diff --git a/.changeset/handle-sso-callback-protect-error.md b/.changeset/handle-sso-callback-protect-error.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..02802ea34e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/handle-sso-callback-protect-error.md
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+---
+'@clerk/clerk-js': patch
+'@clerk/react': patch
+---
+
+Fix `<HandleSSOCallback />` dropping the error when a Clerk Protect challenge fails on the SSO callback. The error is now available on `errors` from `useSignIn()` or `useSignUp()`, and a failed sign-up challenge calls `navigateToSignUp` instead of `navigateToSignIn`.
diff --git a/integration/templates/custom-flows-react-vite/src/main.tsx b/integration/templates/custom-flows-react-vite/src/main.tsx
index b133724280a..91268401ddc 100644
--- a/integration/templates/custom-flows-react-vite/src/main.tsx
+++ b/integration/templates/custom-flows-react-vite/src/main.tsx
@@ -2,11 +2,12 @@ import { StrictMode } from 'react';
 import { createRoot } from 'react-dom/client';
 import { BrowserRouter, Route, Routes } from 'react-router';
 import './index.css';
-import { AuthenticateWithRedirectCallback, ClerkProvider } from '@clerk/react';
+import { ClerkProvider } from '@clerk/react';
 import { Home } from './routes/Home';
 import { SignIn } from './routes/SignIn';
 import { SignUp } from './routes/SignUp';
 import { Protected } from './routes/Protected';
+import { SSOCallback } from './routes/SSOCallback';
 import { Waitlist } from './routes/Waitlist';
 
 createRoot(document.getElementById('root')!).render(
@@ -46,12 +47,7 @@ createRoot(document.getElementById('root')!).render(
               />
               <Route
                 path='/sso-callback'
-                element={
-                  <AuthenticateWithRedirectCallback
-                    signInForceRedirectUrl='/protected'
-                    signUpForceRedirectUrl='/protected'
-                  />
-                }
+                element={<SSOCallback />}
               />
             </Routes>
           </BrowserRouter>
diff --git a/integration/templates/custom-flows-react-vite/src/routes/SSOCallback.tsx b/integration/templates/custom-flows-react-vite/src/routes/SSOCallback.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3bca319b1f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/integration/templates/custom-flows-react-vite/src/routes/SSOCallback.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import { HandleSSOCallback } from '@clerk/react';
+import { useNavigate } from 'react-router';
+
+export function SSOCallback() {
+  const navigate = useNavigate();
+
+  return (
+    <HandleSSOCallback
+      navigateToApp={({ decorateUrl }) => {
+        const destination = decorateUrl('/protected');
+        if (destination.startsWith('http')) {
+          window.location.href = destination;
+          return;
+        }
+        navigate(destination);
+      }}
+      navigateToSignIn={() => navigate('/sign-in')}
+      navigateToSignUp={() => navigate('/sign-up')}
+    />
+  );
+}
diff --git a/integration/templates/custom-flows-react-vite/src/routes/SignUp.tsx b/integration/templates/custom-flows-react-vite/src/routes/SignUp.tsx
index b506c46ecb0..d1d513d9b64 100644
--- a/integration/templates/custom-flows-react-vite/src/routes/SignUp.tsx
+++ b/integration/templates/custom-flows-react-vite/src/routes/SignUp.tsx
@@ -86,6 +86,9 @@ export function SignUp({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<'div'>) {
                   />
                   {errors.fields.code && <div className='text-red-500'>{errors.fields.code.message}</div>}
                 </div>
+                {errors.global && (
+                  <p className='text-sm text-red-600'>{errors.global[0].longMessage ?? errors.global[0].message}</p>
+                )}
                 <Button
                   type='submit'
                   className='w-full'
diff --git a/integration/tests/protect-check.test.ts b/integration/tests/protect-check.test.ts
index f13771eb6ee..270813b2495 100644
--- a/integration/tests/protect-check.test.ts
+++ b/integration/tests/protect-check.test.ts
@@ -19,6 +19,23 @@ const waitForProtectCheckModal = (page: Page) =>
     timeout: 30_000,
   });
 
+const blockProtectChallengeScript = async (page: Page) => {
+  const scripts = new Set<string>();
+  const key = (url: URL) => url.origin + url.pathname;
+  await page.route(/\/v1\/client/, async route => {
+    const response = await route.fetch();
+    const body = await response.text();
+    for (const [, sdkUrl] of body.matchAll(/"sdk_url":("[^"]+")/g)) {
+      scripts.add(key(new URL(JSON.parse(sdkUrl))));
+    }
+    await route.fulfill({ response, body });
+  });
+  await page.route(
+    url => scripts.has(key(url)),
+    route => route.abort(),
+  );
+};
+
 test.describe('protect check @generic', () => {
   test.describe.configure({ mode: 'serial' });
 
@@ -184,4 +201,20 @@ test.describe('protect check in custom flows @custom', () => {
     expect(createStatus).toBe('needs_protect_check');
     expect(protectCheckRequests).toEqual([]);
   });
+
+  test('returns to sign-up with the error when the challenge fails on the SSO callback', async ({ page, context }) => {
+    const u = createTestUtils({ app, page, context });
+    fakeUser = u.services.users.createFakeUser(test);
+    await blockProtectChallengeScript(page);
+
+    await u.page.goToRelative('/sign-up');
+    await expect(u.page.getByText('Sign up', { exact: true })).toBeVisible();
+    await u.po.signUp.signUp({ email: fakeUser.email!, password: fakeUser.password });
+    await page.waitForFunction(() => !!window.Clerk?.client?.signUp.protectCheck);
+
+    await u.page.goToRelative('/sso-callback');
+
+    await u.page.waitForAppUrl('/sign-up');
+    await expect(u.page.getByText(/protect_check_script_load_failed/)).toBeVisible();
+  });
 });
diff --git a/packages/clerk-js/src/core/__tests__/clerk.test.ts b/packages/clerk-js/src/core/__tests__/clerk.test.ts
index 0a2a7f40aaa..de137e89533 100644
--- a/packages/clerk-js/src/core/__tests__/clerk.test.ts
+++ b/packages/clerk-js/src/core/__tests__/clerk.test.ts
@@ -4105,6 +4105,23 @@ describe('Clerk singleton', () => {
       expect(resolve).toHaveBeenCalledWith(sut, sut.client?.signUp);
       resolve.mockRestore();
     });
+
+    it('reports a failed gate on the resource that carries it and rejects', async () => {
+      const blocked = new Error('blocked');
+      const resolve = vi
+        .spyOn(ProtectCheckGate.prototype, 'resolve')
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(undefined)
+        .mockRejectedValueOnce(blocked);
+      const sut = await loadWithClient({ signIn: gatedSignIn(), signUp: gatedSignIn() });
+      const emit = vi.spyOn(eventBus, 'emit');
+
+      await expect(sut.__internal_resolvePendingProtectCheck()).rejects.toBe(blocked);
+
+      expect(emit).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+      expect(emit).toHaveBeenCalledWith(events.ResourceError, { resource: sut.client?.signUp, error: blocked });
+      emit.mockRestore();
+      resolve.mockRestore();
+    });
   });
 
   describe('ui.ClerkUI option', () => {
diff --git a/packages/clerk-js/src/core/clerk.ts b/packages/clerk-js/src/core/clerk.ts
index f5eaa05aa92..e66740ffdfd 100644
--- a/packages/clerk-js/src/core/clerk.ts
+++ b/packages/clerk-js/src/core/clerk.ts
@@ -198,6 +198,7 @@ import { OAuthApplication } from './modules/oauthApplication';
 import { Protect } from './protect';
 import { protectAssertionParams } from './protectAssertion';
 import { ProtectCheckGate } from './protectCheckGate';
+import type { SignIn, SignUp } from './resources/internal';
 import { BaseResource, Client, Environment, Organization, Waitlist } from './resources/internal';
 import { State } from './state';
 
@@ -1000,11 +1001,19 @@ export class Clerk implements ClerkInterface {
       return;
     }
     const gate = ProtectCheckGate.getInstance();
+    const resolve = async (resource: SignInResource | SignUpResource) => {
+      try {
+        await gate.resolve(this, resource);
+      } catch (error) {
+        eventBus.emit(events.ResourceError, { resource: resource as SignIn | SignUp, error });
+        throw error;
+      }
+    };
     if (flow !== 'signUp') {
-      await gate.resolve(this, client.signIn);
+      await resolve(client.signIn);
     }
     if (flow !== 'signIn') {
-      await gate.resolve(this, client.signUp);
+      await resolve(client.signUp);
     }
   };
 
diff --git a/packages/react/src/components/HandleSSOCallback.tsx b/packages/react/src/components/HandleSSOCallback.tsx
index 261c94fed8e..e08b1f3384d 100644
--- a/packages/react/src/components/HandleSSOCallback.tsx
+++ b/packages/react/src/components/HandleSSOCallback.tsx
@@ -10,11 +10,13 @@ export interface HandleSSOCallbackProps {
   navigateToApp: (...params: Parameters<SetActiveNavigate>) => void;
   /**
    * Called when a sign-in requires additional verification, or a sign-up is transfered to a sign-in that requires
-   * additional verification.
+   * additional verification. Also called when a Clerk Protect challenge fails during a sign-in, with the error
+   * available on `errors` from `useSignIn()`.
    */
   navigateToSignIn: () => void;
   /**
-   * Called when a sign-in is transfered to a sign-up that requires additional verification.
+   * Called when a sign-in is transfered to a sign-up that requires additional verification. Also called when a Clerk
+   * Protect challenge fails during a sign-up, with the error available on `errors` from `useSignUp()`.
    */
   navigateToSignUp: () => void;
 }
@@ -83,7 +85,8 @@ export function HandleSSOCallback(props: HandleSSOCallbackProps): ReactNode {
       try {
         await clerk.__internal_resolvePendingProtectCheck?.(flow);
       } catch {
-        return navigateToSignIn();
+        const failedSignUp = flow ? flow === 'signUp' : !signIn.protectCheck && !!signUp.protectCheck;
+        return failedSignUp ? navigateToSignUp() : navigateToSignIn();
       }
 
       // If this was a sign-in, and it's complete, there's nothing else to do.
diff --git a/packages/react/src/components/__tests__/HandleSSOCallback.test.tsx b/packages/react/src/components/__tests__/HandleSSOCallback.test.tsx
index 1a29782611c..4e631ad3266 100644
--- a/packages/react/src/components/__tests__/HandleSSOCallback.test.tsx
+++ b/packages/react/src/components/__tests__/HandleSSOCallback.test.tsx
@@ -49,6 +49,9 @@ vi.mock('../../../src/hooks', () => ({
       get existingSession() {
         return mockSignIn.existingSession;
       },
+      get protectCheck() {
+        return mockSignIn.protectCheck;
+      },
     },
   }),
   useSignUp: () => ({
@@ -64,6 +67,9 @@ vi.mock('../../../src/hooks', () => ({
       get existingSession() {
         return mockSignUp.existingSession;
       },
+      get protectCheck() {
+        return mockSignUp.protectCheck;
+      },
     },
   }),
 }));
@@ -182,6 +188,68 @@ describe('<HandleSSOCallback />', () => {
     expect(mockNavigateToApp).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
   });
 
+  it('navigates to sign-up when Protect blocks a sign-up', async () => {
+    mockSignUp = { status: 'missing_requirements', protectCheck: { token: 'tok' } };
+    mockResolvePendingProtectCheck.mockRejectedValue(new Error('blocked'));
+
+    render(
+      <HandleSSOCallback
+        navigateToApp={mockNavigateToApp}
+        navigateToSignIn={mockNavigateToSignIn}
+        navigateToSignUp={mockNavigateToSignUp}
+      />,
+    );
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(mockNavigateToSignUp).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+    expect(mockNavigateToSignIn).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('navigates to sign-in when Protect blocks a sign-in and a sign-up gate is also pending', async () => {
+    mockSignIn = { status: 'needs_protect_check', protectCheck: { token: 'tok' } };
+    mockSignUp = { status: 'missing_requirements', protectCheck: { token: 'tok' } };
+    mockResolvePendingProtectCheck.mockRejectedValue(new Error('blocked'));
+
+    render(
+      <HandleSSOCallback
+        navigateToApp={mockNavigateToApp}
+        navigateToSignIn={mockNavigateToSignIn}
+        navigateToSignUp={mockNavigateToSignUp}
+      />,
+    );
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(mockNavigateToSignIn).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+    expect(mockNavigateToSignUp).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('navigates to sign-up when Protect blocks a callback scoped to sign-up', async () => {
+    const href = window.location.href;
+    window.history.replaceState(null, '', '/sso-callback?intent=signUp');
+    mockSignIn = { status: 'needs_protect_check', protectCheck: { token: 'tok' } };
+    mockSignUp = { status: 'missing_requirements', protectCheck: { token: 'tok' } };
+    mockResolvePendingProtectCheck.mockRejectedValue(new Error('blocked'));
+
+    try {
+      render(
+        <HandleSSOCallback
+          navigateToApp={mockNavigateToApp}
+          navigateToSignIn={mockNavigateToSignIn}
+          navigateToSignUp={mockNavigateToSignUp}
+        />,
+      );
+
+      await waitFor(() => {
+        expect(mockNavigateToSignUp).toHaveBeenCalled();
+      });
+      expect(mockNavigateToSignIn).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    } finally {
+      window.history.replaceState(null, '', href);
+    }
+  });
+
   it('finalizes sign-in and navigates to app when signIn.status is complete', async () => {
     mockSignIn = { status: 'complete' };