go list -mod={option}". From "go help modules":
   # If invoked with -mod=readonly, the go command is disallowed from the implicit
   # automatic updating of go.mod described above. Instead, it fails when any changes
@@ -60,132 +12,7 @@ run:
   # By default, it isn't set.
   modules-download-mode: readonly
 
-  # Allow multiple parallel golangci-lint instances running.
-  # If false (default) - golangci-lint acquires file lock on start.
-  # allow-parallel-runners: false
-
-# output configuration options
-output:
-  # Format: colored-line-number|line-number|json|tab|checkstyle|code-climate|junit-xml|github-actions
-  #
-  # Multiple can be specified by separating them by comma, output can be provided
-  # for each of them by separating format name and path by colon symbol.
-  # Output path can be either `stdout`, `stderr` or path to the file to write to.
-  # Example: "checkstyle:report.json,colored-line-number"
-  #
-  # Default: colored-line-number
-  # format: github-actions,colored-line-number
-
-  # Print lines of code with issue.
-  # Default: true
-  # print-issued-lines: false
-
-  # Print linter name in the end of issue text.
-  # Default: true
-  # print-linter-name: false
-
-  # Make issues output unique by line.
-  # Default: true
-  # uniq-by-line: false
-
-  # Add a prefix to the output file references.
-  # Default is no prefix.
-  # path-prefix: ""
-
-  # Sort results by: filepath, line and column.
-  # sort-results: false
-
-
-# All available settings of specific linters.
 linters-settings:
-  bidichk:
-    # The following configurations check for all mentioned invisible unicode runes.
-    # All runes are enabled by default.
-    # left-to-right-embedding: false
-    # right-to-left-embedding: false
-    # pop-directional-formatting: false
-    # left-to-right-override: false
-    # right-to-left-override: false
-    # left-to-right-isolate: false
-    # right-to-left-isolate: false
-    # first-strong-isolate: false
-    # pop-directional-isolate: false
-
-  # cyclop:
-    # The maximal code complexity to report.
-    # max-complexity: 10
-    # The maximal average package complexity.
-    # If it's higher than 0.0 (float) the check is enabled
-    # Default: 0.0
-    # package-average: 0.5
-    # Should ignore tests.
-    # Default: false
-    # skip-tests: true
-
-  # decorder:
-    # Required order of `type`, `const`, `var` and `func` declarations inside a file.
-    # Default: types before constants before variables before functions.
-    # dec-order:
-      # - type
-      # - const
-      # - var
-      # - func
-
-    # If true, order of declarations is not checked at all.
-    # Default: true (disabled)
-    # disable-dec-order-check: false
-
-    # If true, `init` func can be anywhere in file (does not have to be declared before all other functions).
-    # Default: true (disabled)
-    # disable-init-func-first-check: false
-
-    # If true, multiple global `type`, `const` and `var` declarations are allowed.
-    # Default: true (disabled)
-    # disable-dec-num-check: false
-
-  # depguard:
-    # Kind of list is passed in.
-    # Allowed values: allowlist|denylist
-    # Default: denylist
-    # list-type: allowlist
-
-    # Check the list against standard lib.
-    # Default: false
-    # include-go-root: true
-
-    # A list of packages for the list type specified.
-    # Default: []
-    # packages:
-      # - github.com/sirupsen/logrus
-
-    # A list of packages for the list type specified.
-    # Specify an error message to output when a denied package is used.
-    # Default: []
-    # packages-with-error-message:
-      # - github.com/sirupsen/logrus: 'logging is allowed only by logutils.Log'
-
-    # Create additional guards that follow the same configuration pattern.
-    # Results from all guards are aggregated together.
-    # additional-guards:
-      # - list-type: denylist
-        # include-go-root: false
-        # packages:
-          # - github.com/stretchr/testify
-        # Specify rules by which the linter ignores certain files for consideration.
-        # ignore-file-rules:
-          # - "**/*_test.go"
-          # - "**/mock/**/*.go"
-
-  dogsled:
-    # Checks assignments with too many blank identifiers.
-    # Default: 2
-    # max-blank-identifiers: 3
-
-  # dupl:
-    # Tokens count to trigger issue.
-    # Default: 150
-    # threshold: 100
-
   errcheck:
     # Report about not checking of errors in type assertions: `a := b.(MyStruct)`.
     # Such cases aren't reported by default.
@@ -197,23 +24,6 @@ linters-settings:
     # Default: false
     check-blank: true
 
-    # DEPRECATED comma-separated list of pairs of the form pkg:regex
-    #
-    # the regex is used to ignore names within pkg. (default "fmt:.*").
-    # see https://github.com/kisielk/errcheck#the-deprecated-method for details
-    # ignore: fmt:.*,io/ioutil:^Read.*
-
-    # To disable the errcheck built-in exclude list.
-    # See `-excludeonly` option in https://github.com/kisielk/errcheck#excluding-functions for details.
-    # Default: false
-    # disable-default-exclusions: true
-
-    # DEPRECATED use exclude-functions instead.
-    #
-    # Path to a file containing a list of functions to exclude from checking.
-    # See https://github.com/kisielk/errcheck#excluding-functions for details.
-    # exclude: /path/to/file.txt
-
     # List of functions to exclude from checking, where each entry is a single function to exclude.
     # See https://github.com/kisielk/errcheck#excluding-functions for details.
     exclude-functions:
@@ -221,345 +31,26 @@ linters-settings:
       - encoding/json.MarshalIndent
 
   errchkjson:
-    # With check-error-free-encoding set to true, errchkjson does warn about errors
-    # from json encoding functions that are safe to be ignored,
-    # because they are not possible to happen.
-    #
-    # if check-error-free-encoding is set to true and errcheck linter is enabled,
-    # it is recommended to add the following exceptions to prevent from false positives:
-    #
-    #     linters-settings:
-    #       errcheck:
-    #         exclude-functions:
-    #           - encoding/json.Marshal
-    #           - encoding/json.MarshalIndent
-    #
-    # Default: false
-    # check-error-free-encoding: true
-
     # Issue on struct encoding that doesn't have exported fields.
     # Default: false
     report-no-exported: true
 
-  errorlint:
-    # Check whether fmt.Errorf uses the %w verb for formatting errors.
-    # See the https://github.com/polyfloyd/go-errorlint for caveats.
-    # Default: true
-    # errorf: false
-    # Check for plain type assertions and type switches.
-    # Default: true
-    # asserts: false
-    # Check for plain error comparisons.
-    # Default: true
-    # comparison: false
-
   exhaustive:
     # Check switch statements in generated files also.
     # Default: false
     check-generated: true
-    # Presence of "default" case in switch statements satisfies exhaustiveness,
-    # even if all enum members are not listed.
-    # Default: false
-    # default-signifies-exhaustive: true
-    # Enum members matching the supplied regex do not have to be listed in
-    # switch statements to satisfy exhaustiveness.
-    # Default: ""
-    # ignore-enum-members: "Example.+"
-    # Consider enums only in package scopes, not in inner scopes.
-    # Default: false
-    # package-scope-only: true
-
-  # exhaustivestruct:
-    # Struct Patterns is list of expressions to match struct packages and names.
-    # The struct packages have the form `example.com/package.ExampleStruct`.
-    # The matching patterns can use matching syntax from https://pkg.go.dev/path#Match.
-    # If this list is empty, all structs are tested.
-    # struct-patterns:
-      # - '*.Test'
-      # - 'example.com/package.ExampleStruct'
-
-  # forbidigo:
-    # Forbid the following identifiers (list of regexp).
-    # forbid:
-      # - ^print.*$
-      # - 'fmt\.Print.*'
-      # Optionally put comments at the end of the regex, surrounded by `(# )?`
-      # Escape any special characters.
-      # - 'fmt\.Print.*(# Do not commit print statements\.)?'
-    # Exclude godoc examples from forbidigo checks.
-    # Default: true
-    # exclude_godoc_examples: false
-
-  # funlen:
-    # Checks the number of lines in a function.
-    # If lower than 0, disable the check.
-    # Default: 60
-    # lines: -1
-    # Checks the number of statements in a function.
-    # If lower than 0, disable the check.
-    # Default: 40
-    # statements: -1
-
-  # gci:
-    # DEPRECATED: use `sections` and `prefix(github.com/org/project)` instead.
-    # local-prefixes: github.com/org/project
-
-    # Checks that no inline Comments are present.
-    # Default: false
-    # no-inline-comments: true
-
-    # Checks that no prefix Comments(comment lines above an import) are present.
-    # Default: false
-    # no-prefix-comments: true
-
-    # Section configuration to compare against.
-    # Section names are case-insensitive and may contain parameters in ().
-    # Default: ["standard", "default"]
-    # sections:
-      # - standard                       # Captures all standard packages if they do not match another section.
-      # - default                        # Contains all imports that could not be matched to another section type.
-      # - comment(your text here)        # Prints the specified indented comment.
-      # - newLine                        # Prints an empty line
-      # - prefix(github.com/org/project) # Groups all imports with the specified Prefix.
-
-    # Separators that should be present between sections.
-    # Default: ["newLine"]
-    # section-separators:
-      # - newLine
-
-  # gocognit:
-    # Minimal code complexity to report
-    # Default: 30 (but we recommend 10-20)
-    # min-complexity: 10
-
-  goconst:
-    # Minimal length of string constant.
-    # Default: 3
-    # min-len: 2
-    # Minimum occurrences of constant string count to trigger issue.
-    # Default: 3
-    # min-occurrences: 2
-    # Ignore test files.
-    # Default: false
-    # ignore-tests: true
-    # Look for existing constants matching the values.
-    # Default: true
-    # match-constant: false
-    # Search also for duplicated numbers.
-    # Default: false
-    # numbers: true
-    # Minimum value, only works with goconst.numbers
-    # Default: 3
-    # min: 2
-    # Maximum value, only works with goconst.numbers
-    # Default: 3
-    # max: 2
-    # Ignore when constant is not used as function argument.
-    # Default: true
-    # ignore-calls: false
-
-  # gocritic:
-    # Which checks should be enabled; can't be combined with 'disabled-checks'.
-    # See https://go-critic.github.io/overview#checks-overview.
-    # To check which checks are enabled run `GL_DEBUG=gocritic golangci-lint run`.
-    # By default, list of stable checks is used.
-    # enabled-checks:
-      # - nestingReduce
-      # - unnamedResult
-      # - ruleguard
-      # - truncateCmp
-
-    # Which checks should be disabled; can't be combined with 'enabled-checks'.
-    # Default: []
-    # disabled-checks:
-      # - regexpMust
-
-    # Enable multiple checks by tags, run `GL_DEBUG=gocritic golangci-lint run` to see all tags and checks.
-    # See https://github.com/go-critic/go-critic#usage -> section "Tags".
-    # Default: []
-    # enabled-tags:
-      # - diagnostic
-      # - style
-      # - performance
-      # - experimental
-      # - opinionated
-    # disabled-tags:
-      # - diagnostic
-      # - style
-      # - performance
-      # - experimental
-      # - opinionated
-
-    # Settings passed to gocritic.
-    # The settings key is the name of a supported gocritic checker.
-    # The list of supported checkers can be find in https://go-critic.github.io/overview.
-    # settings:
-      # Must be valid enabled check name.
-      # captLocal:
-        # Whether to restrict checker to params only.
-        # Default: true
-        # paramsOnly: false
-      # elseif:
-        # Whether to skip balanced if-else pairs.
-        # Default: true
-        # skipBalanced: false
-      # hugeParam:
-        # Size in bytes that makes the warning trigger.
-        # Default: 80
-        # sizeThreshold: 70
-      # nestingReduce:
-        # Min number of statements inside a branch to trigger a warning.
-        # Default: 5
-        # bodyWidth: 4
-      # rangeExprCopy:
-        # Size in bytes that makes the warning trigger.
-        # Default: 512
-        # sizeThreshold: 516
-        # Whether to check test functions
-        # Default: true
-        # skipTestFuncs: false
-      # rangeValCopy:
-        # Size in bytes that makes the warning trigger.
-        # Default: 128
-        # sizeThreshold: 32
-        # Whether to check test functions.
-        # Default: true
-        # skipTestFuncs: false
-      # ruleguard:
-        # Enable debug to identify which 'Where' condition was rejected.
-        # The value of the parameter is the name of a function in a ruleguard file.
-        #
-        # When a rule is evaluated:
-        # If:
-        #   The Match() clause is accepted; and
-        #   One of the conditions in the Where() clause is rejected,
-        # Then:
-        #   ruleguard prints the specific Where() condition that was rejected.
-        #
-        # The flag is passed to the ruleguard 'debug-group' argument.
-        # debug: 'emptyDecl'
-        # Deprecated, use 'failOn' param.
-        # If set to true, identical to failOn='all', otherwise failOn=''
-        # failOnError: false
-        # Determines the behavior when an error occurs while parsing ruleguard files.
-        # If flag is not set, log error and skip rule files that contain an error.
-        # If flag is set, the value must be a comma-separated list of error conditions.
-        # - 'all':    fail on all errors.
-        # - 'import': ruleguard rule imports a package that cannot be found.
-        # - 'dsl':    gorule file does not comply with the ruleguard DSL.
-        # failOn: dsl
-        # Comma-separated list of file paths containing ruleguard rules.
-        # If a path is relative, it is relative to the directory where the golangci-lint command is executed.
-        # The special '${configDir}' variable is substituted with the absolute directory containing the golangci config file.
-        # Glob patterns such as 'rules-*.go' may be specified.
-        # rules: '${configDir}/ruleguard/rules-*.go,${configDir}/myrule1.go'
-      # tooManyResultsChecker:
-        # Maximum number of results.
-        # Default: 5
-        # maxResults: 10
-      # truncateCmp:
-        # Whether to skip int/uint/uintptr types.
-        # Default: true
-        # skipArchDependent: false
-      # underef:
-        # Whether to skip (*x).method() calls where x is a pointer receiver.
-        # Default: true
-        # skipRecvDeref: false
-      # unnamedResult:
-        # Whether to check exported functions.
-        # checkExported: true
-
-  # gocyclo:
-    # Minimal code complexity to report.
-    # Default: 30 (but we recommend 10-20)
-    # min-complexity: 10
-
-  # godot:
-    # Comments to be checked: `declarations`, `toplevel`, or `all`.
-    # Default: declarations
-    # scope: toplevel
-    # List of regexps for excluding particular comment lines from check.
-    # exclude:
-      # Exclude todo and fixme comments.
-      # - "^fixme:"
-      # - "^todo:"
-    # Check that each sentence ends with a period.
-    # Default: true
-    # period: false
-    # Check that each sentence starts with a capital letter.
-    # Default: false
-    # capital: true
-
-  # godox:
-    # Report any comments starting with keywords, this is useful for TODO or FIXME comments that
-    # might be left in the code accidentally and should be resolved before merging.
-    # Default: TODO, BUG, and FIXME.
-    # keywords:
-      # - NOTE
-      # - OPTIMIZE # marks code that should be optimized before merging
-      # - HACK # marks hack-around that should be removed before merging
 
   gofmt:
     # Simplify code: gofmt with `-s` option.
     # Default: true
     simplify: false
 
-  # gofumpt:
-    # Select the Go version to target.
-    # Default: 1.15
-    # lang-version: "1.17"
-
-    # Choose whether to use the extra rules.
-    # Default: false
-    # extra-rules: true
-
-  # goheader:
-    # Supports two types 'const` and `regexp`.
-    # Values can be used recursively.
-    # values:
-      # const:
-        # Define here const type values in format k:v.
-        # For example:
-        # COMPANY: MY COMPANY
-      # regexp:
-        # Define here regexp type values.
-        # for example:
-        # AUTHOR: .*@mycompany\.com
-    # The template use for checking.
-    # template: |-
-      # Put here copyright header template for source code files
-      # For example:
-      # Note: {{ YEAR }} is a builtin value that returns the year relative to the current machine time.
-      #
-      # {{ AUTHOR }} {{ COMPANY }} {{ YEAR }}
-      # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
-
-      # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-      # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-      # You may obtain a copy of the License at:
-
-      #   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-
-      # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-      # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-      # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-      # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-      # limitations under the License.
-    # As alternative of directive 'template', you may put the path to file with the template source.
-    # Useful if you need to load the template from a specific file.
-    # template-path: /path/to/my/template.tmpl
-
   goimports:
     # Put imports beginning with prefix after 3rd-party packages.
     # It's a comma-separated list of prefixes.
-    local-prefixes: lockbox.dev
+    local-prefixes: impractical.co
 
-  # golint:
-    # Minimal confidence for issues.
-    # Default: 0.8
-    # min-confidence: 0.7
-
-  gomnd:
+  mnd:
     # List of enabled checks, see https://github.com/tommy-muehle/go-mnd/#checks for description.
     checks:
       - argument
@@ -568,272 +59,27 @@ linters-settings:
       - operation
       - return
       - assign
-    # List of numbers to exclude from analysis.
-    # The numbers should be written as string.
-    # Values always ignored: "1", "1.0", "0" and "0.0"
-    # ignored-numbers:
-      # - '0666'
-      # - '0755'
-      # - '42'
-    # List of file patterns to exclude from analysis.
-    # Values always ignored: `.+_test.go`
-    # ignored-files:
-      # - 'magic1_.*.go'
-    # List of function patterns to exclude from analysis.
-    # Values always ignored: `time.Time`
-    # ignored-functions:
-      # - 'math.*'
-      # - 'http.StatusText'
-
-  gomoddirectives:
-    # Allow local `replace` directives.
-    # replace-local: false
-    # List of allowed `replace` directives.
-    # Default: []
-    # replace-allow-list:
-      # - launchpad.net/gocheck
-    # Allow to not explain why the version has been retracted in the `retract` directives.
-    # Default: false
-    # retract-allow-no-explanation: false
-    # Forbid the use of the `exclude` directives.
-    # Default: false
-    # exclude-forbidden: false
-
-  # gomodguard:
-    # allowed:
-      # List of allowed modules.
-      # modules:
-        # - gopkg.in/yaml.v2
-      # List of allowed module domains.
-      # domains:
-        # - golang.org
-    # blocked:
-      # List of blocked modules.
-      # modules:
-        # Blocked module.
-        # - github.com/uudashr/go-module:
-            # Recommended modules that should be used instead. (Optional)
-            # recommendations:
-              # - golang.org/x/mod
-            # Reason why the recommended module should be used. (Optional)
-            # reason: "`mod` is the official go.mod parser library."
-      # List of blocked module version constraints.
-      # versions:
-        # Blocked module with version constraint.
-        # - github.com/mitchellh/go-homedir:
-            # Version constraint, see https://github.com/Masterminds/semver#basic-comparisons.
-            # version: "< 1.1.0"
-            # Reason why the version constraint exists. (Optional)
-            # reason: "testing if blocked version constraint works."
-      # Set to true to raise lint issues for packages that are loaded from a local path via replace directive.
-      # local_replace_directives: false
 
   gosimple:
     # https://staticcheck.io/docs/options#checks
     checks: [ "all" ]
 
   gosec:
-    # To select a subset of rules to run.
-    # Available rules: https://github.com/securego/gosec#available-rules
-    # includes:
-      # - G101
-      # - G102
-      # - G103
-      # - G104
-      # - G106
-      # - G107
-      # - G108
-      # - G109
-      # - G110
-      # - G201
-      # - G202
-      # - G203
-      # - G204
-      # - G301
-      # - G302
-      # - G303
-      # - G304
-      # - G305
-      # - G306
-      # - G307
-      # - G401
-      # - G402
-      # - G403
-      # - G404
-      # - G501
-      # - G502
-      # - G503
-      # - G504
-      # - G505
-      # - G601
-
     # To specify a set of rules to explicitly exclude.
     # Available rules: https://github.com/securego/gosec#available-rules
     excludes:
-      # - G101
-      # - G102
-      # - G103
       - G104 # handled by errcheck
-      # - G106
-      # - G107
-      # - G108
-      # - G109
-      # - G110
-      # - G201
-      # - G202
-      # - G203
-      # - G204
-      # - G301
-      # - G302
-      # - G303
-      # - G304
-      # - G305
-      # - G306
-      # - G307
-      # - G401
-      # - G402
-      # - G403
-      # - G404
-      # - G501
-      # - G502
-      # - G503
-      # - G504
-      # - G505
-      # - G601
-
-    # Exclude generated files
-    # Default: false
-    # exclude-generated: true
-
-    # Filter out the issues with a lower severity than the given value.
-    # Valid options are: low, medium, high.
-    # Default: low
-    # severity: medium
-
-    # Filter out the issues with a lower confidence than the given value.
-    # Valid options are: low, medium, high.
-    # Default: low
-    # confidence: medium
-
-    # To specify the configuration of rules.
-    # The configuration of rules is not fully documented by gosec:
-    # https://github.com/securego/gosec#configuration
-    # https://github.com/securego/gosec/blob/569328eade2ccbad4ce2d0f21ee158ab5356a5cf/rules/rulelist.go#L60-L102
-    # config:
-      # G306: "0600"
-      # G101:
-        # pattern: "(?i)example"
-        # ignore_entropy: false
-        # entropy_threshold: "80.0"
-        # per_char_threshold: "3.0"
-        # truncate: "32"
 
   govet:
-    # Settings per analyzer.
-    # settings:
-      # Analyzer name, run `go tool vet help` to see all analyzers.
-      # printf:
-        # Run `go tool vet help printf` to see available settings for `printf` analyzer.
-        # funcs:
-          # - (github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/pkg/logutils.Log).Infof
-          # - (github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/pkg/logutils.Log).Warnf
-          # - (github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/pkg/logutils.Log).Errorf
-          # - (github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/pkg/logutils.Log).Fatalf
-
-    # Disable all analyzers.
-    # Default: false
-    # disable-all: true
-    # Enable analyzers by name.
-    # Run `go tool vet help` to see all analyzers.
-    # enable:
-      # - asmdecl
-      # - assign
-      # - atomic
-      # - atomicalign
-      # - bools
-      # - buildtag
-      # - cgocall
-      # - composites
-      # - copylocks
-      # - deepequalerrors
-      # - errorsas
-      # - fieldalignment
-      # - findcall
-      # - framepointer
-      # - httpresponse
-      # - ifaceassert
-      # - loopclosure
-      # - lostcancel
-      # - nilfunc
-      # - nilness
-      # - printf
-      # - reflectvaluecompare
-      # - shadow
-      # - shift
-      # - sigchanyzer
-      # - sortslice
-      # - stdmethods
-      # - stringintconv
-      # - structtag
-      # - testinggoroutine
-      # - tests
-      # - unmarshal
-      # - unreachable
-      # - unsafeptr
-      # - unusedresult
-      # - unusedwrite
-
     # Enable all analyzers.
     # Default: false
     enable-all: true
     # Disable analyzers by name.
     # Run `go tool vet help` to see all analyzers.
     disable:
-      # - asmdecl
-      # - assign
-      # - atomic
-      # - atomicalign
-      # - bools
-      # - buildtag
-      # - cgocall
-      # - composites
-      # - copylocks
-      # - deepequalerrors
-      # - errorsas
       - fieldalignment
-      # - findcall
-      # - framepointer
-      # - httpresponse
-      # - ifaceassert
-      # - loopclosure
-      # - lostcancel
-      # - nilfunc
-      # - nilness
-      # - printf
-      # - reflectvaluecompare
-      # - shadow
-      # - shift
-      # - sigchanyzer
-      # - sortslice
-      # - stdmethods
-      # - stringintconv
-      # - structtag
-      # - testinggoroutine
-      # - tests
-      # - unmarshal
-      # - unreachable
-      # - unsafeptr
-      # - unusedresult
-      # - unusedwrite
 
   grouper:
-    # Require the use of a single global 'const' declaration only.
-    # Default: false
-    # const-require-single-const: true
-    # Require the use of grouped global 'const' declarations.
-    # Default: false
-    # const-require-grouping: true
-
     # Require the use of a single 'import' declaration only.
     # Default: false
     import-require-single-import: true
@@ -841,142 +87,7 @@ linters-settings:
     # Default: false
     import-require-grouping: true
 
-    # Require the use of a single global 'type' declaration only.
-    # Default: false
-    # type-require-single-type: true
-    # Require the use of grouped global 'type' declarations.
-    # Default: false
-    # type-require-grouping: true
-
-    # Require the use of a single global 'var' declaration only.
-    # Default: false
-    # var-require-single-var: true
-    # Require the use of grouped global 'var' declarations.
-    # Default: false
-    # var-require-grouping: true
-
-  # ifshort:
-    # Maximum length of variable declaration measured in number of lines, after which linter won't suggest using short syntax.
-    # Has higher priority than max-decl-chars.
-    # Default: 1
-    # max-decl-lines: 2
-    # Maximum length of variable declaration measured in number of characters, after which linter won't suggest using short syntax.
-    # Default: 30
-    # max-decl-chars: 40
-
-  importas:
-    # Do not allow unaliased imports of aliased packages.
-    # Default: false
-    # no-unaliased: true
-    # Do not allow non-required aliases.
-    # Default: false
-    # no-extra-aliases: true
-    # List of aliases
-    # alias:
-      # Using `servingv1` alias for `knative.dev/serving/pkg/apis/serving/v1` package.
-      # - pkg: knative.dev/serving/pkg/apis/serving/v1
-        # alias: servingv1
-      # Using `autoscalingv1alpha1` alias for `knative.dev/serving/pkg/apis/autoscaling/v1alpha1` package.
-      # - pkg: knative.dev/serving/pkg/apis/autoscaling/v1alpha1
-        # alias: autoscalingv1alpha1
-      # You can specify the package path by regular expression,
-      # and alias by regular expression expansion syntax like below.
-      # see https://github.com/julz/importas#use-regular-expression for details
-      # - pkg: knative.dev/serving/pkg/apis/(\w+)/(v[\w\d]+)
-        # alias: $1$2
-
-  ireturn:
-    # ireturn allows using `allow` and `reject` settings at the same time.
-    # Both settings are lists of the keywords and regular expressions matched to interface or package names.
-    # keywords:
-    # - `empty` for `interface{}`
-    # - `error` for errors
-    # - `stdlib` for standard library
-    # - `anon` for anonymous interfaces
-
-    # By default, it allows using errors, empty interfaces, anonymous interfaces,
-    # and interfaces provided by the standard library.
-    # allow:
-      # - anon
-      # - error
-      # - empty
-      # - stdlib
-      # You can specify idiomatic endings for interface
-      # - (or|er)$
-
-    # reject-list of interfaces
-    # reject:
-      # - github.com\/user\/package\/v4\.Type
-
-  #lll:
-    # Max line length, lines longer will be reported.
-    # '\t' is counted as 1 character by default, and can be changed with the tab-width option.
-    # Default: 120.
-    # line-length: 120
-    # Tab width in spaces.
-    # Default: 1
-    # tab-width: 1
-
-  maintidx:
-    # Show functions with maintainability index lower than N.
-    # A high index indicates better maintainability (it's kind of the opposite of complexity).
-    # Default: 20
-    under: 100
-
-  makezero:
-    # Allow only slices initialized with a length of zero.
-    # Default: false
-    # always: false
-
-  maligned:
-    # Print struct with more effective memory layout or not.
-    # Default: false
-    suggest-new: true
-
-  misspell:
-    # Correct spellings using locale preferences for US or UK.
-    # Setting locale to US will correct the British spelling of 'colour' to 'color'.
-    # Default is to use a neutral variety of English.
-    # locale: US
-    # ignore-words:
-      # - someword
-
-  nakedret:
-    # Make an issue if func has more lines of code than this setting, and it has naked returns.
-    # Default: 30
-    # max-func-lines: 31
-
-  # nestif:
-    # Minimal complexity of if statements to report.
-    # Default: 5
-    # min-complexity: 4
-
-  nilnil:
-    # Checks that there is no simultaneous return of `nil` error and an invalid value.
-    # Default: ptr, func, iface, map, chan
-    # checked-types:
-      # - ptr
-      # - func
-      # - iface
-      # - map
-      # - chan
-
-  #nlreturn:
-    # Size of the block (including return statement that is still "OK")
-    # so no return split required.
-    # Default: 1
-    # block-size: 2
-
   nolintlint:
-    # Disable to ensure that all nolint directives actually have an effect.
-    # Default: false
-    # allow-unused: true
-    # Disable to ensure that nolint directives don't have a leading space.
-    # Default: true
-    allow-leading-space: false
-    # Exclude following linters from requiring an explanation.
-    # Default: []
-    # allow-no-explanation: [ ]
     # Enable to require an explanation of nonzero length after each nolint directive.
     # Default: false
     require-explanation: true
@@ -984,80 +95,19 @@ linters-settings:
     # Default: false
     require-specific: true
 
-  # prealloc:
-    # IMPORTANT: we don't recommend using this linter before doing performance profiling.
-    # For most programs usage of prealloc will be a premature optimization.
-
-    # Report pre-allocation suggestions only on simple loops that have no returns/breaks/continues/gotos in them.
-    # Default: true
-    # simple: false
-    # Report pre-allocation suggestions on range loops.
-    # Default: true
-    # range-loops: false
-    # Report pre-allocation suggestions on for loops.
-    # Default: false
-    # for-loops: true
-
   predeclared:
-    # Comma-separated list of predeclared identifiers to not report on.
-    # Default: ""
-    # ignore: "new,int"
     # Include method names and field names (i.e., qualified names) in checks.
     # Default: false
     q: true
 
-  # promlinter:
-    # Promlinter cannot infer all metrics name in static analysis.
-    # Enable strict mode will also include the errors caused by failing to parse the args.
-    # Default: false
-    # strict: true
-    # Please refer to https://github.com/yeya24/promlinter#usage for detailed usage.
-    # disabled-linters:
-      # - Help
-      # - MetricUnits
-      # - Counter
-      # - HistogramSummaryReserved
-      # - MetricTypeInName
-      # - ReservedChars
-      # - CamelCase
-      # - UnitAbbreviations
-
   revive:
-    # Maximum number of open files at the same time.
-    # See https://github.com/mgechev/revive#command-line-flags
-    # Defaults to unlimited.
-    # max-open-files: 2048
-
-    # When set to false, ignores files with "GENERATED" header, similar to golint.
-    # See https://github.com/mgechev/revive#available-rules for details.
-    # Default: false
-    # ignore-generated-header: true
-
-    # Sets the default severity.
-    # See https://github.com/mgechev/revive#configuration
-    # Default: warning
-    # severity: error
-
-    # Enable all available rules.
-    # Default: false
-    # enable-all-rules: true
-
     # Sets the default failure confidence.
     # This means that linting errors with less than 0.8 confidence will be ignored.
     # Default: 0.8
     confidence: 0.8
 
     rules:
-      # https://github.com/mgechev/revive/blob/master/RULES_DESCRIPTIONS.md#add-constant
-      # - name: add-constant
-        # severity: warning
-        # disabled: false
-        # arguments:
-          # - maxLitCount: "3"
-            # allowStrs: '""'
-            # allowInts: "0,1,2"
-            # allowFloats: "0.0,0.,1.0,1.,2.0,2."
-      # https://github.com/mgechev/revive/blob/master/RULES_DESCRIPTIONS.md#atomic
+      # https://github.com/mgechev/revive/blob/master/RULES_DESCRIPTIONS.md#argument-limit
       - name: argument-limit
         severity: warning
         disabled: false
@@ -1066,15 +116,6 @@ linters-settings:
       - name: atomic
         severity: warning
         disabled: false
-      # https://github.com/mgechev/revive/blob/master/RULES_DESCRIPTIONS.md#banned-characters
-      # - name: banned-characters
-        # severity: warning
-        # disabled: false
-        # arguments: ["Ω","Σ","σ", "7"]
-      # https://github.com/mgechev/revive/blob/master/RULES_DESCRIPTIONS.md#bare-return
-      # - name: bare-return
-        # severity: warning
-        # disabled: false
       # https://github.com/mgechev/revive/blob/master/RULES_DESCRIPTIONS.md#blank-imports
       - name: blank-imports
         severity: warning
@@ -1087,11 +128,6 @@ linters-settings:
       - name: call-to-gc
         severity: warning
         disabled: false
-      # https://github.com/mgechev/revive/blob/master/RULES_DESCRIPTIONS.md#cognitive-complexity
-      # - name: cognitive-complexity
-        # severity: warning
-        # disabled: false
-        # arguments: [ 7 ]
       # https://github.com/mgechev/revive/blob/master/RULES_DESCRIPTIONS.md#confusing-naming
       - name: confusing-naming
         severity: warning
@@ -1112,11 +148,6 @@ linters-settings:
       - name: context-keys-type
         severity: warning
         disabled: false
-      # https://github.com/mgechev/revive/blob/master/RULES_DESCRIPTIONS.md#cyclomatic
-      # - name: cyclomatic
-        # severity: warning
-        # disabled: false
-        # arguments: [ 3 ]
       # https://github.com/mgechev/revive/blob/master/RULES_DESCRIPTIONS.md#deep-exit
       - name: deep-exit
         severity: warning
@@ -1174,12 +205,6 @@ linters-settings:
         arguments:
         - "checkPrivateReceivers"
         - "sayRepetitiveInsteadOfStutters"
-      # https://github.com/mgechev/revive/blob/master/RULES_DESCRIPTIONS.md#file-header
-      # - name: file-header
-        # severity: warning
-        # disabled: false
-        # arguments:
-          # - This is the text that must appear at the top of source files.
       # https://github.com/mgechev/revive/blob/master/RULES_DESCRIPTIONS.md#flag-parameter
       - name: flag-parameter
         severity: warning
@@ -1189,11 +214,6 @@ linters-settings:
         severity: warning
         disabled: false
         arguments: [ 3 ]
-      # https://github.com/mgechev/revive/blob/master/RULES_DESCRIPTIONS.md#function-length
-      # - name: function-length
-        # severity: warning
-        # disabled: false
-        # arguments: [ 10, 0 ]
       # https://github.com/mgechev/revive/blob/master/RULES_DESCRIPTIONS.md#get-return
       - name: get-return
         severity: warning
@@ -1214,35 +234,14 @@ linters-settings:
       - name: indent-error-flow
         severity: warning
         disabled: false
-      # https://github.com/mgechev/revive/blob/master/RULES_DESCRIPTIONS.md#imports-blacklist
-      # - name: imports-blacklist
-        # severity: warning
-        # disabled: false
-        # arguments:
-          # - "crypto/md5"
-          # - "crypto/sha1"
       # https://github.com/mgechev/revive/blob/master/RULES_DESCRIPTIONS.md#import-shadowing
       - name: import-shadowing
         severity: warning
         disabled: false
-      # https://github.com/mgechev/revive/blob/master/RULES_DESCRIPTIONS.md#line-length-limit
-      # - name: line-length-limit
-        # severity: warning
-        # disabled: false
-        # arguments: [ 80 ]
-      # https://github.com/mgechev/revive/blob/master/RULES_DESCRIPTIONS.md#max-public-structs
-      # - name: max-public-structs
-        # severity: warning
-        # disabled: false
-        # arguments: [ 3 ]
       # https://github.com/mgechev/revive/blob/master/RULES_DESCRIPTIONS.md#modifies-parameter
       - name: modifies-parameter
         severity: warning
         disabled: false
-      # https://github.com/mgechev/revive/blob/master/RULES_DESCRIPTIONS.md#modifies-value-receiver
-      # - name: modifies-value-receiver
-        # severity: warning
-        # disabled: false
       # https://github.com/mgechev/revive/blob/master/RULES_DESCRIPTIONS.md#nested-structs
       - name: nested-structs
         severity: warning
@@ -1279,20 +278,6 @@ linters-settings:
       - name: string-of-int
         severity: warning
         disabled: false
-      # https://github.com/mgechev/revive/blob/master/RULES_DESCRIPTIONS.md#string-format
-      # - name: string-format
-        # severity: warning
-        # disabled: false
-        # arguments:
-          # - - 'core.WriteError[1].Message'
-            # - '/^([^A-Z]|$)/'
-            # - must not start with a capital letter
-          # - - 'fmt.Errorf[0]'
-            # - '/(^|[^\.!?])$/'
-            # - must not end in punctuation
-          # - - panic
-            # - '/^[^\n]*$/'
-            # - must not contain line breaks
       # https://github.com/mgechev/revive/blob/master/RULES_DESCRIPTIONS.md#struct-tag
       - name: struct-tag
         severity: warning
@@ -1363,110 +348,11 @@ linters-settings:
         severity: warning
         disabled: false
 
-  rowserrcheck:
-    # packages:
-      # - github.com/jmoiron/sqlx
-
   staticcheck:
     # https://staticcheck.io/docs/options#checks
     checks: [ "all" ]
 
-  # stylecheck:
-    # Select the Go version to target.
-    # Default: 1.13
-    # go: "1.15"
-    # https://staticcheck.io/docs/options#checks
-    # checks: [ "all", "-ST1000", "-ST1003", "-ST1016", "-ST1020", "-ST1021", "-ST1022" ]
-    # https://staticcheck.io/docs/options#dot_import_whitelist
-    # dot-import-whitelist:
-      # - fmt
-    # https://staticcheck.io/docs/options#initialisms
-    # initialisms: [ "ACL", "API", "ASCII", "CPU", "CSS", "DNS", "EOF", "GUID", "HTML", "HTTP", "HTTPS", "ID", "IP", "JSON", "QPS", "RAM", "RPC", "SLA", "SMTP", "SQL", "SSH", "TCP", "TLS", "TTL", "UDP", "UI", "GID", "UID", "UUID", "URI", "URL", "UTF8", "VM", "XML", "XMPP", "XSRF", "XSS" ]
-    # https://staticcheck.io/docs/options#http_status_code_whitelist
-    # http-status-code-whitelist: [ "200", "400", "404", "500" ]
-
-  #tagliatelle:
-    # Check the struck tag name case.
-    case:
-      # Use the struct field name to check the name of the struct tag.
-      # Default: false
-      # use-field-name: true
-      rules:
-        # Any struct tag type can be used.
-        # Support string case: `camel`, `pascal`, `kebab`, `snake`, `goCamel`, `goPascal`, `goKebab`, `goSnake`, `upper`, `lower`
-        #json: goCamel
-        #yaml: camel
-        #xml: camel
-        #hcl: snake
-        # bson: camel
-        # avro: snake
-        # mapstructure: kebab
-
-  tenv:
-    # The option `all` will run against whole test files (`_test.go`) regardless of method/function signatures.
-    # By default, only methods that take `*testing.T`, `*testing.B`, and `testing.TB` as arguments are checked.
-    all: true
-
-  testpackage:
-    # regexp pattern to skip files
-    # skip-regexp: (export|internal)_test\.go
-
-  #thelper:
-    # The following configurations enable all checks.
-    # All checks are enabled by default.
-    # test:
-      # first: false
-      # name: false
-      # begin: false
-    # benchmark:
-      # first: false
-      # name: false
-      # begin: false
-    # tb:
-      # first: false
-      # name: false
-      # begin: false
-
-  unparam:
-    # Inspect exported functions.
-    #
-    # Set to true if no external program/library imports your code.
-    # XXX: if you enable this setting, unparam will report a lot of false-positives in text editors:
-    # if it's called for subdir of a project it can't find external interfaces. All text editor integrations
-    # with golangci-lint call it on a directory with the changed file.
-    #
-    # Default: false
-    # check-exported: true
-
-  varcheck:
-    # Check usage of exported fields and variables.
-    # Default: false
-    # exported-fields: true
-
   varnamelen:
-    # The longest distance, in source lines, that is being considered a "small scope".
-    # Variables used in at most this many lines will be ignored.
-    # Default: 5
-    # max-distance: 6
-    # The minimum length of a variable's name that is considered "long".
-    # Variable names that are at least this long will be ignored.
-    # Default: 3
-    # min-name-length: 2
-    # Check method receiver names.
-    # Default: false
-    # check-receiver: true
-    # Check named return values.
-    # Default: false
-    # check-return: true
-    # Ignore "ok" variables that hold the bool return value of a type assertion.
-    # Default: false
-    # ignore-type-assert-ok: true
-    # Ignore "ok" variables that hold the bool return value of a map index.
-    # Default: false
-    # ignore-map-index-ok: true
-    # Ignore "ok" variables that hold the bool return value of a channel receive.
-    # Default: false
-    # ignore-chan-recv-ok: true
     # Optional list of variable names that should be ignored completely.
     # Default: []
     ignore-names:
@@ -1487,106 +373,7 @@ linters-settings:
       # - i int
       # - const C
 
-  # whitespace:
-    # Enforces newlines (or comments) after every multi-line if statement.
-    # Default: false
-    # multi-if: true
-    # Enforces newlines (or comments) after every multi-line function signature.
-    # Default: false
-    # multi-func: true
-
-  # wrapcheck:
-    # An array of strings that specify substrings of signatures to ignore.
-    # If this set, it will override the default set of ignored signatures.
-    # See https://github.com/tomarrell/wrapcheck#configuration for more information.
-    # ignoreSigs:
-      # - .Errorf(
-      # - errors.New(
-      # - errors.Unwrap(
-      # - .Wrap(
-      # - .Wrapf(
-      # - .WithMessage(
-      # - .WithMessagef(
-      # - .WithStack(
-    # ignoreSigRegexps:
-      # - \.New.*Error\(
-    # ignorePackageGlobs:
-      # - encoding/*
-      # - github.com/pkg/*
-
-  # wsl:
-    # See https://github.com/bombsimon/wsl/blob/master/doc/configuration.md for documentation of available settings.
-    # These are the defaults for `golangci-lint`.
-
-    # Controls if you may cuddle assignments and anything without needing an empty line between them.
-    # Default: false
-    # allow-assign-and-anything: false
-
-    # Controls if you may cuddle assignments and calls without needing an empty line between them.
-    # Default: true
-    # allow-assign-and-call: true
-
-    # Controls if you're allowed to cuddle multiple declarations.
-    # This is false by default to encourage you to group them in one var block.
-    # One major benefit with this is that if the variables are assigned the assignments will be tabulated.
-    # Default: false
-    # allow-cuddle-declarations: false
-
-    # Controls if you may cuddle assignments even if they span over multiple lines.
-    # Default: true
-    # allow-multiline-assign: true
-
-    # This option allows whitespace after each comment group that begins a block.
-    # Default: false
-    # allow-separated-leading-comment: false
-
-    # Controls if blocks can end with comments.
-    # This is not encouraged sine it's usually code smell but might be useful do improve understanding or learning purposes.
-    # To be allowed there must be no whitespace between the comment and the last statement or the comment and the closing brace.
-    # Default: false
-    # allow-trailing-comment: false
-
-    # Can be set to force trailing newlines at the end of case blocks to improve readability.
-    # If the number of lines (including comments) in a case block exceeds this number
-    # a linter error will be yielded if the case does not end with a newline.
-    # Default: 0
-    # force-case-trailing-whitespace: 0
-
-    # Enforces that an `if` statement checking an error variable is cuddled
-    # with the line that assigned that error variable.
-    # Default: false
-    # force-err-cuddling: false
-
-    # Enforces that an assignment which is actually a short declaration (using `:=`)
-    # is only allowed to cuddle with other short declarations, and not plain assignments, blocks, etc.
-    # This rule helps make declarations stand out by themselves, much the same as grouping var statement.
-    # Default: false
-    # force-short-decl-cuddling: false
-
-    # Controls if the checks for slice append should be "strict"
-    # in the sense that it will only allow these assignments to be cuddled with variables being appended.
-    # Default: true
-    # strict-append: true
-
-  # The custom section can be used to define linter plugins to be loaded at runtime.
-  # See README documentation for more info.
-  # custom:
-    # Each custom linter should have a unique name.
-    # example:
-      # The path to the plugin *.so. Can be absolute or local.
-      # Required for each custom linter.
-      # path: /path/to/example.so
-      # The description of the linter.
-      # Optional.
-      # description: This is an example usage of a plugin linter.
-      # Intended to point to the repo location of the linter.
-      # Optional.
-      # original-url: github.com/golangci/example-linter
-
 linters:
-  # Disable all linters.
-  # Default: false
-  # disable-all: true
   # Enable specific linter
   # https://golangci-lint.run/usage/linters/#enabled-by-default-linters
   enable:
@@ -1596,12 +383,7 @@ linters:
     - containedctx
     - contextcheck
     - copyloopvar
-    # - cyclop
-    # - deadcode
-    # - decorder
-    # - depguard
     - dogsled
-    # - dupl
     - durationcheck
     - err113
     - errcheck
@@ -1609,24 +391,10 @@ linters:
     - errname
     - errorlint
     - exhaustive
-    # - exhaustivestruct
-    # - forbidigo
     - forcetypeassert
-    # - funlen
-    # - gci
-    # - gochecknoglobals
-    # - gochecknoinits
-    # - gocognit
     - goconst
-    # - gocritic
-    # - gocyclo
-    # - godot
-    # - godox
     - gofmt
-    # - gofumpt
-    # - goheader
     - goimports
-    # - golint
     - gomoddirectives
     - gomodguard
     - goprintffuncname
@@ -1634,174 +402,32 @@ linters:
     - gosimple
     - govet
     - grouper
-    # - ifshort
-    # - importas
     - ineffassign
-    # - interfacer
     - ireturn
-    # - lll
-    # - maintidx
     - makezero
-    # - maligned
     - misspell
     - mnd
     - nakedret
-    # - nestif
     - nilerr
     - nilnil
-    # - nlreturn
     - noctx
     - nolintlint
     - paralleltest
-    # - prealloc
     - predeclared
-    # - promlinter
     - revive
     - rowserrcheck
-    # - scopelint
     - sqlclosecheck
     - staticcheck
-    # - structcheck
-    # - stylecheck
-    # - tagliatelle
-    - tenv
-    # - testpackage
-    # - thelper
     - tparallel
     - typecheck
     - unconvert
     - unparam
     - unused
-    # - varcheck
+    - usetesting
     - varnamelen
     - wastedassign
-    # - whitespace
-    # - wrapcheck
-    # - wsl
-
-  # Enable all available linters.
-  # Default: false
-  # enable-all: true
-  # Disable specific linter
-  # https://golangci-lint.run/usage/linters/#disabled-by-default-linters--e--enable
-  # disable:
-    # - asciicheck
-    # - bidichk
-    # - bodyclose
-    # - contextcheck
-    # - cyclop
-    # - deadcode
-    # - depguard
-    # - dogsled
-    # - dupl
-    # - durationcheck
-    # - errcheck
-    # - errname
-    # - errorlint
-    # - exhaustive
-    # - exhaustivestruct
-    # - exportloopref
-    # - forbidigo
-    # - forcetypeassert
-    # - funlen
-    # - gci
-    # - gochecknoglobals
-    # - gochecknoinits
-    # - gocognit
-    # - goconst
-    # - gocritic
-    # - gocyclo
-    # - godot
-    # - godox
-    # - goerr113
-    # - gofmt
-    # - gofumpt
-    # - goheader
-    # - goimports
-    # - golint
-    # - gomnd
-    # - gomoddirectives
-    # - gomodguard
-    # - goprintffuncname
-    # - gosec
-    # - gosimple
-    # - govet
-    # - ifshort
-    # - importas
-    # - ineffassign
-    # - interfacer
-    # - ireturn
-    # - lll
-    # - makezero
-    # - maligned
-    # - misspell
-    # - nakedret
-    # - nestif
-    # - nilerr
-    # - nilnil
-    # - nlreturn
-    # - noctx
-    # - nolintlint
-    # - paralleltest
-    # - prealloc
-    # - predeclared
-    # - promlinter
-    # - revive
-    # - rowserrcheck
-    # - scopelint
-    # - sqlclosecheck
-    # - staticcheck
-    # - structcheck
-    # - stylecheck
-    # - tagliatelle
-    # - tenv
-    # - testpackage
-    # - thelper
-    # - tparallel
-    # - typecheck
-    # - unconvert
-    # - unparam
-    # - unused
-    # - varcheck
-    # - varnamelen
-    # - wastedassign
-    # - whitespace
-    # - wrapcheck
-    # - wsl
-
-  # Enable presets.
-  # https://golangci-lint.run/usage/linters
-  # presets:
-    # - bugs
-    # - comment
-    # - complexity
-    # - error
-    # - format
-    # - import
-    # - metalinter
-    # - module
-    # - performance
-    # - sql
-    # - style
-    # - test
-    # - unused
-
-  # Run only fast linters from enabled linters set (first run won't be fast)
-  # Default: false
-  # fast: true
-
 
 issues:
-  # List of regexps of issue texts to exclude.
-  #
-  # But independently of this option we use default exclude patterns,
-  # it can be disabled by `exclude-use-default: false`.
-  # To list all excluded by default patterns execute `golangci-lint run --help`
-  #
-  # Default: []
-  # exclude:
-    # - abcdef
-
   # Excluding configuration per-path, per-linter, per-text and per-source
   exclude-rules:
     # False positive: https://github.com/kunwardeep/paralleltest/issues/8.
@@ -1809,38 +435,12 @@ issues:
       - paralleltest
       text: "does not use range value in test Run"
 
-    # Exclude known linters from partially hard-vendored code,
-    # which is impossible to exclude via `nolint` comments.
-    # - path: internal/hmac/
-      # text: "weak cryptographic primitive"
-      # linters:
-        # - gosec
-
-    # Exclude some `staticcheck` messages.
-    # - linters:
-      # - staticcheck
-      # text: "SA9003:"
-
-    # Exclude `lll` issues for long lines with `go:generate`.
-    # - linters:
-      # - lll
-      # source: "^//go:generate "
-
   # Independently of option `exclude` we use default exclude patterns,
   # it can be disabled by this option.
   # To list all excluded by default patterns execute `golangci-lint run --help`.
   # Default: true.
   exclude-use-default: false
 
-  # If set to true exclude and exclude-rules regular expressions become case-sensitive.
-  # Default: false
-  # exclude-case-sensitive: false
-
-  # The list of ids of default excludes to include or disable.
-  # Default: []
-  # include:
-    # - EXC0002 # disable excluding of issues about comments from golint.
-
   # Maximum issues count per one linter.
   # Set to 0 to disable.
   # Default: 50
@@ -1850,50 +450,3 @@ issues:
   # Set to 0 to disable.
   # Default: 3
   max-same-issues: 0
-
-  # Show only new issues: if there are unstaged changes or untracked files,
-  # only those changes are analyzed, else only changes in HEAD~ are analyzed.
-  # It's a super-useful option for integration of golangci-lint into existing large codebase.
-  # It's not practical to fix all existing issues at the moment of integration:
-  # much better don't allow issues in new code.
-  #
-  # Default: false.
-  # new: true
-
-  # Show only new issues created after git revision `REV`.
-  # new-from-rev: HEAD
-
-  # Show only new issues created in git patch with set file path.
-  # new-from-patch: path/to/patch/file
-
-  # Fix found issues (if it's supported by the linter).
-  # fix: true
-
-
-# severity:
-  # Set the default severity for issues.
-  #
-  # If severity rules are defined and the issues do not match or no severity is provided to the rule
-  # this will be the default severity applied.
-  # Severities should match the supported severity names of the selected out format.
-  # - Code climate: https://docs.codeclimate.com/docs/issues#issue-severity
-  # - Checkstyle: https://checkstyle.sourceforge.io/property_types.html#severity
-  # - GitHub: https://help.github.com/en/actions/reference/workflow-commands-for-github-actions#setting-an-error-message
-  #
-  # Default value is an empty string.
-  # default-severity: error
-
-  # If set to true `severity-rules` regular expressions become case-sensitive.
-  # Default: false
-  # case-sensitive: true
-
-  # When a list of severity rules are provided, severity information will be added to lint issues.
-  # Severity rules have the same filtering capability as exclude rules
-  # except you are allowed to specify one matcher per severity rule.
-  # Only affects out formats that support setting severity information.
-  #
-  # Default: []
-  # rules:
-    # - linters:
-      # - dupl
-      # severity: info
diff --git a/application.go b/application.go
index 48f63b6..8df2dc2 100644
--- a/application.go
+++ b/application.go
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
-	"strings"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -16,6 +15,23 @@ var (
 
 // Application is the root definition of a CLI.
 type Application struct {
+	// Name is the name of the binary this application builds. Used when
+	// generating help output.
+	Name string
+
+	// Version is the version of this application. Used when generating
+	// help output.
+	Version string
+
+	// Description is a short, one-line description of the command, used
+	// when generating help output.
+	Description string
+
+	// DetailedDescription is one or more paragraphs describing the
+	// application, what it does, and what it's used for. Used when
+	// generating help output.
+	DetailedDescription string
+
 	// Commands are the commands that the application supports.
 	Commands []Command
 
@@ -24,6 +40,33 @@ type Application struct {
 	Flags []FlagDef
 
 	Handler HandlerBuilder
+
+	// HandlerMiddleware holds the middleware to run before executing the
+	// HandlerBuilder of the Application. If any return false, the
+	// HandlerBuilder will not be run. The context.Context and *Response
+	// passed to the middleware will also be passed to the HandlerBuilder
+	// and Handler; everything else is not guaranteed to persist any
+	// changes the middleware makes.
+	//
+	// Middleware is largely intended to support use cases like checking
+	// for a help flag being passed and printing the help output, or other
+	// scenarios where invocation-time information (what command is being
+	// run, what flags are set) is necessary but all or many handlers
+	// should have consistent behavior.
+	HandlerMiddleware []Middleware
+
+	// GlobalMiddleware holds the middleware to run before executing the
+	// any HandlerBuilder. If any return false, the HandlerBuilder will not
+	// be run. The context.Context and *Response passed to the middleware
+	// will also be passed to the HandlerBuilder and Handler; everything
+	// else is not guaranteed to persist any changes the middleware makes.
+	//
+	// Middleware is largely intended to support use cases like checking
+	// for a help flag being passed and printing the help output, or other
+	// scenarios where invocation-time information (what command is being
+	// run, what flags are set) is necessary but all or many handlers
+	// should have consistent behavior.
+	GlobalMiddleware []Middleware
 }
 
 // Run executes the invoked command. It routes the input to the appropriate
@@ -51,9 +94,66 @@ func (app Application) Run(ctx context.Context, opts ...RunOption) int {
 		return 1
 	}
 
+	for _, middleware := range app.GlobalMiddleware {
+		if !middleware.Intercept(ctx, result.Flags, result.Args, DefParams{
+			CommandPath:     result.CommandPath,
+			Command:         result.Command,
+			AcceptableFlags: result.DefinedFlags,
+			App:             app,
+		}, resp) {
+			return resp.Code
+		}
+	}
+
+	if result.Command == nil {
+		if app.Handler == nil {
+			HelpHandler{
+				App:   app,
+				Flags: app.Flags,
+			}.Handle(ctx, resp)
+			return resp.Code
+		}
+
+		for _, middleware := range app.HandlerMiddleware {
+			if !middleware.Intercept(ctx, result.Flags, result.Args, DefParams{
+				CommandPath:     result.CommandPath,
+				Command:         result.Command,
+				AcceptableFlags: result.DefinedFlags,
+				App:             app,
+			}, resp) {
+				return resp.Code
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	if result.Command.Handler == nil {
-		fmt.Fprintln(resp.Error, "invalid command:", strings.Join(options.Args, " ")) //nolint:errcheck // if there's an error, we can't do anything
-		return 1
+		HelpHandler{
+			App:     app,
+			CmdPath: result.CommandPath,
+			Cmd:     result.Command,
+			Flags:   result.DefinedFlags,
+		}.Handle(ctx, resp)
+		return resp.Code
+	}
+
+	for _, middleware := range result.Command.Middleware {
+		if !middleware.Intercept(ctx, result.Flags, result.Args, DefParams{
+			CommandPath:     result.CommandPath,
+			Command:         result.Command,
+			AcceptableFlags: result.DefinedFlags,
+			App:             app,
+		}, resp) {
+			return resp.Code
+		}
+	}
+
+	if injector, ok := result.Command.Handler.(DefInjector); ok {
+		injector.InjectDefs(ctx, DefParams{
+			CommandPath:     result.CommandPath,
+			Command:         result.Command,
+			AcceptableFlags: result.DefinedFlags,
+			App:             app,
+		}, resp)
 	}
 
 	// Build makes us a handler, parsing all the input and injecting it
diff --git a/application_test.go b/application_test.go
index a9d560d..56c31fb 100644
--- a/application_test.go
+++ b/application_test.go
@@ -89,18 +89,18 @@ func ExampleApplication() {
 	// output:
 	// this is help information
 	// 0
-	// map[quux:[{true hello}]] []
+	// map[quux:[{true hello quux quux}]] []
 	// 0
-	// map[quux:[{true hello}]] []
+	// map[quux:[{true hello quux quux}]] []
 	// 0
-	// map[quux:[{true hello}]] []
+	// map[quux:[{true hello quux quux}]] []
 	// 0
-	// map[quux:[{true hello}]] []
+	// map[quux:[{true hello quux quux}]] []
 	// 0
-	// map[quux:[{true hello}]] []
+	// map[quux:[{true hello quux quux}]] []
 	// 0
-	// map[quux:[{true hello}]] []
+	// map[quux:[{true hello quux quux}]] []
 	// 0
-	// map[baaz:[{false }] quux:[{true hello}]] []
+	// map[baaz:[{false  baaz baaz}] quux:[{true hello quux quux}]] []
 	// 0
 }
diff --git a/command.go b/command.go
index 1f775f6..6ea9a45 100644
--- a/command.go
+++ b/command.go
@@ -33,14 +33,27 @@ type Command struct {
 	Aliases []string
 
 	// Description is a short, one-line description of the command, used
-	// when generating the SubcommandsHelp output.
+	// when generating help output.
 	Description string
 
+	// DetailedDescription is one or more paragraphs describing the
+	// command, what it does, and what it's used for. Used when generating
+	// help output.
+	DetailedDescription string
+
+	// UsageExample is an example of how the command is meant to be used,
+	// displayed as part of help output.
+	UsageExample string
+
 	// Hidden indicates whether a command should be included in
 	// SubcommandsHelp output or not. If set to true, the command will be
 	// omitted from SubcommandsHelp output.
 	Hidden bool
 
+	// ArgsAccepted indicates whether free input is expected as part of
+	// this command. If true, this command cannot have any subcommands.
+	ArgsAccepted bool
+
 	// Flags holds definitions for the flags, if any, that this command
 	// accepts.
 	Flags []FlagDef
@@ -54,9 +67,18 @@ type Command struct {
 	// used.
 	Handler HandlerBuilder
 
-	// ArgsAccepted indicates whether free input is expected as part of
-	// this command. If true, this command cannot have any subcommands.
-	ArgsAccepted bool
+	// Middleware holds the middleware to run before executing the Command.
+	// If any return false, the Handler will not be run. The
+	// context.Context and *Response passed to the middleware will also be
+	// passed to the HandlerBuilder and Handler; everything else is not
+	// guaranteed to persist any changes the middleware makes.
+	//
+	// Middleware is largely intended to support use cases like checking
+	// for a help flag being passed and printing the help output, or other
+	// scenarios where invocation-time information (what command is being
+	// run, what flags are set) is necessary but all or many handlers
+	// should have consistent behavior.
+	Middleware []Middleware
 }
 
 // Validate determines whether a [Command] has a valid definition or not.
diff --git a/def_params.go b/def_params.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..905a81b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/def_params.go
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+package clif
+
+// DefParams holds a parameter bundle of the definitions that are relevant to a
+// given execution. A definition is relevant to a given execution if it's a
+// [Command] in the command path of a [Command] that has been routed to, the
+// [Command] that has been routed to, the root [Application], or a [FlagDef]
+// that is set on any of those [Command]s or the [Application].
+type DefParams struct {
+	CommandPath     []Command
+	Command         *Command
+	AcceptableFlags []FlagDef
+	App             Application
+}
diff --git a/flag_def.go b/flag_def.go
index 0c3245e..1ccc56f 100644
--- a/flag_def.go
+++ b/flag_def.go
@@ -12,14 +12,16 @@ import (
 type FlagDef struct {
 	// Name is the name of the flag. It's what will be surfaced in
 	// documentation and what the user will use when applying the flag to a
-	// command. Names must be unique across all commands, or the parser
-	// won't know which command to apply the flag to.
+	// command. Names must be unique across the command and all parent or
+	// child commands, or the parser won't know which command to apply the
+	// flag to.
 	Name string
 
 	// Aliases holds any alternative names the flag should accept from the
 	// user. Aliases are not surfaced in documentation, by default. Aliases
-	// must be unique across all other aliases and names for all commands,
-	// or the parser won't know which command to apply the flag to.
+	// must be unique across all other aliases and names for the command
+	// and all parent or child commands, or the parser won't know which
+	// command to apply the flag to.
 	Aliases []string
 
 	// Description is a user-friendly description of what the flag does and
diff --git a/flag_reflect_bool.go b/flag_reflect_bool.go
index 291d659..cb19ad8 100644
--- a/flag_reflect_bool.go
+++ b/flag_reflect_bool.go
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 
 func newValueFromBoolean(_ context.Context, flag FlagValue, target reflect.Value) (reflect.Value, error) {
 	value := true
-	if flag.Set {
+	if flag.HasValue {
 		parsed, err := strconv.ParseBool(flag.Raw)
 		if err != nil {
 			return target, err
diff --git a/flag_reflect_bool_test.go b/flag_reflect_bool_test.go
index ee520aa..599bf9a 100644
--- a/flag_reflect_bool_test.go
+++ b/flag_reflect_bool_test.go
@@ -16,15 +16,15 @@ func TestNewValueFromBoolean_success(t *testing.T) {
 		expected bool
 	}
 	testCases := map[string]testCase{
-		"true":   {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "true"}, expected: true},
-		"TRUE":   {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "TRUE"}, expected: true},
-		"t":      {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "t"}, expected: true},
-		"1":      {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "1"}, expected: true},
-		"false":  {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "false"}, expected: false},
-		"FALSE":  {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "FALSE"}, expected: false},
-		"f":      {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "f"}, expected: false},
-		"0":      {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "0"}, expected: false},
-		"toggle": {input: FlagValue{Set: false, Raw: ""}, expected: true},
+		"true":   {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "true"}, expected: true},
+		"TRUE":   {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "TRUE"}, expected: true},
+		"t":      {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "t"}, expected: true},
+		"1":      {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "1"}, expected: true},
+		"false":  {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "false"}, expected: false},
+		"FALSE":  {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "FALSE"}, expected: false},
+		"f":      {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "f"}, expected: false},
+		"0":      {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "0"}, expected: false},
+		"toggle": {input: FlagValue{HasValue: false, Raw: ""}, expected: true},
 	}
 	for name, test := range testCases {
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ func TestNewValueFromBoolean_error(t *testing.T) {
 			ctx := context.Background()
 
 			var target bool
-			_, err := newValueFromBoolean(ctx, FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: input}, reflect.ValueOf(target))
+			_, err := newValueFromBoolean(ctx, FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: input}, reflect.ValueOf(target))
 			if err == nil {
 				t.Fatal("Expected error, got none")
 			}
diff --git a/flag_reflect_number_big_test.go b/flag_reflect_number_big_test.go
index a49ec4a..62e1558 100644
--- a/flag_reflect_number_big_test.go
+++ b/flag_reflect_number_big_test.go
@@ -20,10 +20,10 @@ func TestNewValueFromBigInt_success(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	testCases := map[string]testCase{
 		// *big.Int
-		"*big.Int/0":       {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "0"}, expected: big.NewInt(0), target: big.NewInt(0)},
-		"*big.Int/-1":      {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "-1"}, expected: big.NewInt(-1), target: big.NewInt(0)},
-		"*big.Int/1":       {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "1"}, expected: big.NewInt(1), target: big.NewInt(0)},
-		"*big.Int/max-int": {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: strconv.FormatInt(math.MaxInt64, 10)}, expected: big.NewInt(math.MaxInt64), target: big.NewInt(0)},
+		"*big.Int/0":       {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "0"}, expected: big.NewInt(0), target: big.NewInt(0)},
+		"*big.Int/-1":      {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "-1"}, expected: big.NewInt(-1), target: big.NewInt(0)},
+		"*big.Int/1":       {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "1"}, expected: big.NewInt(1), target: big.NewInt(0)},
+		"*big.Int/max-int": {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: strconv.FormatInt(math.MaxInt64, 10)}, expected: big.NewInt(math.MaxInt64), target: big.NewInt(0)},
 	}
 	for name, test := range testCases {
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ func TestNewValueFromBigInt_error_syntax(t *testing.T) {
 			ctx := context.Background()
 
 			var target *big.Int
-			_, err := newValueFromBigInt(ctx, FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: input}, reflect.ValueOf(target))
+			_, err := newValueFromBigInt(ctx, FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: input}, reflect.ValueOf(target))
 			if err == nil {
 				t.Fatal("Expected error, got none")
 			}
@@ -69,8 +69,8 @@ func TestNewValueFromBigInt_error_syntax(t *testing.T) {
 			if !errors.As(err, &conversionErr) {
 				t.Fatalf("Expected clif.InvalidConversionError, got %T: %v", err, err)
 			}
-			if !conversionErr.Source.Set || conversionErr.Source.Raw != input {
-				t.Fatalf("Expected conversion error's source to be set with a value of %q, got set: %v value: %q", input, conversionErr.Source.Set, conversionErr.Source.Raw)
+			if !conversionErr.Source.HasValue || conversionErr.Source.Raw != input {
+				t.Fatalf("Expected conversion error's source to be set with a value of %q, got set: %v value: %q", input, conversionErr.Source.HasValue, conversionErr.Source.Raw)
 			}
 			if !conversionErr.Target.Equal(reflect.ValueOf(target)) {
 				t.Fatalf("Expected conversion error's target to be %v, got %v", target, conversionErr.Target.Interface())
@@ -89,10 +89,10 @@ func TestNewValueFromBigFloat_success(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	testCases := map[string]testCase{
 		// *big.Float
-		"*big.Float/0":         {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "0"}, expected: big.NewFloat(0), target: big.NewFloat(0)},
-		"*big.Float/-1":        {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "-1"}, expected: big.NewFloat(-1), target: big.NewFloat(0)},
-		"*big.Float/1":         {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "1"}, expected: big.NewFloat(1), target: big.NewFloat(0)},
-		"*big.Float/max-float": {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: strconv.FormatFloat(math.MaxFloat64, 'f', -1, 64)}, expected: big.NewFloat(math.MaxFloat64), target: big.NewFloat(0)},
+		"*big.Float/0":         {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "0"}, expected: big.NewFloat(0), target: big.NewFloat(0)},
+		"*big.Float/-1":        {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "-1"}, expected: big.NewFloat(-1), target: big.NewFloat(0)},
+		"*big.Float/1":         {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "1"}, expected: big.NewFloat(1), target: big.NewFloat(0)},
+		"*big.Float/max-float": {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: strconv.FormatFloat(math.MaxFloat64, 'f', -1, 64)}, expected: big.NewFloat(math.MaxFloat64), target: big.NewFloat(0)},
 	}
 	for name, test := range testCases {
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ func TestNewValueFromBigFloat_error_syntax(t *testing.T) {
 			ctx := context.Background()
 
 			var target *big.Float
-			_, err := newValueFromBigFloat(ctx, FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: input}, reflect.ValueOf(target))
+			_, err := newValueFromBigFloat(ctx, FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: input}, reflect.ValueOf(target))
 			if err == nil {
 				t.Fatal("Expected error, got none")
 			}
@@ -138,8 +138,8 @@ func TestNewValueFromBigFloat_error_syntax(t *testing.T) {
 			if !errors.As(err, &conversionErr) {
 				t.Fatalf("Expected clif.InvalidConversionError, got %T: %v", err, err)
 			}
-			if !conversionErr.Source.Set || conversionErr.Source.Raw != input {
-				t.Fatalf("Expected conversion error's source to be set with a value of %q, got set: %v value: %q", input, conversionErr.Source.Set, conversionErr.Source.Raw)
+			if !conversionErr.Source.HasValue || conversionErr.Source.Raw != input {
+				t.Fatalf("Expected conversion error's source to be set with a value of %q, got set: %v value: %q", input, conversionErr.Source.HasValue, conversionErr.Source.Raw)
 			}
 			if !conversionErr.Target.Equal(reflect.ValueOf(target)) {
 				t.Fatalf("Expected conversion error's target to be %v, got %v", target, conversionErr.Target.Interface())
diff --git a/flag_reflect_number_float_test.go b/flag_reflect_number_float_test.go
index 6182831..6a7b5ad 100644
--- a/flag_reflect_number_float_test.go
+++ b/flag_reflect_number_float_test.go
@@ -20,23 +20,23 @@ func TestNewValueFromFloat_success(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	testCases := map[string]testCase{
 		// float32
-		"float32/0":         {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "0"}, expected: float64(0), target: float32(0)},
-		"float32/-1":        {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "-1"}, expected: float64(-1), target: float32(0)},
-		"float32/1":         {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "1"}, expected: float64(1), target: float32(0)},
-		"float32/max-float": {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: strconv.FormatFloat(float64(math.MaxFloat32), 'f', -1, 32)}, expected: math.MaxFloat32, target: float32(0)},
+		"float32/0":         {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "0"}, expected: float64(0), target: float32(0)},
+		"float32/-1":        {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "-1"}, expected: float64(-1), target: float32(0)},
+		"float32/1":         {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "1"}, expected: float64(1), target: float32(0)},
+		"float32/max-float": {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: strconv.FormatFloat(float64(math.MaxFloat32), 'f', -1, 32)}, expected: math.MaxFloat32, target: float32(0)},
 
 		// float64
-		"float64/0":         {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "0"}, expected: float64(0), target: float64(0)},
-		"float64/-1":        {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "-1"}, expected: float64(-1), target: float64(0)},
-		"float64/1":         {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "1"}, expected: float64(1), target: float64(0)},
-		"float64/max-float": {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: strconv.FormatFloat(float64(math.MaxFloat64), 'f', -1, 64)}, expected: math.MaxFloat64, target: float64(0)},
-		"float64/inf":       {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "inf"}, expected: math.Inf(1), target: float64(0)},
-		"float64/infinity":  {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "infinity"}, expected: math.Inf(1), target: float64(0)},
-		"float64/-inf":      {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "-inf"}, expected: math.Inf(-1), target: float64(0)},
-		"float64/-infinity": {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "-infinity"}, expected: math.Inf(-1), target: float64(0)},
-		"float64/+inf":      {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "+inf"}, expected: math.Inf(1), target: float64(0)},
-		"float64/+infinity": {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "+infinity"}, expected: math.Inf(1), target: float64(0)},
-		"float64/nan":       {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "NaN"}, expected: math.NaN(), target: float64(0)},
+		"float64/0":         {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "0"}, expected: float64(0), target: float64(0)},
+		"float64/-1":        {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "-1"}, expected: float64(-1), target: float64(0)},
+		"float64/1":         {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "1"}, expected: float64(1), target: float64(0)},
+		"float64/max-float": {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: strconv.FormatFloat(float64(math.MaxFloat64), 'f', -1, 64)}, expected: math.MaxFloat64, target: float64(0)},
+		"float64/inf":       {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "inf"}, expected: math.Inf(1), target: float64(0)},
+		"float64/infinity":  {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "infinity"}, expected: math.Inf(1), target: float64(0)},
+		"float64/-inf":      {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "-inf"}, expected: math.Inf(-1), target: float64(0)},
+		"float64/-infinity": {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "-infinity"}, expected: math.Inf(-1), target: float64(0)},
+		"float64/+inf":      {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "+inf"}, expected: math.Inf(1), target: float64(0)},
+		"float64/+infinity": {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "+infinity"}, expected: math.Inf(1), target: float64(0)},
+		"float64/nan":       {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "NaN"}, expected: math.NaN(), target: float64(0)},
 	}
 	for name, test := range testCases {
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ func TestNewValueFromFloat_error_syntax(t *testing.T) {
 			ctx := context.Background()
 
 			var target float64
-			_, err := newValueFromFloat(ctx, FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: input}, reflect.ValueOf(target))
+			_, err := newValueFromFloat(ctx, FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: input}, reflect.ValueOf(target))
 			if err == nil {
 				t.Fatal("Expected error, got none")
 			}
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ func TestNewValueFromFloat_error_overflow(t *testing.T) {
 
 			ctx := context.Background()
 
-			_, err := newValueFromFloat(ctx, FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: test.value.String()}, reflect.ValueOf(test.target))
+			_, err := newValueFromFloat(ctx, FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: test.value.String()}, reflect.ValueOf(test.target))
 			if err == nil {
 				t.Fatal("Expected error, got none")
 			}
diff --git a/flag_reflect_number_int_test.go b/flag_reflect_number_int_test.go
index aa00b7a..98b6f21 100644
--- a/flag_reflect_number_int_test.go
+++ b/flag_reflect_number_int_test.go
@@ -20,39 +20,39 @@ func TestNewValueFromInt_success(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	testCases := map[string]testCase{
 		// int
-		"int/0":       {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "0"}, expected: int64(0), target: int(0)},
-		"int/-1":      {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "-1"}, expected: int64(-1), target: int(0)},
-		"int/1":       {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "1"}, expected: int64(1), target: int(0)},
-		"int/max-int": {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: strconv.FormatInt(int64(math.MaxInt), 10)}, expected: math.MaxInt, target: int(0)},
-		"int/min-int": {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: strconv.FormatInt(int64(math.MinInt), 10)}, expected: math.MinInt, target: int(0)},
+		"int/0":       {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "0"}, expected: int64(0), target: int(0)},
+		"int/-1":      {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "-1"}, expected: int64(-1), target: int(0)},
+		"int/1":       {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "1"}, expected: int64(1), target: int(0)},
+		"int/max-int": {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: strconv.FormatInt(int64(math.MaxInt), 10)}, expected: math.MaxInt, target: int(0)},
+		"int/min-int": {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: strconv.FormatInt(int64(math.MinInt), 10)}, expected: math.MinInt, target: int(0)},
 
 		// int8
-		"int8/0":       {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "0"}, expected: int64(0), target: int8(0)},
-		"int8/-1":      {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "-1"}, expected: int64(-1), target: int8(0)},
-		"int8/1":       {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "1"}, expected: int64(1), target: int8(0)},
-		"int8/max-int": {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: strconv.FormatInt(int64(math.MaxInt8), 10)}, expected: math.MaxInt8, target: int8(0)},
-		"int8/min-int": {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: strconv.FormatInt(int64(math.MinInt8), 10)}, expected: math.MinInt8, target: int8(0)},
+		"int8/0":       {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "0"}, expected: int64(0), target: int8(0)},
+		"int8/-1":      {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "-1"}, expected: int64(-1), target: int8(0)},
+		"int8/1":       {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "1"}, expected: int64(1), target: int8(0)},
+		"int8/max-int": {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: strconv.FormatInt(int64(math.MaxInt8), 10)}, expected: math.MaxInt8, target: int8(0)},
+		"int8/min-int": {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: strconv.FormatInt(int64(math.MinInt8), 10)}, expected: math.MinInt8, target: int8(0)},
 
 		// int16
-		"int16/0":       {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "0"}, expected: int64(0), target: int16(0)},
-		"int16/-1":      {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "-1"}, expected: int64(-1), target: int16(0)},
-		"int16/1":       {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "1"}, expected: int64(1), target: int16(0)},
-		"int16/max-int": {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: strconv.FormatInt(int64(math.MaxInt16), 10)}, expected: math.MaxInt16, target: int16(0)},
-		"int16/min-int": {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: strconv.FormatInt(int64(math.MinInt16), 10)}, expected: math.MinInt16, target: int16(0)},
+		"int16/0":       {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "0"}, expected: int64(0), target: int16(0)},
+		"int16/-1":      {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "-1"}, expected: int64(-1), target: int16(0)},
+		"int16/1":       {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "1"}, expected: int64(1), target: int16(0)},
+		"int16/max-int": {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: strconv.FormatInt(int64(math.MaxInt16), 10)}, expected: math.MaxInt16, target: int16(0)},
+		"int16/min-int": {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: strconv.FormatInt(int64(math.MinInt16), 10)}, expected: math.MinInt16, target: int16(0)},
 
 		// int32
-		"int32/0":       {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "0"}, expected: int64(0), target: int32(0)},
-		"int32/-1":      {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "-1"}, expected: int64(-1), target: int32(0)},
-		"int32/1":       {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "1"}, expected: int64(1), target: int32(0)},
-		"int32/max-int": {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: strconv.FormatInt(int64(math.MaxInt32), 10)}, expected: math.MaxInt32, target: int32(0)},
-		"int32/min-int": {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: strconv.FormatInt(int64(math.MinInt32), 10)}, expected: math.MinInt32, target: int32(0)},
+		"int32/0":       {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "0"}, expected: int64(0), target: int32(0)},
+		"int32/-1":      {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "-1"}, expected: int64(-1), target: int32(0)},
+		"int32/1":       {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "1"}, expected: int64(1), target: int32(0)},
+		"int32/max-int": {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: strconv.FormatInt(int64(math.MaxInt32), 10)}, expected: math.MaxInt32, target: int32(0)},
+		"int32/min-int": {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: strconv.FormatInt(int64(math.MinInt32), 10)}, expected: math.MinInt32, target: int32(0)},
 
 		// int64
-		"int64/0":       {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "0"}, expected: int64(0), target: int64(0)},
-		"int64/-1":      {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "-1"}, expected: int64(-1), target: int64(0)},
-		"int64/1":       {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "1"}, expected: int64(1), target: int64(0)},
-		"int64/max-int": {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: strconv.FormatInt(int64(math.MaxInt64), 10)}, expected: math.MaxInt64, target: int64(0)},
-		"int64/min-int": {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: strconv.FormatInt(int64(math.MinInt64), 10)}, expected: math.MinInt64, target: int64(0)},
+		"int64/0":       {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "0"}, expected: int64(0), target: int64(0)},
+		"int64/-1":      {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "-1"}, expected: int64(-1), target: int64(0)},
+		"int64/1":       {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "1"}, expected: int64(1), target: int64(0)},
+		"int64/max-int": {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: strconv.FormatInt(int64(math.MaxInt64), 10)}, expected: math.MaxInt64, target: int64(0)},
+		"int64/min-int": {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: strconv.FormatInt(int64(math.MinInt64), 10)}, expected: math.MinInt64, target: int64(0)},
 	}
 	for name, test := range testCases {
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ func TestNewValueFromInt_error_syntax(t *testing.T) {
 			ctx := context.Background()
 
 			var target int
-			_, err := newValueFromInt(ctx, FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: input}, reflect.ValueOf(target))
+			_, err := newValueFromInt(ctx, FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: input}, reflect.ValueOf(target))
 			if err == nil {
 				t.Fatal("Expected error, got none")
 			}
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ func TestNewValueFromInt_error_overflow(t *testing.T) {
 
 			ctx := context.Background()
 
-			_, err := newValueFromInt(ctx, FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: test.value.String()}, reflect.ValueOf(test.target))
+			_, err := newValueFromInt(ctx, FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: test.value.String()}, reflect.ValueOf(test.target))
 			if err == nil {
 				t.Fatal("Expected error, got none")
 			}
diff --git a/flag_reflect_number_uint_test.go b/flag_reflect_number_uint_test.go
index 8beb2d4..ea5f003 100644
--- a/flag_reflect_number_uint_test.go
+++ b/flag_reflect_number_uint_test.go
@@ -20,29 +20,29 @@ func TestNewValueFromUint_success(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	testCases := map[string]testCase{
 		// uint
-		"uint/0":        {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "0"}, expected: uint64(0), target: uint(0)},
-		"uint/1":        {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "1"}, expected: uint64(1), target: uint(0)},
-		"uint/max-uint": {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: strconv.FormatUint(uint64(math.MaxUint), 10)}, expected: math.MaxUint, target: uint(0)},
+		"uint/0":        {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "0"}, expected: uint64(0), target: uint(0)},
+		"uint/1":        {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "1"}, expected: uint64(1), target: uint(0)},
+		"uint/max-uint": {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: strconv.FormatUint(uint64(math.MaxUint), 10)}, expected: math.MaxUint, target: uint(0)},
 
 		// uint8
-		"uint8/0":        {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "0"}, expected: uint64(0), target: uint8(0)},
-		"uint8/1":        {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "1"}, expected: uint64(1), target: uint8(0)},
-		"uint8/max-uint": {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: strconv.FormatUint(uint64(math.MaxUint8), 10)}, expected: math.MaxUint8, target: uint8(0)},
+		"uint8/0":        {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "0"}, expected: uint64(0), target: uint8(0)},
+		"uint8/1":        {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "1"}, expected: uint64(1), target: uint8(0)},
+		"uint8/max-uint": {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: strconv.FormatUint(uint64(math.MaxUint8), 10)}, expected: math.MaxUint8, target: uint8(0)},
 
 		// uint16
-		"uint16/0":        {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "0"}, expected: uint64(0), target: uint16(0)},
-		"uint16/1":        {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "1"}, expected: uint64(1), target: uint16(0)},
-		"uint16/max-uint": {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: strconv.FormatUint(uint64(math.MaxUint16), 10)}, expected: math.MaxUint16, target: uint16(0)},
+		"uint16/0":        {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "0"}, expected: uint64(0), target: uint16(0)},
+		"uint16/1":        {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "1"}, expected: uint64(1), target: uint16(0)},
+		"uint16/max-uint": {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: strconv.FormatUint(uint64(math.MaxUint16), 10)}, expected: math.MaxUint16, target: uint16(0)},
 
 		// uint32
-		"uint32/0":        {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "0"}, expected: uint64(0), target: uint32(0)},
-		"uint32/1":        {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "1"}, expected: uint64(1), target: uint32(0)},
-		"uint32/max-uint": {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: strconv.FormatUint(uint64(math.MaxUint32), 10)}, expected: math.MaxUint32, target: uint32(0)},
+		"uint32/0":        {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "0"}, expected: uint64(0), target: uint32(0)},
+		"uint32/1":        {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "1"}, expected: uint64(1), target: uint32(0)},
+		"uint32/max-uint": {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: strconv.FormatUint(uint64(math.MaxUint32), 10)}, expected: math.MaxUint32, target: uint32(0)},
 
 		// uint64
-		"uint64/0":        {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "0"}, expected: uint64(0), target: uint64(0)},
-		"uint64/1":        {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "1"}, expected: uint64(1), target: uint64(0)},
-		"uint64/max-uint": {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: strconv.FormatUint(uint64(math.MaxUint64), 10)}, expected: math.MaxUint64, target: uint64(0)},
+		"uint64/0":        {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "0"}, expected: uint64(0), target: uint64(0)},
+		"uint64/1":        {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "1"}, expected: uint64(1), target: uint64(0)},
+		"uint64/max-uint": {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: strconv.FormatUint(uint64(math.MaxUint64), 10)}, expected: math.MaxUint64, target: uint64(0)},
 	}
 	for name, test := range testCases {
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ func TestNewValueFromUint_error_syntax(t *testing.T) {
 			ctx := context.Background()
 
 			var target uint
-			_, err := newValueFromUint(ctx, FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: input}, reflect.ValueOf(target))
+			_, err := newValueFromUint(ctx, FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: input}, reflect.ValueOf(target))
 			if err == nil {
 				t.Fatal("Expected error, got none")
 			}
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ func TestNewValueFromUint_error_overflow(t *testing.T) {
 
 			ctx := context.Background()
 
-			_, err := newValueFromUint(ctx, FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: test.value.String()}, reflect.ValueOf(test.target))
+			_, err := newValueFromUint(ctx, FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: test.value.String()}, reflect.ValueOf(test.target))
 			if err == nil {
 				t.Fatal("Expected error, got none")
 			}
diff --git a/flag_reflect_time.go b/flag_reflect_time.go
index 888982b..62da3ad 100644
--- a/flag_reflect_time.go
+++ b/flag_reflect_time.go
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import (
 
 func newValueFromTime(_ context.Context, flag FlagValue, target reflect.Value) (reflect.Value, error) {
 	value := time.Time{}
-	if flag.Set {
+	if flag.HasValue {
 		parsed, err := dateparser.Parse(nil, flag.Raw)
 		if err != nil {
 			return target, err
diff --git a/flag_reflect_time_test.go b/flag_reflect_time_test.go
index 1cfb092..9942ad4 100644
--- a/flag_reflect_time_test.go
+++ b/flag_reflect_time_test.go
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ func TestNewValueFromTime_success(t *testing.T) {
 		expected time.Time
 	}
 	testCases := map[string]testCase{
-		"6 July 2020": {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "6 July 2020"}, expected: time.Date(2020, time.July, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)},
-		"07/06/2020":  {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "07/06/2020"}, expected: time.Date(2020, time.July, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)},
-		"07/06/20":    {input: FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: "07/06/20"}, expected: time.Date(2020, time.July, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)},
+		"6 July 2020": {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "6 July 2020"}, expected: time.Date(2020, time.July, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)},
+		"07/06/2020":  {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "07/06/2020"}, expected: time.Date(2020, time.July, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)},
+		"07/06/20":    {input: FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: "07/06/20"}, expected: time.Date(2020, time.July, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)},
 	}
 	for name, test := range testCases {
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ func TestNewValueFromTime_error(t *testing.T) {
 			ctx := context.Background()
 
 			var target bool
-			_, err := newValueFromTime(ctx, FlagValue{Set: true, Raw: input}, reflect.ValueOf(target))
+			_, err := newValueFromTime(ctx, FlagValue{HasValue: true, Raw: input}, reflect.ValueOf(target))
 			if err == nil {
 				t.Fatal("Expected error, got none")
 			}
diff --git a/flag_set.go b/flag_set.go
index 86b3be1..3d4b90c 100644
--- a/flag_set.go
+++ b/flag_set.go
@@ -19,10 +19,11 @@ type FlagSet map[string]FlagValues
 // the types supported by [FlagValues.As].
 //
 // If a pointer to a struct, the `flag` struct tag will control which fields a
-// flag key parses into. Unexported struct fields cannot be parsed into. All
-// exported struct fields must have a `flag` struct tag; use "-" as a struct
-// tag to not parse into a field. Field types can be any type supported by
-// [FlagValues.As].
+// flag key parses into. The value of the tag should be the canonical name
+// (i.e., not an alias) of the flag that should be parsed into that field.
+// Unexported struct fields cannot be parsed into. All exported struct fields
+// must have a `flag` struct tag; use "-" as a struct tag to not parse into a
+// field. Field types can be any type supported by [FlagValues.As].
 //
 // If a pointer to a type that implements [FlagSetSetter], the `SetFromFlagSet`
 // method will be called and the [FlagSet] will be passed.
diff --git a/flag_value.go b/flag_value.go
index b1549cb..abc2b49 100644
--- a/flag_value.go
+++ b/flag_value.go
@@ -7,14 +7,21 @@ import (
 
 // FlagValue holds the value of a flag specified at runtime.
 type FlagValue struct {
-	// Set indicates whether the flag had a value set. If false, it
+	// HasValue indicates whether the flag had a value set. If false, it
 	// indicates that the flag was used as a toggle, without a value, i.e.
 	// --flag. If true, it indicates the flag was used with a value, i.e.
 	// --flag=value or --flag value.
-	Set bool
+	HasValue bool
 
 	// Raw holds the value the flag was given, if Set is true.
 	Raw string
+
+	// Key is the key used to invoke the flag, which could be an alias.
+	Key string
+
+	// CanonicalKey is the Name of the flag in the FlagDef, the canonical
+	// way to refer to the flag.
+	CanonicalKey string
 }
 
 // As parses the value of the [FlagValue] into the target, which must be a
diff --git a/fprintf_or_panic.go b/fprintf_or_panic.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9fb828e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fprintf_or_panic.go
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+package clif
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+)
+
+func fprintOrPanic(w io.Writer, a ...any) {
+	_, err := fmt.Fprint(w, a...)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Error writing response: %s", err))
+	}
+}
+
+func fprintlnOrPanic(w io.Writer, a ...any) {
+	_, err := fmt.Fprintln(w, a...)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Error writing response: %s", err))
+	}
+}
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index 31ccf09..92034b2 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ go 1.22.3
 require (
 	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.7.0
 	github.com/markusmobius/go-dateparser v1.2.3
+	github.com/mitchellh/go-wordwrap v1.0.1
 )
 
 require (
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index 8d1a82e..77b681a 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ github.com/magefile/mage v1.14.0 h1:6QDX3g6z1YvJ4olPhT1wksUcSa/V0a1B+pJb73fBjyo=
 github.com/magefile/mage v1.14.0/go.mod h1:z5UZb/iS3GoOSn0JgWuiw7dxlurVYTu+/jHXqQg881A=
 github.com/markusmobius/go-dateparser v1.2.3 h1:TvrsIvr5uk+3v6poDjaicnAFJ5IgtFHgLiuMY2Eb7Nw=
 github.com/markusmobius/go-dateparser v1.2.3/go.mod h1:cMwQRrBUQlK1UI5TIFHEcvpsMbkWrQLXuaPNMFzuYLk=
+github.com/mitchellh/go-wordwrap v1.0.1 h1:TLuKupo69TCn6TQSyGxwI1EblZZEsQ0vMlAFQflz0v0=
+github.com/mitchellh/go-wordwrap v1.0.1/go.mod h1:R62XHJLzvMFRBbcrT7m7WgmE1eOyTSsCt+hzestvNj0=
 github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 h1:4DBwDE0NGyQoBHbLQYPwSUPoCMWR5BEzIk/f1lZbAQM=
 github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0/go.mod h1:iKH77koFhYxTK1pcRnkKkqfTogsbg7gZNVY4sRDYZ/4=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0 h1:HtqpIVDClZ4nwg75+f6Lvsy/wHu+3BoSGCbBAcpTsTg=
diff --git a/handler.go b/handler.go
index c95f86a..73341ba 100644
--- a/handler.go
+++ b/handler.go
@@ -21,3 +21,12 @@ type HandlerBuilder interface {
 	// appropriate handler type.
 	Build(ctx context.Context, flags FlagSet, args []string, resp *Response) Handler
 }
+
+// DefInjector is an interface that a [HandlerBuilder] can optionally
+// implement. If implemented, the InjectDefs method will be called to make
+// the [DefParams] available at runtime to the [HandlerBuilder] before
+// [HandlerBuilder.Build] is called.
+type DefInjector interface {
+	HandlerBuilder
+	InjectDefs(ctx context.Context, defs DefParams, resp *Response)
+}
diff --git a/help.go b/help.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..44015bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/help.go
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+package clif
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/mitchellh/go-wordwrap"
+)
+
+// HelpMiddleware provides a middleware that, when any of the specified flags
+// are passed, will print the help output and prevent any other [Handler] or
+// [Middleware] from executing.
+type HelpMiddleware struct {
+	Flags []string
+}
+
+func (middleware HelpMiddleware) Intercept(ctx context.Context, flags FlagSet, _ []string, defs DefParams, resp *Response) bool { //nolint:revive // that's the way interfaces go sometimes, this really needs 5 arguments
+	var showHelp bool
+	for _, flag := range middleware.Flags {
+		helpFlag, ok := flags[flag]
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		err := helpFlag.As(ctx, &showHelp)
+		if err != nil {
+			fprintlnOrPanic(resp.Error, "Error checking if the", helpFlag, "flag is set:", err.Error())
+			resp.Code = 1
+			return false
+		}
+		if showHelp {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if !showHelp {
+		return true
+	}
+	HelpHandler{
+		App:     defs.App,
+		CmdPath: defs.CommandPath,
+		Cmd:     defs.Command,
+		Flags:   defs.AcceptableFlags,
+	}.Handle(ctx, resp)
+	return false
+}
+
+// HelpHandler is a [Handler] that writes help output to the [Response.Output].
+// The help output is not guaranteed to be stable between versions of clif.
+type HelpHandler struct {
+	App     Application
+	CmdPath []Command
+	Cmd     *Command
+	Flags   []FlagDef
+}
+
+// Handle is a method that will be called when the command is executed.
+// It should contain the business logic of the command.
+func (handler HelpHandler) Handle(ctx context.Context, resp *Response) {
+	if handler.Cmd == nil {
+		handler.applicationHelp(ctx, resp)
+		return
+	}
+	handler.commandHelp(ctx, resp)
+}
+
+func (handler HelpHandler) applicationHelp(_ context.Context, resp *Response) {
+	fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, handler.App.Name)
+	if handler.App.Version != "" {
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, " ", handler.App.Version)
+	}
+	if len(handler.App.Description) > 0 {
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "\n")
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "\n")
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, wrapAndPad(handler.App.Description))
+	}
+	if len(handler.App.DetailedDescription) > 0 {
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "\n")
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "\n")
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "DESCRIPTION")
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "\n")
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, wrapAndPad(handler.App.DetailedDescription))
+	}
+	var commands []Command
+	for _, cmd := range handler.App.Commands {
+		if cmd.Hidden {
+			continue
+		}
+		commands = append(commands, cmd)
+	}
+	if len(commands) > 0 {
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "\n")
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "\n")
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "COMMANDS")
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "\n")
+		var commandTable [][2]string
+		for _, cmd := range commands {
+			commandTable = append(commandTable, [2]string{cmd.Name, cmd.Description})
+		}
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, makeWrappedAndPaddedTable(commandTable))
+	}
+	if len(handler.Flags) > 0 {
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "\n")
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "\n")
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "FLAGS")
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "\n")
+		var flagTable [][2]string
+		for _, flag := range handler.Flags {
+			flagTable = append(flagTable, [2]string{flag.Name, flag.Description})
+		}
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, makeWrappedAndPaddedTable(flagTable))
+	}
+	fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "\n")
+}
+
+func (handler HelpHandler) commandHelp(_ context.Context, resp *Response) {
+	if handler.App.Name != "" {
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, handler.App.Name, " ")
+	}
+	for pos, cmd := range handler.CmdPath {
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, cmd.Name)
+		if len(handler.CmdPath) > pos+1 {
+			fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, " ")
+		}
+	}
+	if len(handler.Cmd.Description) > 0 {
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "\n")
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "\n")
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, wrapAndPad(handler.Cmd.Description))
+	}
+	if len(handler.Cmd.UsageExample) > 0 {
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "\n")
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "\n")
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "USAGE")
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "\n")
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, wrapAndPad(handler.Cmd.UsageExample))
+	}
+	if len(handler.Cmd.DetailedDescription) > 0 {
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "\n")
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "\n")
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "DESCRIPTION")
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "\n")
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, wrapAndPad(handler.Cmd.DetailedDescription))
+	}
+	var commands []Command
+	for _, cmd := range handler.Cmd.Subcommands {
+		if cmd.Hidden {
+			continue
+		}
+		commands = append(commands, cmd)
+	}
+	if len(commands) > 0 {
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "\n")
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "\n")
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "SUBCOMMANDS")
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "\n")
+		var commandTable [][2]string
+		for _, cmd := range commands {
+			commandTable = append(commandTable, [2]string{cmd.Name, cmd.Description})
+		}
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, makeWrappedAndPaddedTable(commandTable))
+	}
+	if len(handler.Flags) > 0 {
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "\n")
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "\n")
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "FLAGS")
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "\n")
+		var flagTable [][2]string
+		for _, flag := range handler.Flags {
+			flagTable = append(flagTable, [2]string{flag.Name, flag.Description})
+		}
+		fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, makeWrappedAndPaddedTable(flagTable))
+	}
+	fprintOrPanic(resp.Output, "\n")
+}
+
+func wrapAndPad(input string) string {
+	pad := "  "
+	limit := uint(80) //nolint:mnd // 80 is a legitimate magic number, because terminals are weird
+	if uint(len(pad)) > limit {
+		panic("padding exceeds limit")
+	}
+	limit = limit - uint(len(pad))
+	wrapped := wordwrap.WrapString(input, limit)
+	padded := strings.ReplaceAll(wrapped, "\n", "\n"+pad)
+	// strip the trailing pad
+	padded = strings.TrimSuffix(padded, pad)
+	// make sure the first line gets padded
+	padded = pad + padded
+	return padded
+}
+
+func makeWrappedAndPaddedTable(input [][2]string) string {
+	pad := "  "
+	limit := uint(80) //nolint:mnd // 80 is a legitimate magic number, because terminals are weird
+	if uint(len(pad)) > limit {
+		panic("padding exceeds limit")
+	}
+	limit = limit - uint(len(pad))
+	var maxCol1 int
+	for _, row := range input {
+		if len(row[0]) > maxCol1 {
+			maxCol1 = len(row[0])
+		}
+	}
+	if uint(maxCol1+len(pad)+len(pad)) >= limit { //nolint:gosec // len() can't return a negative integer
+		panic("padding and first column exceeds limit")
+	}
+	limit = limit - uint(maxCol1+len(pad)+len(pad)) //nolint:gosec // len() can't return a negative integer
+	var result strings.Builder
+	for _, row := range input {
+		result.WriteString(pad)
+		result.WriteString(row[0])
+		for range maxCol1 - len(row[0]) {
+			result.WriteString(" ")
+		}
+		wrapped := wordwrap.WrapString(row[1], limit)
+		wrappedLines := strings.Split(wrapped, "\n")
+		for pos, line := range wrappedLines {
+			if pos != 0 {
+				result.WriteString(pad)
+				for range maxCol1 {
+					result.WriteString(" ")
+				}
+			}
+			result.WriteString("    ")
+			result.WriteString(line)
+			result.WriteString("\n")
+		}
+	}
+	return strings.TrimSuffix(result.String(), "\n")
+}
diff --git a/middleware.go b/middleware.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ed7e7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/middleware.go
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+package clif
+
+import (
+	"context"
+)
+
+// Middleware provides an interface for specifying code to run after the
+// appropriate [Handler] to execute is identified but before the [Handler] is
+// executed.
+type Middleware interface {
+	// Intercept is the code that will run when the Middleware is executed.
+	// All the runtime parameters available to a Handler are available,
+	// along with DefParams describing the Application, the Command to
+	// execute (if any), the parents of that Command (if any), and the
+	// acceptable flags for that particular Command.
+	//
+	// If Intercept returns false, execution will halt and the Handler and
+	// any other Middleware will not be executed.
+	Intercept(ctx context.Context, flags FlagSet, args []string, defs DefParams, resp *Response) bool
+}
diff --git a/route.go b/route.go
index 9932fe6..d1d9c77 100644
--- a/route.go
+++ b/route.go
@@ -10,10 +10,23 @@ import (
 // [FlagSet] and arguments to pass to it, based on the parsing done by
 // [Route].
 type RouteResult struct {
-	// Command is the Command that Route believes should be run.
-	Command Command
+	// Command is the Command that Route believes should be run. If nil, no
+	// command was passed and the top-level Application handler should be
+	// called. A nil value does not indicate a command was specified but
+	// couldn't be found; that will be an explicit error.
+	Command *Command
+
+	// CommandPath is the list of Commands that were invoked to reach
+	// Command, including Command itself.
+	CommandPath []Command
+
 	// Flags are the flags that should be applied to that command.
 	Flags FlagSet
+
+	// DefinedFlags are the FlagDefs that are defined along the
+	// CommandPath.
+	DefinedFlags []FlagDef
+
 	// Args are the positional arguments that should be passed to that
 	// command.
 	Args []string
@@ -59,7 +72,11 @@ func Route(ctx context.Context, app Application, input []string) (RouteResult, e
 	router := inputRouter{
 		// a stub command to start our command tree off, just the
 		// top-level subcommands of the CLI itself
-		cmd: Command{
+		cmd: &Command{
+			// give this command an invalid name so we can detect
+			// if it's still the active command after router.route
+			// runs
+			Name:        "--placeholder--",
 			Subcommands: app.Commands,
 		},
 		// gotta initialize the flags map so we don't panic on write
@@ -72,18 +89,27 @@ func Route(ctx context.Context, app Application, input []string) (RouteResult, e
 		return RouteResult{}, err
 	}
 
+	if router.cmd != nil && router.cmd.Name == "--placeholder--" {
+		router.cmd = nil
+	}
+
 	// build a map of flags the commands we visited actually accept so we
 	// can validate the passed flags are acceptable
 	acceptedFlags := map[string]FlagDef{}
+	var cmdPath []Command
+	var resultFlagDefs []FlagDef
 	for _, def := range app.Flags {
 		acceptedFlags[def.Name] = def
+		resultFlagDefs = append(resultFlagDefs, def)
 		for _, alias := range def.Aliases {
 			acceptedFlags[alias] = def
 		}
 	}
 	for _, entry := range router.path {
+		cmdPath = append(cmdPath, entry.cmd)
 		for _, def := range entry.cmd.Flags {
 			acceptedFlags[def.Name] = def
+			resultFlagDefs = append(resultFlagDefs, def)
 			for _, alias := range def.Aliases {
 				acceptedFlags[alias] = def
 			}
@@ -100,10 +126,13 @@ func Route(ctx context.Context, app Application, input []string) (RouteResult, e
 			// a problem
 			return RouteResult{}, UnknownFlagNameError(flag)
 		}
-		flagWithoutLeadingHypens := strings.TrimPrefix(strings.TrimPrefix(flag, "-"), "-")
+		flagWithoutLeadingHyphens := strings.TrimPrefix(strings.TrimPrefix(flag, "-"), "-")
+		nameWithoutLeadingHyphens := strings.TrimPrefix(strings.TrimPrefix(def.Name, "-"), "-")
 		for _, value := range values {
 			val := FlagValue{
-				Set: value != nil,
+				HasValue:     value != nil,
+				Key:          flagWithoutLeadingHyphens,
+				CanonicalKey: nameWithoutLeadingHyphens,
 			}
 			if value != nil {
 				// if we have a non-nil value but this flag can
@@ -120,9 +149,9 @@ func Route(ctx context.Context, app Application, input []string) (RouteResult, e
 				// be used as a toggle, that's a problem
 				return RouteResult{}, MissingFlagValueError(flag)
 			}
-			flagValues[flagWithoutLeadingHypens] = append(flagValues[flagWithoutLeadingHypens], val)
+			flagValues[nameWithoutLeadingHyphens] = append(flagValues[nameWithoutLeadingHyphens], val)
 		}
-		if len(flagValues[flagWithoutLeadingHypens]) > 1 && !def.AllowMultiple {
+		if len(flagValues[nameWithoutLeadingHyphens]) > 1 && !def.AllowMultiple {
 			// if we have more than one value but only accept a
 			// single value, that's a problem
 			return RouteResult{}, TooManyFlagValuesError(flag)
@@ -152,8 +181,9 @@ func Route(ctx context.Context, app Application, input []string) (RouteResult, e
 			envVal := os.Getenv(envVar)
 			if envVal != "" {
 				flagValues[keyWithoutLeadingHyphens] = append(flagValues[keyWithoutLeadingHyphens], FlagValue{
-					Set: true,
-					Raw: envVal,
+					HasValue:     true,
+					Raw:          envVal,
+					CanonicalKey: strings.TrimPrefix(strings.TrimPrefix(def.Name, "-"), "-"),
 				})
 				break
 			}
@@ -171,9 +201,11 @@ func Route(ctx context.Context, app Application, input []string) (RouteResult, e
 	}
 
 	return RouteResult{
-		Command: router.cmd,
-		Flags:   flagValues,
-		Args:    router.args,
+		Command:      router.cmd,
+		CommandPath:  cmdPath,
+		Flags:        flagValues,
+		DefinedFlags: resultFlagDefs,
+		Args:         router.args,
 	}, nil
 }
 
diff --git a/route_test.go b/route_test.go
index 1f61323..a6a9ee6 100644
--- a/route_test.go
+++ b/route_test.go
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+
 	"impractical.co/clif"
 )
 
@@ -33,9 +34,9 @@ func TestRoute(t *testing.T) {
 			expectedCmdName: "hello",
 			expectedFlags: clif.FlagSet{
 				"name": {
-					{Set: true, Raw: "foo"},
-					{Set: true, Raw: "bar"},
-					{Set: true, Raw: "baaz"},
+					{HasValue: true, Raw: "foo", Key: "name", CanonicalKey: "name"},
+					{HasValue: true, Raw: "bar", Key: "name", CanonicalKey: "name"},
+					{HasValue: true, Raw: "baaz", Key: "name", CanonicalKey: "name"},
 				},
 			},
 		},
diff --git a/router.go b/router.go
index 62903f3..a71d280 100644
--- a/router.go
+++ b/router.go
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ type commandPathEntry struct {
 }
 
 type inputRouter struct {
-	cmd    Command
+	cmd    *Command
 	flags  map[string][]*string
 	args   []string
 	path   []commandPathEntry
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ func (router *inputRouter) route(ctx context.Context) error {
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
-			router.cmd = sub
+			router.cmd = &sub
 			router.path = append(router.path, commandPathEntry{
 				cmd:  sub,
 				name: token.value,
diff --git a/version.go b/version.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0dad8a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/version.go
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+package clif
+
+import (
+	"context"
+)
+
+// VersionMiddleware provides a middleware that, when any of the specified
+// flags are passed, will print the version output and prevent any other
+// [Handler] or [Middleware] from executing.
+type VersionMiddleware struct {
+	Flags []string
+}
+
+func (middleware VersionMiddleware) Intercept(ctx context.Context, flags FlagSet, _ []string, defs DefParams, resp *Response) bool { //nolint:revive // that's the way interfaces go sometimes, this really needs 5 arguments
+	var showVersion bool
+	for _, flag := range middleware.Flags {
+		versionFlag, ok := flags[flag]
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		err := versionFlag.As(ctx, &showVersion)
+		if err != nil {
+			fprintlnOrPanic(resp.Error, "Error checking if the", versionFlag, "flag is set:", err.Error())
+			resp.Code = 1
+			return false
+		}
+		if showVersion {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if !showVersion {
+		return true
+	}
+	fprintlnOrPanic(resp.Output, defs.App.Name, defs.App.Version)
+	return false
+}