diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 4db07e4d..8956e5c0 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -35,19 +35,15 @@ there is a small amount of setup:
    $ gem install bundler
    ```
 
-3. Install the top-level project dependencies.
-
-   ```sh
-   $ bundle install
-   ```
-
-4. Install the Spanner dependencies.
+3. Install the Spanner dependencies.
 
    ```sh
    $ cd google-cloud-spanner/
    $ bundle install
    ```
 
+   Note: We commit `Gemfile.lock` to ensure consistent dependency versions in development and CI. If you update dependencies in `Gemfile` or `google-cloud-spanner.gemspec`, make sure to run `bundle update` and commit the updated `Gemfile.lock`.
+
 ## Console
 
 In order to run code interactively, you can automatically load
diff --git a/google-cloud-spanner/.gitignore b/google-cloud-spanner/.gitignore
index a392f5ce..425b94a4 100644
--- a/google-cloud-spanner/.gitignore
+++ b/google-cloud-spanner/.gitignore
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-Gemfile.lock
 coverage/*
 doc/*
 pkg/*
diff --git a/google-cloud-spanner/CONTRIBUTING.md b/google-cloud-spanner/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 4db07e4d..8956e5c0 100644
--- a/google-cloud-spanner/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/google-cloud-spanner/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -35,19 +35,15 @@ there is a small amount of setup:
    $ gem install bundler
    ```
 
-3. Install the top-level project dependencies.
-
-   ```sh
-   $ bundle install
-   ```
-
-4. Install the Spanner dependencies.
+3. Install the Spanner dependencies.
 
    ```sh
    $ cd google-cloud-spanner/
    $ bundle install
    ```
 
+   Note: We commit `Gemfile.lock` to ensure consistent dependency versions in development and CI. If you update dependencies in `Gemfile` or `google-cloud-spanner.gemspec`, make sure to run `bundle update` and commit the updated `Gemfile.lock`.
+
 ## Console
 
 In order to run code interactively, you can automatically load
diff --git a/google-cloud-spanner/Gemfile.lock b/google-cloud-spanner/Gemfile.lock
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3d80f30a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/google-cloud-spanner/Gemfile.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,439 @@
+PATH
+  remote: .
+  specs:
+    google-cloud-spanner (2.36.0)
+      bigdecimal (~> 3.0)
+      concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0)
+      google-cloud-core (~> 1.7)
+      google-cloud-spanner-admin-database-v1 (~> 1.4)
+      google-cloud-spanner-admin-instance-v1 (~> 1.6)
+      google-cloud-spanner-v1 (~> 1.6)
+
+GEM
+  remote: https://rubygems.org/
+  specs:
+    addressable (2.9.0)
+      public_suffix (>= 2.0.2, < 8.0)
+    ast (2.4.3)
+    autotest-suffix (1.1.0)
+    backport (1.2.0)
+    base64 (0.3.0)
+    benchmark (0.5.0)
+    bigdecimal (3.3.1)
+    coderay (1.1.3)
+    concurrent-ruby (1.3.6)
+    date (3.5.1)
+    diff-lcs (1.6.2)
+    docile (1.4.1)
+    drb (2.2.3)
+    erb (6.0.4)
+    faraday (2.14.2)
+      faraday-net_http (>= 2.0, < 3.5)
+      json
+      logger
+    faraday-net_http (3.4.4)
+      net-http (~> 0.5)
+    faraday-retry (2.4.0)
+      faraday (~> 2.0)
+    gapic-common (1.3.0)
+      faraday (>= 1.9, < 3.a)
+      faraday-retry (>= 1.0, < 3.a)
+      google-cloud-env (~> 2.2)
+      google-logging-utils (~> 0.1)
+      google-protobuf (~> 4.26)
+      googleapis-common-protos (~> 1.6)
+      googleapis-common-protos-types (~> 1.15)
+      googleauth (~> 1.12)
+      grpc (~> 1.66)
+    google-cloud-core (1.8.0)
+      google-cloud-env (>= 1.0, < 3.a)
+      google-cloud-errors (~> 1.0)
+    google-cloud-env (2.3.1)
+      base64 (~> 0.2)
+      faraday (>= 1.0, < 3.a)
+    google-cloud-errors (1.5.0)
+    google-cloud-spanner-admin-database-v1 (1.13.1)
+      gapic-common (~> 1.2)
+      google-cloud-errors (~> 1.0)
+      grpc-google-iam-v1 (~> 1.11)
+    google-cloud-spanner-admin-instance-v1 (1.6.0)
+      gapic-common (>= 0.25.0, < 2.a)
+      google-cloud-errors (~> 1.0)
+      grpc-google-iam-v1 (~> 1.1)
+    google-cloud-spanner-v1 (1.18.0)
+      gapic-common (~> 1.2)
+      google-cloud-errors (~> 1.0)
+    google-logging-utils (0.2.0)
+    google-protobuf (4.35.0)
+      bigdecimal
+      rake (~> 13.3)
+    google-protobuf (4.35.0-aarch64-linux-gnu)
+      bigdecimal
+      rake (~> 13.3)
+    google-protobuf (4.35.0-aarch64-linux-musl)
+      bigdecimal
+      rake (~> 13.3)
+    google-protobuf (4.35.0-arm64-darwin)
+      bigdecimal
+      rake (~> 13.3)
+    google-protobuf (4.35.0-x86_64-darwin)
+      bigdecimal
+      rake (~> 13.3)
+    google-protobuf (4.35.0-x86_64-linux-gnu)
+      bigdecimal
+      rake (~> 13.3)
+    google-protobuf (4.35.0-x86_64-linux-musl)
+      bigdecimal
+      rake (~> 13.3)
+    google-style (1.31.1)
+      rubocop (~> 1.76)
+    googleapis-common-protos (1.9.0)
+      google-protobuf (~> 4.26)
+      googleapis-common-protos-types (~> 1.21)
+      grpc (~> 1.41)
+    googleapis-common-protos-types (1.23.0)
+      google-protobuf (~> 4.26)
+    googleauth (1.16.2)
+      faraday (>= 1.0, < 3.a)
+      google-cloud-env (~> 2.2)
+      google-logging-utils (~> 0.1)
+      jwt (>= 1.4, < 4.0)
+      multi_json (~> 1.11)
+      os (>= 0.9, < 2.0)
+      signet (>= 0.16, < 2.a)
+    grpc (1.81.0)
+      google-protobuf (>= 3.25, < 5.0)
+      googleapis-common-protos-types (~> 1.0)
+    grpc (1.81.0-aarch64-linux-gnu)
+      google-protobuf (>= 3.25, < 5.0)
+      googleapis-common-protos-types (~> 1.0)
+    grpc (1.81.0-aarch64-linux-musl)
+      google-protobuf (>= 3.25, < 5.0)
+      googleapis-common-protos-types (~> 1.0)
+    grpc (1.81.0-arm64-darwin)
+      google-protobuf (>= 3.25, < 5.0)
+      googleapis-common-protos-types (~> 1.0)
+    grpc (1.81.0-x86_64-darwin)
+      google-protobuf (>= 3.25, < 5.0)
+      googleapis-common-protos-types (~> 1.0)
+    grpc (1.81.0-x86_64-linux-gnu)
+      google-protobuf (>= 3.25, < 5.0)
+      googleapis-common-protos-types (~> 1.0)
+    grpc (1.81.0-x86_64-linux-musl)
+      google-protobuf (>= 3.25, < 5.0)
+      googleapis-common-protos-types (~> 1.0)
+    grpc-google-iam-v1 (1.12.0)
+      google-protobuf (>= 3.18, < 5.a)
+      googleapis-common-protos (~> 1.9.0)
+      grpc (~> 1.41)
+    grpc-tools (1.81.0)
+    io-console (0.8.2)
+    irb (1.18.0)
+      pp (>= 0.6.0)
+      prism (>= 1.3.0)
+      rdoc (>= 4.0.0)
+      reline (>= 0.4.2)
+    jaro_winkler (1.7.0)
+    json (2.19.8)
+    jwt (3.2.0)
+      base64
+    kramdown (2.5.2)
+      rexml (>= 3.4.4)
+    kramdown-parser-gfm (1.1.0)
+      kramdown (~> 2.0)
+    language_server-protocol (3.17.0.5)
+    lint_roller (1.1.0)
+    logger (1.7.0)
+    method_source (1.1.0)
+    minitest (5.27.0)
+    minitest-autotest (1.2.0)
+      minitest-server (~> 1.0)
+      path_expander (~> 2.0)
+    minitest-focus (1.4.1)
+      minitest (> 5.0)
+    minitest-rg (5.4.0)
+      minitest (>= 5.0, < 7)
+    minitest-server (1.0.10)
+      drb (~> 2.0)
+      minitest (~> 5.16)
+    multi_json (1.21.1)
+    mutex_m (0.3.0)
+    net-http (0.9.1)
+      uri (>= 0.11.1)
+    nokogiri (1.19.3-aarch64-linux-gnu)
+      racc (~> 1.4)
+    nokogiri (1.19.3-aarch64-linux-musl)
+      racc (~> 1.4)
+    nokogiri (1.19.3-arm-linux-gnu)
+      racc (~> 1.4)
+    nokogiri (1.19.3-arm-linux-musl)
+      racc (~> 1.4)
+    nokogiri (1.19.3-arm64-darwin)
+      racc (~> 1.4)
+    nokogiri (1.19.3-x86_64-darwin)
+      racc (~> 1.4)
+    nokogiri (1.19.3-x86_64-linux-gnu)
+      racc (~> 1.4)
+    nokogiri (1.19.3-x86_64-linux-musl)
+      racc (~> 1.4)
+    observer (0.1.2)
+    open3 (0.2.1)
+    os (1.1.4)
+    ostruct (0.6.3)
+    parallel (2.1.0)
+    parser (3.3.11.1)
+      ast (~> 2.4.1)
+      racc
+    path_expander (2.0.1)
+    pp (0.6.3)
+      prettyprint
+    prettyprint (0.2.0)
+    prism (1.9.0)
+    pry (0.16.0)
+      coderay (~> 1.1)
+      method_source (~> 1.0)
+      reline (>= 0.6.0)
+    psych (5.4.0)
+      date
+      stringio
+    public_suffix (7.0.5)
+    racc (1.8.1)
+    rainbow (3.1.1)
+    rake (13.4.2)
+    rbs (4.0.2)
+      logger
+      prism (>= 1.6.0)
+      tsort
+    rdoc (7.2.0)
+      erb
+      psych (>= 4.0.0)
+      tsort
+    redcarpet (3.6.1)
+    regexp_parser (2.12.0)
+    reline (0.6.3)
+      io-console (~> 0.5)
+    reverse_markdown (3.0.2)
+      nokogiri
+    rexml (3.4.4)
+    rubocop (1.87.0)
+      json (~> 2.3)
+      language_server-protocol (~> 3.17.0.2)
+      lint_roller (~> 1.1.0)
+      parallel (>= 1.10)
+      parser (>= 3.3.0.2)
+      rainbow (>= 2.2.2, < 4.0)
+      regexp_parser (>= 2.9.3, < 3.0)
+      rubocop-ast (>= 1.49.0, < 2.0)
+      ruby-progressbar (~> 1.7)
+      unicode-display_width (>= 2.4.0, < 4.0)
+    rubocop-ast (1.49.1)
+      parser (>= 3.3.7.2)
+      prism (~> 1.7)
+    ruby-progressbar (1.13.0)
+    signet (0.21.0)
+      addressable (~> 2.8)
+      faraday (>= 0.17.5, < 3.a)
+      jwt (>= 1.5, < 4.0)
+      multi_json (~> 1.10)
+    simplecov (0.22.0)
+      docile (~> 1.1)
+      simplecov-html (~> 0.11)
+      simplecov_json_formatter (~> 0.1)
+    simplecov-html (0.13.2)
+    simplecov_json_formatter (0.1.4)
+    solargraph (0.59.2)
+      ast (~> 2.4.3)
+      backport (~> 1.2)
+      benchmark (~> 0.4)
+      bundler (>= 2.0)
+      diff-lcs (~> 1.4)
+      jaro_winkler (~> 1.6, >= 1.6.1)
+      kramdown (~> 2.3)
+      kramdown-parser-gfm (~> 1.1)
+      logger (~> 1.6)
+      observer (~> 0.1)
+      open3 (~> 0.2.1)
+      ostruct (~> 0.6)
+      parser (~> 3.0)
+      prism (~> 1.4)
+      rbs (>= 3.10.0)
+      reverse_markdown (~> 3.0)
+      rubocop (~> 1.76)
+      thor (~> 1.0)
+      tilt (~> 2.0)
+      yard (~> 0.9, >= 0.9.24)
+      yard-activesupport-concern (~> 0.0)
+      yard-solargraph (~> 0.1)
+    stringio (3.2.0)
+    thor (1.5.0)
+    tilt (2.7.0)
+    tsort (0.2.0)
+    unicode-display_width (3.2.0)
+      unicode-emoji (~> 4.1)
+    unicode-emoji (4.2.0)
+    uri (1.1.1)
+    yard (0.9.44)
+    yard-activesupport-concern (0.0.1)
+      yard (>= 0.8)
+    yard-doctest (0.1.17)
+      minitest
+      yard
+    yard-solargraph (0.1.0)
+      yard (~> 0.9)
+
+PLATFORMS
+  aarch64-linux-gnu
+  aarch64-linux-musl
+  arm-linux-gnu
+  arm-linux-musl
+  arm64-darwin
+  x86_64-darwin
+  x86_64-linux-gnu
+  x86_64-linux-musl
+
+DEPENDENCIES
+  autotest-suffix (~> 1.1)
+  gapic-common (>= 0.25.0)
+  google-cloud-core (~> 1.8.0)
+  google-cloud-errors (~> 1.5.0)
+  google-cloud-spanner!
+  google-cloud-spanner-admin-database-v1 (~> 1.3)
+  google-cloud-spanner-admin-instance-v1 (~> 1.5)
+  google-cloud-spanner-v1 (~> 1.8)
+  google-style (~> 1.31.0)
+  grpc (~> 1.67)
+  grpc-tools (~> 1.74, >= 1.74.1)
+  irb (~> 1.17)
+  minitest (~> 5.25)
+  minitest-autotest (~> 1.0)
+  minitest-focus (~> 1.4)
+  minitest-rg (~> 5.3)
+  mutex_m (~> 0.3.0)
+  pry
+  rake
+  redcarpet (~> 3.0)
+  simplecov (~> 0.22)
+  solargraph
+  yard (~> 0.9)
+  yard-doctest (~> 0.1.17)
+
+CHECKSUMS
+  addressable (2.9.0) sha256=7fdf6ac3660f7f4e867a0838be3f6cf722ace541dd97767fa42bc6cfa980c7af
+  ast (2.4.3) sha256=954615157c1d6a382bc27d690d973195e79db7f55e9765ac7c481c60bdb4d383
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+  benchmark (0.5.0) sha256=465df122341aedcb81a2a24b4d3bd19b6c67c1530713fd533f3ff034e419236c
+  bigdecimal (3.3.1) sha256=eaa01e228be54c4f9f53bf3cc34fe3d5e845c31963e7fcc5bedb05a4e7d52218
+  bundler (4.0.12) sha256=7f8b757d28dfb636e7b24fba2344ac6dd13b5b24f4b46d62573d483f211825ac
+  coderay (1.1.3) sha256=dc530018a4684512f8f38143cd2a096c9f02a1fc2459edcfe534787a7fc77d4b
+  concurrent-ruby (1.3.6) sha256=6b56837e1e7e5292f9864f34b69c5a2cbc75c0cf5338f1ce9903d10fa762d5ab
+  date (3.5.1) sha256=750d06384d7b9c15d562c76291407d89e368dda4d4fff957eb94962d325a0dc0
+  diff-lcs (1.6.2) sha256=9ae0d2cba7d4df3075fe8cd8602a8604993efc0dfa934cff568969efb1909962
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+  erb (6.0.4) sha256=38e3803694be357fe2bfe312487c74beaf9fb4e5beb3e22498952fe1645b95d9
+  faraday (2.14.2) sha256=73ccb9994a9e8648f010e32eca2ae82e41c57860aa10932cda29418b9e0223ad
+  faraday-net_http (3.4.4) sha256=0e78af151747ed1b00f33e25973b4bc220d7f16c00c39676817c8b12331eb588
+  faraday-retry (2.4.0) sha256=7b79c48fb7e56526faf247b12d94a680071ff40c9fda7cf1ec1549439ad11ebe
+  gapic-common (1.3.0) sha256=4e5d9be1effb7366e2cda13c0f44922285d5613ac8de8b9b18c2c835fe4faa91
+  google-cloud-core (1.8.0) sha256=e572edcbf189cfcab16590628a516cec3f4f63454b730e59f0b36575120281cf
+  google-cloud-env (2.3.1) sha256=0faac01eb27be78c2591d64433663b1a114f8f7af55a4f819755426cac9178e7
+  google-cloud-errors (1.5.0) sha256=b56be28b8c10628125214dde571b925cfcebdbc58619e598250c37a2114f7b4b
+  google-cloud-spanner (2.36.0)
+  google-cloud-spanner-admin-database-v1 (1.13.1) sha256=cc39f69c67b813e07764a50374e7c8e5d714d15ae3cd4ca0344fd8072ffba938
+  google-cloud-spanner-admin-instance-v1 (1.6.0) sha256=1775b56518665854b27af393378761e6ff9b12156d746168df7bb14ce0138d54
+  google-cloud-spanner-v1 (1.18.0) sha256=8c2c0944fa803bac0109056d586b6b7411a1458563776417df836897613a9e54
+  google-logging-utils (0.2.0) sha256=675462b4ea5affa825a3442694ca2d75d0069455a1d0956127207498fca3df7b
+  google-protobuf (4.35.0) sha256=95346162c792ed78c9a28cbf2d937a53f706de6df36a27471582f63f03c30c0d
+  google-protobuf (4.35.0-aarch64-linux-gnu) sha256=2cabd61b420918aec1564f9f7414e455bf922d20c5f8139d62783df5558a7aea
+  google-protobuf (4.35.0-aarch64-linux-musl) sha256=f6b11f3420a4564f68e8233c95eac6924f6a727dfc2f81a56af2e09add551501
+  google-protobuf (4.35.0-arm64-darwin) sha256=66ab26d3fc82b8950702e53ab16c198e3c0ea3f2a38aaaf1f32152da45593ac5
+  google-protobuf (4.35.0-x86_64-darwin) sha256=05eb5c8bc9899135befff496fc0a3642e7ff3d0943f043841dcc456f5654fea0
+  google-protobuf (4.35.0-x86_64-linux-gnu) sha256=999226f3b00cd9fddb1b26851d16060212fa1d90c406aaad47e574682b716059
+  google-protobuf (4.35.0-x86_64-linux-musl) sha256=be0218520d77b2aee898b363514b03819f6f63f9c041ae0d0d79b4ce5247bffd
+  google-style (1.31.1) sha256=62680dc303d3fecd9de124cdb4da42dc4c4b2445118baefb5d77aa6411b6b6ff
+  googleapis-common-protos (1.9.0) sha256=207be372d8d25e3876e1e1155d057e14f3c92f8f5428772864a8ce04a0b756e4
+  googleapis-common-protos-types (1.23.0) sha256=992e740a523794d9fc5f29a504465d8fc737aaa16c930fe7228e3346860faf0a
+  googleauth (1.16.2) sha256=15009502e2e38af71948cda918f230e27d327f6882a1e47967a5a4664930a638
+  grpc (1.81.0) sha256=892c57e5accb0da0a8ec0210528e87a168674117d79fa480cf827469d2d342f1
+  grpc (1.81.0-aarch64-linux-gnu) sha256=456708adccce93793508397020e7c15c52cbbc609a2a66a8467202da8e72f8f2
+  grpc (1.81.0-aarch64-linux-musl) sha256=b6046227451bcf9252954842223175c6b96009259da4bfbc4a82ac849ed22f31
+  grpc (1.81.0-arm64-darwin) sha256=c12a41463d410320ce5f846ee1c96e8761b5c211afd3b7fbc6ca50e6ae3a7e50
+  grpc (1.81.0-x86_64-darwin) sha256=0db040e7cb5ce3eba72257bd7cdb12e3123d6cb2f1193f6f8d022b4ee56b0ec1
+  grpc (1.81.0-x86_64-linux-gnu) sha256=9676501f1abd2305ca9bdc1247d4014f59547bef56800064c05a359023331a2c
+  grpc (1.81.0-x86_64-linux-musl) sha256=380eaff6420972bc9916e514650ba7dd85251719b0038a98e832372e17f5a902
+  grpc-google-iam-v1 (1.12.0) sha256=a70ecad8987e340d5e22e7bf01be31256c84b29a3f78bebd385a4a110e1f2aef
+  grpc-tools (1.81.0) sha256=0f0a9ece9b67fa4df385b57c5e42278c36ea454d30c648cbc75c37a80e6a81ad
+  io-console (0.8.2) sha256=d6e3ae7a7cc7574f4b8893b4fca2162e57a825b223a177b7afa236c5ef9814cc
+  irb (1.18.0) sha256=de9454a0703a54704b9811a5ef31a60c86949fbf4013fcf244fabc7c775248e3
+  jaro_winkler (1.7.0) sha256=8daa05a5cd05bf7d27c1c65caa8ab0d47c05419d80210feaa17126db24044ada
+  json (2.19.8) sha256=6354310fd76ef69b87d5bd1f38b40d730613baf90b6803d2d0a48f618d32dfaa
+  jwt (3.2.0) sha256=5419b1fe37b1da0982bd07051f573a8b8789ab724c2aa7e785e4784a3ed217d7
+  kramdown (2.5.2) sha256=1ba542204c66b6f9111ff00dcc26075b95b220b07f2905d8261740c82f7f02fa
+  kramdown-parser-gfm (1.1.0) sha256=fb39745516427d2988543bf01fc4cf0ab1149476382393e0e9c48592f6581729
+  language_server-protocol (3.17.0.5) sha256=fd1e39a51a28bf3eec959379985a72e296e9f9acfce46f6a79d31ca8760803cc
+  lint_roller (1.1.0) sha256=2c0c845b632a7d172cb849cc90c1bce937a28c5c8ccccb50dfd46a485003cc87
+  logger (1.7.0) sha256=196edec7cc44b66cfb40f9755ce11b392f21f7967696af15d274dde7edff0203
+  method_source (1.1.0) sha256=181301c9c45b731b4769bc81e8860e72f9161ad7d66dd99103c9ab84f560f5c5
+  minitest (5.27.0) sha256=2d3b17f8a36fe7801c1adcffdbc38233b938eb0b4966e97a6739055a45fa77d5
+  minitest-autotest (1.2.0) sha256=60d031cba705215450662b0060f03f96507682b346a19c27f6756751ad92d2b4
+  minitest-focus (1.4.1) sha256=394517cbe2dcb2d992d8ffc41a3b2b6315777a4daa69239de4fefe7110dd810e
+  minitest-rg (5.4.0) sha256=54d42bb8ce876381245be5866f3c1dd704ef79c06ba5c9ff280c0aa28c56effb
+  minitest-server (1.0.10) sha256=275439bf3ffc433fcbe161733248f1d9749ebf122892cf010bf864aaa95cef75
+  multi_json (1.21.1) sha256=e6126a31808e3b4d19f483c775ceac34df190dffa62adfb63a165ee14ba68080
+  mutex_m (0.3.0) sha256=cfcb04ac16b69c4813777022fdceda24e9f798e48092a2b817eb4c0a782b0751
+  net-http (0.9.1) sha256=25ba0b67c63e89df626ed8fac771d0ad24ad151a858af2cc8e6a716ca4336996
+  nokogiri (1.19.3-aarch64-linux-gnu) sha256=46b89e5d7b9e844c2ee360794240c6ea2a4e6fa0c5892a4ed487db621224b639
+  nokogiri (1.19.3-aarch64-linux-musl) sha256=8392dfdcd21be7a94dbbe9ccc138dea01b97b24cb2dc02a114ca98bfb1d9a0b7
+  nokogiri (1.19.3-arm-linux-gnu) sha256=3919d5ffc334ad778a4a9eb88fda7dcb8b1fb58c8a52ac640c6dcd2f038e774f
+  nokogiri (1.19.3-arm-linux-musl) sha256=9ce1cb6346bb9c67b1550eb537aa183ead91e4b6eadb2f36ade02d8dd2a79fb6
+  nokogiri (1.19.3-arm64-darwin) sha256=71b9bd424b1b7abc18b05052a1a3cfd3627abdca62be280854cc411791357e42
+  nokogiri (1.19.3-x86_64-darwin) sha256=77f3fba57d46c53ab31e62fc6c28f705109d1bf6264356c76f132b2be5728d4d
+  nokogiri (1.19.3-x86_64-linux-gnu) sha256=2f5078620fe12e83669b5b17311b32532a8153d02eee7ad06948b926d6080976
+  nokogiri (1.19.3-x86_64-linux-musl) sha256=248c906d2166eca5efb56d52fdee5f9a1f51d69a72e2b64fdac647b4ce39ea3f
+  observer (0.1.2) sha256=d8a3107131ba661138d748e7be3dbafc0d82e732fffba9fccb3d7829880950ac
+  open3 (0.2.1) sha256=8e2d7d2113526351201438c1aa35c8139f0141c9e8913baa007c898973bf3952
+  os (1.1.4) sha256=57816d6a334e7bd6aed048f4b0308226c5fb027433b67d90a9ab435f35108d3f
+  ostruct (0.6.3) sha256=95a2ed4a4bd1d190784e666b47b2d3f078e4a9efda2fccf18f84ddc6538ed912
+  parallel (2.1.0) sha256=b35258865c2e31134c5ecb708beaaf6772adf9d5efae28e93e99260877b09356
+  parser (3.3.11.1) sha256=d17ace7aabe3e72c3cc94043714be27cc6f852f104d81aa284c2281aecc65d54
+  path_expander (2.0.1) sha256=2de201164bff4719cc4d0b3767286e9977cc832a59c4d70abab571ec86cb41e4
+  pp (0.6.3) sha256=2951d514450b93ccfeb1df7d021cae0da16e0a7f95ee1e2273719669d0ab9df6
+  prettyprint (0.2.0) sha256=2bc9e15581a94742064a3cc8b0fb9d45aae3d03a1baa6ef80922627a0766f193
+  prism (1.9.0) sha256=7b530c6a9f92c24300014919c9dcbc055bf4cdf51ec30aed099b06cd6674ef85
+  pry (0.16.0) sha256=d76c69065698ed1f85e717bd33d7942c38a50868f6b0673c636192b3d1b6054e
+  psych (5.4.0) sha256=14f72d69a611af663d7d70e4a7b67d9eb1f3ae9f8d916b478961d5a0075ba5b7
+  public_suffix (7.0.5) sha256=1a8bb08f1bbea19228d3bed6e5ed908d1cb4f7c2726d18bd9cadf60bc676f623
+  racc (1.8.1) sha256=4a7f6929691dbec8b5209a0b373bc2614882b55fc5d2e447a21aaa691303d62f
+  rainbow (3.1.1) sha256=039491aa3a89f42efa1d6dec2fc4e62ede96eb6acd95e52f1ad581182b79bc6a
+  rake (13.4.2) sha256=cb825b2bd5f1f8e91ca37bddb4b9aaf345551b4731da62949be002fa89283701
+  rbs (4.0.2) sha256=af75671e66cd03434cc546622741ebf83f6197ec4328375805306330bf78ef25
+  rdoc (7.2.0) sha256=8650f76cd4009c3b54955eb5d7e3a075c60a57276766ebf36f9085e8c9f23192
+  redcarpet (3.6.1) sha256=d444910e6aa55480c6bcdc0cdb057626e8a32c054c29e793fa642ba2f155f445
+  regexp_parser (2.12.0) sha256=35a916a1d63190ab5c9009457136ae5f3c0c7512d60291d0d1378ba18ce08ebb
+  reline (0.6.3) sha256=1198b04973565b36ec0f11542ab3f5cfeeec34823f4e54cebde90968092b1835
+  reverse_markdown (3.0.2) sha256=818ebb92ce39dbb1a291690dd1ec9a6d62530d4725296b17e9c8f668f9a5b8af
+  rexml (3.4.4) sha256=19e0a2c3425dfbf2d4fc1189747bdb2f849b6c5e74180401b15734bc97b5d142
+  rubocop (1.87.0) sha256=b9d9ddf55116a513f8ef2c7ae660662d8b49301f118d3f0df61865b33a5c188d
+  rubocop-ast (1.49.1) sha256=4412f3ee70f6fe4546cc489548e0f6fcf76cafcfa80fa03af67098ffed755035
+  ruby-progressbar (1.13.0) sha256=80fc9c47a9b640d6834e0dc7b3c94c9df37f08cb072b7761e4a71e22cff29b33
+  signet (0.21.0) sha256=d617e9fbf24928280d39dcfefba9a0372d1c38187ffffd0a9283957a10a8cd5b
+  simplecov (0.22.0) sha256=fe2622c7834ff23b98066bb0a854284b2729a569ac659f82621fc22ef36213a5
+  simplecov-html (0.13.2) sha256=bd0b8e54e7c2d7685927e8d6286466359b6f16b18cb0df47b508e8d73c777246
+  simplecov_json_formatter (0.1.4) sha256=529418fbe8de1713ac2b2d612aa3daa56d316975d307244399fa4838c601b428
+  solargraph (0.59.2) sha256=e771126c494caaee8263739fc340c13b2b1d02e262c0585a3f9da4e3c9a7407c
+  stringio (3.2.0) sha256=c37cb2e58b4ffbd33fe5cd948c05934af997b36e0b6ca6fdf43afa234cf222e1
+  thor (1.5.0) sha256=e3a9e55fe857e44859ce104a84675ab6e8cd59c650a49106a05f55f136425e73
+  tilt (2.7.0) sha256=0d5b9ba69f6a36490c64b0eee9f6e9aad517e20dcc848800a06eb116f08c6ab3
+  tsort (0.2.0) sha256=9650a793f6859a43b6641671278f79cfead60ac714148aabe4e3f0060480089f
+  unicode-display_width (3.2.0) sha256=0cdd96b5681a5949cdbc2c55e7b420facae74c4aaf9a9815eee1087cb1853c42
+  unicode-emoji (4.2.0) sha256=519e69150f75652e40bf736106cfbc8f0f73aa3fb6a65afe62fefa7f80b0f80f
+  uri (1.1.1) sha256=379fa58d27ffb1387eaada68c749d1426738bd0f654d812fcc07e7568f5c57c6
+  yard (0.9.44) sha256=eb087e9b631ccd887b049f303d489963945452d5e2a7eb49a5a74a7cf6887f28
+  yard-activesupport-concern (0.0.1) sha256=be790cb0efc23e2e87677063598ac8b743586154657bbd9655a7f03ce78390ef
+  yard-doctest (0.1.17) sha256=7cb35a75d99f58fc42ee72d3542a36e227237b621a40aebc391c95988b72847f
+  yard-solargraph (0.1.0) sha256=a19a4619c942181a618fb9458970a9d2534cf7fda69fc43949629a7948a5930e
+
+BUNDLED WITH
+  4.0.12
diff --git a/google-cloud-spanner/google-cloud-spanner.gemspec b/google-cloud-spanner/google-cloud-spanner.gemspec
index cea21209..219adb61 100644
--- a/google-cloud-spanner/google-cloud-spanner.gemspec
+++ b/google-cloud-spanner/google-cloud-spanner.gemspec
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |gem|
 
   gem.files         = `git ls-files -- lib/*`.split("\n") +
                       ["OVERVIEW.md", "AUTHENTICATION.md", "LOGGING.md", "CONTRIBUTING.md", "TROUBLESHOOTING.md", "CHANGELOG.md", "CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md", "LICENSE", ".yardopts"]
+  gem.files.reject! { |f| f.end_with? "Gemfile.lock" }
   gem.require_paths = ["lib"]
 
   gem.required_ruby_version = ">= 3.2"
diff --git a/google-cloud-spanner/support/doctest_helper.rb b/google-cloud-spanner/support/doctest_helper.rb
index 7ebd67df..0e4a55f7 100644
--- a/google-cloud-spanner/support/doctest_helper.rb
+++ b/google-cloud-spanner/support/doctest_helper.rb
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 require "minitest/focus"
+require "ostruct"
 
 require "google/cloud/spanner"
 require "grpc"