diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index ad8879c..312ac8a 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 # Changelog
 
+## Unreleased
+
+- In Cloudflare Workers and browsers (the WebCrypto entry), a refused `eventSigner` `sign` call, for example one with a `now` of `NaN` or a `null` message, no longer makes every later call on that signer reject. It now leaves the signer where it was, as the Node, Bun and Deno entries do.
+- On the same entry, `chunk(data)` and `sign(message)` now read the buffer when they are called, not when their turn in the queue comes. A caller that reused its buffer straight after the call got a signature for the new bytes; it now gets the one the other entries give.
+
 ## 1.0.4 - 2026-11-01
 
 Documentation only: the code is unchanged since 1.0.2 (`src/` is the same tree and the built files are byte-identical).
diff --git a/docs/guide.md b/docs/guide.md
index d00fdeb..6a697de 100644
--- a/docs/guide.md
+++ b/docs/guide.md
@@ -124,6 +124,8 @@ A request that cannot be signed correctly throws instead of returning a signatur
 
 `chunk(data)` with an empty `data` returns it unchanged (zero bytes) and signs nothing, because a zero-length chunk ends the upload; call `end()` for that. Trailer names are lowercased before they are signed.
 
+A call that is refused (a trailer with a line break, a `now` that is not a time, a message that is not a `Uint8Array`) throws, or on the promise-returning entry rejects, and leaves the signer where it was: the next call is signed with the signature before the refused one. The bytes you pass are read when you call, so you can reuse the buffer straight away.
+
 ### How it reads the URL
 
 - **Paths.** For S3, percent-escapes are decoded and every byte except `A-Z a-z 0-9 - . _ ~ /` is encoded again, once. A raw `+` in the path is signed as a space (`%20`). That is this library's reading of how S3 treats it: the test corpus follows the same rule, botocore does not check it independently, and it has not been tried against AWS S3. Cloudflare R2 agrees: it accepted a raw `+` signed as `%20` and answered `SignatureDoesNotMatch` to the same URL signed as `%2B` (four read-only `GET` requests to a bucket that no longer exists, so each ended in an error after the signature check; which object a raw `+` then names was not tested). A local `s3s-fs` 0.17.0 server reads a raw `+` as a plus sign and rejected sigflint's signature for it. To mean a literal plus, write `%2B`: it is signed as a plus, and that server accepted it from sigflint and from botocore. `%20` is a space. An escape that is not valid (`%zz`, a lone `%`) is signed as a literal `%`. For every other service the path is normalised (empty segments dropped, `.` and `..` resolved) and encoded a second time, as the specification says.
diff --git a/src/web.js b/src/web.js
index 785ec22..405e5fb 100644
--- a/src/web.js
+++ b/src/web.js
@@ -273,6 +273,28 @@ export async function presignV4a(request, credentials) {
  */
 const signWith = async (key, text) => toHex(await subtle.sign('HMAC', key, utf8.encode(text)));
 
+/**
+ * A copy of the bytes as they are now. TypedArray's slice copies even for a Node Buffer, whose own slice returns a view, and it throws for
+ * anything that is not a typed array, as hashing it would.
+ * @param {Uint8Array} data
+ */
+const copyOf = (data) => Uint8Array.prototype.slice.call(data);
+
+/**
+ * Runs the signing steps of a stream one after the other. A step that throws rejects its own call only: the next one still runs, as on the
+ * synchronous entries, where a refused call throws and the signer stays usable. A step moves the chain only once it has succeeded.
+ * @returns {<T>(step: () => Promise<T>) => Promise<T>}
+ */
+function inOrder() {
+  /** @type {Promise<unknown>} */
+  let turn = Promise.resolve();
+  return (step) => {
+    const result = turn.then(step);
+    turn = result.catch(() => {});
+    return result;
+  };
+}
+
 /**
  * Signs an aws-chunked upload chunk by chunk; the same shape as the other entries, with promises.
  * @param {import('./base.js').AuthHeaders} authHeaders - the headers getAuthHeaders returned for the request
@@ -289,19 +311,24 @@ export function chunkSigner(authHeaders, credentials) {
     seed.service,
   );
   // chunks are signed one after the other: a call waits for the one before it
-  /** @type {Promise<any>} */
-  let turn = Promise.resolve();
+  const inTurn = inOrder();
   /** @param {Uint8Array} data */
   const sign = (data) =>
-    (turn = turn.then(
+    inTurn(
       async () =>
         (previous = await signWith(
           await keyPromise,
           chunkStringToSign(seed.datetime, seed.scope, previous, await hexHash(data)),
         )),
-    ));
+    );
   return {
-    chunk: async (data) => (data.length === 0 ? data : frameChunk(await sign(data), data)),
+    async chunk(data) {
+      if (data.length === 0) {
+        return data;
+      }
+      const own = copyOf(data); // the signature and the frame are made when the chunk's turn comes; the caller may reuse its buffer once this returns
+      return frameChunk(await sign(own), own);
+    },
     async end(trailers) {
       const text = trailers === undefined ? undefined : canonicalTrailers(trailers); // before sign(), so a refused trailer leaves the chain where it was
       const signature = await sign(new Uint8Array(0));
@@ -329,24 +356,19 @@ export function chunkSigner(authHeaders, credentials) {
 export function eventSigner(authHeaders, credentials) {
   const seed = seedOf(authHeaders);
   let previous = seed.signature;
-  /** @type {Promise<any>} */
-  let turn = Promise.resolve();
+  const inTurn = inOrder();
   return {
-    sign: (message, now = Date.now()) =>
-      (turn = turn.then(async () => {
+    async sign(message, now = Date.now()) {
+      const own = copyOf(message); // the caller may reuse its buffer once this returns, as on the synchronous entries
+      return inTurn(async () => {
         const { datetime, scope, date } = eventScope(now, seed.region, seed.service);
         const header = dateHeader(now);
         previous = await signWith(
           await getSigningKey(credentials.secretAccessKey, date, seed.region, seed.service),
-          eventStringToSign(
-            datetime,
-            scope,
-            previous,
-            await hexHash(header),
-            await hexHash(message),
-          ),
+          eventStringToSign(datetime, scope, previous, await hexHash(header), await hexHash(own)),
         );
-        return frameEvent(header, previous, message);
-      })),
+        return frameEvent(header, previous, own);
+      });
+    },
   };
 }
diff --git a/test/hardening.test.js b/test/hardening.test.js
index 49e7579..71c90ea 100644
--- a/test/hardening.test.js
+++ b/test/hardening.test.js
@@ -186,6 +186,62 @@ for (const [
     assert.deepEqual(await signer.chunk(new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3])), reference);
   });
 
+  test(`${name}: a refused chunk leaves the chunk signer usable and the chain where it was`, async () => {
+    const part = new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3]);
+    const fresh = await chunkSigner(await chunkedHeaders(), credentials).chunk(part);
+    const signer = chunkSigner(await chunkedHeaders(), credentials);
+    const refused = /** @type {Uint8Array} */ (/** @type {unknown} */ ({ length: 3 }));
+    await rejects(() => signer.chunk(refused), TypeError, /./);
+    assert.deepEqual(await signer.chunk(part), fresh);
+    // a call made straight after a refused one, without waiting for it, is not refused with it
+    const second = chunkSigner(await chunkedHeaders(), credentials);
+    const [first, next] = await Promise.allSettled([
+      Promise.resolve().then(() => second.chunk(refused)),
+      Promise.resolve().then(() => second.chunk(part)),
+    ]);
+    assert.equal(first.status, 'rejected');
+    assert.deepEqual(next.status === 'fulfilled' && next.value, fresh);
+  });
+
+  test(`${name}: a refused event leaves the event signer usable and the chain where it was`, async () => {
+    const message = new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3]);
+    const seed = () => getAuthHeaders({ ...request, service: 'transcribe' }, credentials);
+    const fresh = await eventSigner(await seed(), credentials).sign(message, now);
+    for (const [refusedMessage, at] of /** @type {[Uint8Array, number][]} */ ([
+      [message, NaN],
+      [/** @type {Uint8Array} */ (/** @type {unknown} */ (null)), now],
+    ])) {
+      const signer = eventSigner(await seed(), credentials);
+      await rejects(() => signer.sign(refusedMessage, at), Error, /./);
+      assert.deepEqual(await signer.sign(message, now), fresh);
+    }
+    // a refused event takes its turn in the queue: the call made straight after it, without waiting, is not refused with it
+    const signer = eventSigner(await seed(), credentials);
+    const [first, next] = await Promise.allSettled([
+      Promise.resolve().then(() => signer.sign(message, NaN)),
+      Promise.resolve().then(() => signer.sign(message, now)),
+    ]);
+    assert.equal(first.status, 'rejected');
+    assert.deepEqual(next.status === 'fulfilled' && next.value, fresh);
+  });
+
+  test(`${name}: a chunk is signed as the caller passed it, even if the buffer is reused straight away`, async () => {
+    const buffer = new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3]);
+    const expected = await chunkSigner(await chunkedHeaders(), credentials).chunk(buffer.slice());
+    const pending = chunkSigner(await chunkedHeaders(), credentials).chunk(buffer);
+    buffer.fill(9);
+    assert.deepEqual(await pending, expected);
+  });
+
+  test(`${name}: an event is signed as the caller passed it, even if the buffer is reused straight away`, async () => {
+    const buffer = new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3]);
+    const seed = () => getAuthHeaders({ ...request, service: 'transcribe' }, credentials);
+    const expected = await eventSigner(await seed(), credentials).sign(buffer.slice(), now);
+    const pending = eventSigner(await seed(), credentials).sign(buffer, now);
+    buffer.fill(9);
+    assert.deepEqual(await pending, expected);
+  });
+
   test(`${name}: an event signed at a fractional millisecond time is the same as at the whole millisecond`, async () => {
     const message = new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3]);
     const a = await eventSigner(