diff --git a/packages/runtime/src/index.test.ts b/packages/runtime/src/index.test.ts
index 0b0c708..65dd0c3 100644
--- a/packages/runtime/src/index.test.ts
+++ b/packages/runtime/src/index.test.ts
@@ -70,9 +70,20 @@ function createMockBrowserTree() {
     close: contextClose,
   };
   const browserClose = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+  const disconnectedHandlers: Array<() => void> = [];
   const browser = {
     newContext: vi.fn(async () => context),
     close: browserClose,
+    on: vi.fn((event: string, handler: () => void) => {
+      if (event === "disconnected") {
+        disconnectedHandlers.push(handler);
+      }
+    }),
+    emitDisconnected: () => {
+      for (const handler of disconnectedHandlers) {
+        handler();
+      }
+    },
   };
   return {
     browser,
@@ -329,4 +340,40 @@ describe("BrowserRuntime", () => {
       message: "other failure",
     });
   });
+
+  it("recovers from a dead browser by relaunching on the next createSession", async () => {
+    const first = createMockBrowserTree();
+    const second = createMockBrowserTree();
+    first.browser.newContext.mockRejectedValueOnce(
+      new Error("browser.newContext: Target page, context or browser has been closed"),
+    );
+    mockChromiumLaunch
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(first.browser)
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(second.browser);
+
+    const rt = new BrowserRuntime({ headless: true });
+    const session = await rt.createSession();
+
+    expect(session.sessionId).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(mockChromiumLaunch).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+    await rt.shutdown();
+  });
+
+  it("clears sessions when the browser disconnects", async () => {
+    const { browser } = createMockBrowserTree();
+    mockChromiumLaunch.mockResolvedValueOnce(browser);
+
+    const rt = new BrowserRuntime({ headless: true });
+    const { sessionId } = await rt.createSession();
+    browser.emitDisconnected();
+
+    await expect(
+      rt.navigate({
+        action: "navigate",
+        sessionId,
+        url: "https://example.com",
+      }),
+    ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: "SESSION_NOT_FOUND" });
+    await rt.shutdown();
+  });
 });
diff --git a/packages/runtime/src/index.ts b/packages/runtime/src/index.ts
index 6e1c945..759199b 100644
--- a/packages/runtime/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/runtime/src/index.ts
@@ -33,12 +33,32 @@ type SessionRecord = {
 export class BrowserRuntime {
   private browserPromise: Promise<Browser> | null = null;
   private sessions = new Map<string, SessionRecord>();
+  private browserDisconnectHandler: (() => void) | null = null;
 
   constructor(private readonly options: BrowserRuntimeOptions = {}) {}
 
+  private invalidateBrowserState(): void {
+    this.browserPromise = null;
+    this.browserDisconnectHandler = null;
+    this.sessions.clear();
+  }
+
+  private attachBrowserDisconnectHandler(browser: Browser): void {
+    if (this.browserDisconnectHandler) {
+      return;
+    }
+    this.browserDisconnectHandler = () => {
+      this.invalidateBrowserState();
+    };
+    browser.on("disconnected", this.browserDisconnectHandler);
+  }
+
   private async getBrowser(): Promise<Browser> {
     if (!this.browserPromise) {
-      this.browserPromise = this.launchBrowser();
+      this.browserPromise = this.launchBrowser().then((browser) => {
+        this.attachBrowserDisconnectHandler(browser);
+        return browser;
+      });
     }
 
     try {
@@ -49,6 +69,11 @@ export class BrowserRuntime {
     }
   }
 
+  private isBrowserClosedError(error: unknown): boolean {
+    const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
+    return message.includes("has been closed");
+  }
+
   private async launchBrowser() {
     try {
       return await chromium.launch({
@@ -70,8 +95,24 @@ export class BrowserRuntime {
   }
 
   async createSession(): Promise<RuntimeSession> {
+    return this.createSessionWithRetry(false);
+  }
+
+  private async createSessionWithRetry(
+    isRetry: boolean,
+  ): Promise<RuntimeSession> {
     const browser = await this.getBrowser();
-    const context = await browser.newContext();
+    let context: BrowserContext;
+    try {
+      context = await browser.newContext();
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (!isRetry && this.isBrowserClosedError(error)) {
+        this.invalidateBrowserState();
+        return this.createSessionWithRetry(true);
+      }
+      this.invalidateBrowserState();
+      throw mapPlaywrightLaunchError(error);
+    }
 
     try {
       const page = await context.newPage();
@@ -91,6 +132,11 @@ export class BrowserRuntime {
       };
     } catch (error) {
       await context.close().catch(() => {});
+      if (!isRetry && this.isBrowserClosedError(error)) {
+        this.invalidateBrowserState();
+        return this.createSessionWithRetry(true);
+      }
+      this.invalidateBrowserState();
       throw mapPlaywrightLaunchError(error);
     }
   }