diff --git a/.env b/.env
index 980dc243b83f..44b9db8aef02 100644
--- a/.env
+++ b/.env
@@ -72,9 +72,9 @@ NUMBA=latest
 NUMBA_CUDA=latest
 NUMPY=latest
 PANDAS=latest
-PYTHON=3.10
-PYTHON_IMAGE_TAG=3.10
-PYTHON_ABI_TAG=cp310
+PYTHON=3.11
+PYTHON_IMAGE_TAG=3.11
+PYTHON_ABI_TAG=cp311
 R=4.5
 SPARK=master
 
diff --git a/.github/workflows/python.yml b/.github/workflows/python.yml
index a86db37c9328..30e6272fb31b 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/python.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/python.yml
@@ -66,36 +66,36 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         name:
           - conda-python-docs
-          - conda-python-3.11-nopandas
-          - conda-python-3.10-pandas-1.3.4
-          - conda-python-3.13-pandas-latest
-          - conda-python-3.12-no-numpy
+          - conda-python-3.12-nopandas
+          - conda-python-3.11-pandas-1.5.2
+          - conda-python-3.14-pandas-latest
+          - conda-python-3.13-no-numpy
         include:
           - name: conda-python-docs
             image: conda-python-docs
-            title: AMD64 Conda Python 3.11 Sphinx & Numpydoc
-            python: "3.11"
-          - name: conda-python-3.11-nopandas
+            title: AMD64 Conda Python 3.12 Sphinx & Numpydoc
+            python: "3.12"
+          - name: conda-python-3.12-nopandas
             image: conda-python
-            title: AMD64 Conda Python 3.11 Without Pandas
-            python: "3.11"
-          - name: conda-python-3.10-pandas-1.3.4
+            title: AMD64 Conda Python 3.12 Without Pandas
+            python: "3.12"
+          - name: conda-python-3.11-pandas-1.5.2
             image: conda-python-pandas
-            title: AMD64 Conda Python 3.10 Pandas 1.3.4
-            python: "3.10"
-            pandas: "1.3.4"
-            numpy: "1.21.2"
-          - name: conda-python-3.13-pandas-latest
+            title: AMD64 Conda Python 3.11 Pandas 1.5.2
+            python: "3.11"
+            pandas: "1.5.2"
+            numpy: "1.23.2"
+          - name: conda-python-3.14-pandas-latest
             image: conda-python-pandas
-            title: AMD64 Conda Python 3.13 Pandas latest
-            python: "3.13"
+            title: AMD64 Conda Python 3.14 Pandas latest
+            python: "3.14"
             pandas: latest
-          - name: conda-python-3.12-no-numpy
+          - name: conda-python-3.13-no-numpy
             image: conda-python-no-numpy
-            title: AMD64 Conda Python 3.12 without NumPy
-            python: "3.12"
+            title: AMD64 Conda Python 3.13 without NumPy
+            python: "3.13"
     env:
-      PYTHON: ${{ matrix.python || 3.10 }}
+      PYTHON: ${{ matrix.python || 3.11 }}
       UBUNTU: ${{ matrix.ubuntu || 22.04 }}
       PANDAS: ${{ matrix.pandas || 'latest' }}
       NUMPY: ${{ matrix.numpy || 'latest' }}
diff --git a/ci/docker/conda-cpp.dockerfile b/ci/docker/conda-cpp.dockerfile
index 474c18a9ade5..4340a18f6eea 100644
--- a/ci/docker/conda-cpp.dockerfile
+++ b/ci/docker/conda-cpp.dockerfile
@@ -23,9 +23,7 @@ FROM --platform=linux/${arch} ${repo}:${arch_short}-conda
 COPY ci/scripts/install_minio.sh /arrow/ci/scripts
 RUN /arrow/ci/scripts/install_minio.sh latest /opt/conda
 
-# Unless overridden use Python 3.10
-# Google GCS fails building with Python 3.11 at the moment.
-ARG python=3.10
+ARG python=3.11
 
 # install the required conda packages into the test environment
 # use `mold` to work around issues with GNU `ld` (GH-47015).
diff --git a/ci/docker/conda-python-cpython-debug.dockerfile b/ci/docker/conda-python-cpython-debug.dockerfile
index daa6c51c6bf6..d8da1d3a892f 100644
--- a/ci/docker/conda-python-cpython-debug.dockerfile
+++ b/ci/docker/conda-python-cpython-debug.dockerfile
@@ -17,11 +17,11 @@
 
 ARG repo
 ARG arch
-ARG python=3.10
+ARG python=3.11
 FROM ${repo}:${arch}-conda-python-${python}
 
 # (Docker oddity: ARG needs to be repeated after FROM)
-ARG python=3.10
+ARG python=3.11
 RUN mamba install -c conda-forge/label/python_debug cpython "python=${python}[build=*_debug_*]" && \
     mamba clean --all --yes
 # Quick check that we do have a debug mode CPython
diff --git a/ci/docker/conda-python-dask.dockerfile b/ci/docker/conda-python-dask.dockerfile
index 6991f1008602..37fca16f2128 100644
--- a/ci/docker/conda-python-dask.dockerfile
+++ b/ci/docker/conda-python-dask.dockerfile
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 ARG repo
 ARG arch
 ARG arch_short
-ARG python=3.10
+ARG python=3.11
 FROM --platform=linux/${arch} ${repo}:${arch_short}-conda-python-${python}
 
 ARG dask=latest
diff --git a/ci/docker/conda-python-hdfs.dockerfile b/ci/docker/conda-python-hdfs.dockerfile
index 263b38eaa587..85311c8fa1f7 100644
--- a/ci/docker/conda-python-hdfs.dockerfile
+++ b/ci/docker/conda-python-hdfs.dockerfile
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 ARG repo
 ARG arch
 ARG arch_short
-ARG python=3.10
+ARG python=3.11
 FROM --platform=linux/${arch} ${repo}:${arch_short}-conda-python-${python}
 
 ARG jdk=11
diff --git a/ci/docker/conda-python-jpype.dockerfile b/ci/docker/conda-python-jpype.dockerfile
index d5aa747b861d..1c5b29856f4c 100644
--- a/ci/docker/conda-python-jpype.dockerfile
+++ b/ci/docker/conda-python-jpype.dockerfile
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 ARG repo
 ARG arch
 ARG arch_short
-ARG python=3.10
+ARG python=3.11
 FROM --platform=linux/${arch} ${repo}:${arch_short}-conda-python-${python}
 
 ARG jdk=11
diff --git a/ci/docker/conda-python-pandas.dockerfile b/ci/docker/conda-python-pandas.dockerfile
index e39650af8212..07095377d8f0 100644
--- a/ci/docker/conda-python-pandas.dockerfile
+++ b/ci/docker/conda-python-pandas.dockerfile
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 ARG repo
 ARG arch
 ARG arch_short
-ARG python=3.10
+ARG python=3.11
 FROM --platform=linux/${arch} ${repo}:${arch_short}-conda-python-${python}
 
 ARG pandas=latest
diff --git a/ci/docker/conda-python-spark.dockerfile b/ci/docker/conda-python-spark.dockerfile
index 89bc231aad34..d7e74f08ee6c 100644
--- a/ci/docker/conda-python-spark.dockerfile
+++ b/ci/docker/conda-python-spark.dockerfile
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 ARG repo
 ARG arch
 ARG arch_short
-ARG python=3.10
+ARG python=3.11
 FROM --platform=linux/${arch} ${repo}:${arch_short}-conda-python-${python}
 
 ARG jdk=11
diff --git a/ci/docker/conda-python.dockerfile b/ci/docker/conda-python.dockerfile
index db40b1009f1f..1a438d087f90 100644
--- a/ci/docker/conda-python.dockerfile
+++ b/ci/docker/conda-python.dockerfile
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ ARG arch_short
 FROM --platform=linux/${arch} ${repo}:${arch_short}-conda-cpp
 
 # install python specific packages
-ARG python=3.10
+ARG python=3.11
 COPY ci/conda_env_python.txt \
      /arrow/ci/
 # If the Python version being tested is the same as the Python used by the system gdb,
diff --git a/ci/docker/cpp-jni.dockerfile b/ci/docker/cpp-jni.dockerfile
index 5d1c3c6b45f4..c3fabd163fcd 100644
--- a/ci/docker/cpp-jni.dockerfile
+++ b/ci/docker/cpp-jni.dockerfile
@@ -38,9 +38,9 @@ RUN dnf module enable -y llvm-toolset && \
 
 # A system Python is required for Ninja and vcpkg in this Dockerfile.
 # On manylinux_2_28 base images, no system Python is installed.
-# We therefore override the PATH with Python 3.10 in /opt/python
+# We therefore override the PATH with Python 3.11 in /opt/python
 # so that we have a consistent Python version across base images.
-ENV CPYTHON_VERSION=cp310
+ENV CPYTHON_VERSION=cp311
 ENV PATH=/opt/python/${CPYTHON_VERSION}-${CPYTHON_VERSION}/bin:${PATH}
 
 # Install CMake
diff --git a/ci/docker/python-wheel-manylinux.dockerfile b/ci/docker/python-wheel-manylinux.dockerfile
index 58e7ea533fc1..57814b11ec8a 100644
--- a/ci/docker/python-wheel-manylinux.dockerfile
+++ b/ci/docker/python-wheel-manylinux.dockerfile
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ RUN dnf install -y git flex curl autoconf zip perl-IPC-Cmd perl-Time-Piece wget
 
 # A system Python is required for Ninja and vcpkg in this Dockerfile.
 # On manylinux_2_28 base images, no system Python is installed.
-# We therefore override the PATH with Python 3.10 in /opt/python
+# We therefore override the PATH with Python 3.11 in /opt/python
 # so that we have a consistent Python version across base images.
-ENV CPYTHON_VERSION=cp310
+ENV CPYTHON_VERSION=cp311
 ENV PATH=/opt/python/${CPYTHON_VERSION}-${CPYTHON_VERSION}/bin:${PATH}
 
 # Install CMake
@@ -109,8 +109,8 @@ RUN --mount=type=secret,id=github_repository_owner \
 RUN pipx upgrade auditwheel>=6.4.0
 
 # Configure Python for applications running in the bash shell of this Dockerfile
-ARG python=3.10
-ARG python_abi_tag=cp310
+ARG python=3.11
+ARG python_abi_tag=cp311
 ENV PYTHON_VERSION=${python}
 ENV PYTHON_ABI_TAG=${python_abi_tag}
 RUN PYTHON_ROOT=$(find /opt/python -name cp${PYTHON_VERSION/./}-${PYTHON_ABI_TAG}) && \
diff --git a/ci/docker/python-wheel-musllinux-test.dockerfile b/ci/docker/python-wheel-musllinux-test.dockerfile
index 03473a9a347f..5ee59ef1de64 100644
--- a/ci/docker/python-wheel-musllinux-test.dockerfile
+++ b/ci/docker/python-wheel-musllinux-test.dockerfile
@@ -36,18 +36,7 @@ RUN cp /usr/share/zoneinfo/Etc/UTC /etc/localtime
 # pandas doesn't provide wheel for aarch64 yet, so cache the compiled
 # test dependencies in a docker image
 COPY python/requirements-wheel-test.txt /arrow/python/
-# Pandas 2.0.3 is the last version to support numpy 1.21.x which is
-# the lowest version we support for Python 3.10.
-# Pandas 2.0.3 doesn't have wheels for Python 3.10 so we need to build from source,
-# which requires setuptools < 80.
-# Drop when bumping numpy from 1.21.x (GH-48473) or when dropping Python 3.10.
-RUN if [ "${python_image_tag}" = "3.10" ]; then \
-        echo 'setuptools<80' > /tmp/setuptools-constraint.txt; \
-        PIP_CONSTRAINT=/tmp/setuptools-constraint.txt \
-            pip install -r /arrow/python/requirements-wheel-test.txt; \
-    else \
-        pip install -r /arrow/python/requirements-wheel-test.txt; \
-    fi
+RUN pip install -r /arrow/python/requirements-wheel-test.txt
 
 # Install the GCS testbench with the system Python
 COPY ci/scripts/install_gcs_testbench.sh /arrow/ci/scripts/
diff --git a/ci/docker/python-wheel-musllinux.dockerfile b/ci/docker/python-wheel-musllinux.dockerfile
index 1ddbcfb81e40..c931d3194462 100644
--- a/ci/docker/python-wheel-musllinux.dockerfile
+++ b/ci/docker/python-wheel-musllinux.dockerfile
@@ -51,10 +51,10 @@ RUN apk add --no-cache mold
 
 # A system Python is required for ninja and vcpkg in this Dockerfile.
 # On musllinux_1_2 a system python is installed (3.12) but pip is not
-# We therefore override the PATH with Python 3.10 in /opt/python
+# We therefore override the PATH with Python 3.11 in /opt/python
 # so that we have a consistent Python version across base images
 # as well as pip.
-ENV CPYTHON_VERSION=cp310
+ENV CPYTHON_VERSION=cp311
 ENV PATH=/opt/python/${CPYTHON_VERSION}-${CPYTHON_VERSION}/bin:${PATH}
 
 # Install vcpkg
@@ -110,8 +110,8 @@ RUN --mount=type=secret,id=github_repository_owner \
 RUN pipx upgrade auditwheel
 
 # Configure Python for applications running in the bash shell of this Dockerfile
-ARG python=3.10
-ARG python_abi_tag=cp310
+ARG python=3.11
+ARG python_abi_tag=cp311
 ENV PYTHON_VERSION=${python}
 ENV PYTHON_ABI_TAG=${python_abi_tag}
 RUN PYTHON_ROOT=$(find /opt/python -name cp${PYTHON_VERSION/./}-${PYTHON_ABI_TAG}) && \
diff --git a/ci/docker/python-wheel-windows-test-vs2022.dockerfile b/ci/docker/python-wheel-windows-test-vs2022.dockerfile
index 73a9e167fea6..fcb65ba2314e 100644
--- a/ci/docker/python-wheel-windows-test-vs2022.dockerfile
+++ b/ci/docker/python-wheel-windows-test-vs2022.dockerfile
@@ -26,13 +26,12 @@ FROM ${base}
 
 # hadolint shell=cmd.exe
 
-# Define the full version number otherwise choco falls back to patch number 0 (3.10 => 3.10.0)
-ARG python=3.10
-RUN (if "%python%"=="3.10" setx PYTHON_VERSION "3.10.11" && setx PYTHON_CMD "py -3.10") & \
-    (if "%python%"=="3.11" setx PYTHON_VERSION "3.11.9" && setx PYTHON_CMD "py -3.11") & \
+# Define the full version number otherwise choco falls back to patch number 0 (3.11 => 3.11.0)
+ARG python=3.11
+RUN (if "%python%"=="3.11" setx PYTHON_VERSION "3.11.9" && setx PYTHON_CMD "py -3.11") & \
     (if "%python%"=="3.12" setx PYTHON_VERSION "3.12.10" && setx PYTHON_CMD "py -3.12") & \
-    (if "%python%"=="3.13" setx PYTHON_VERSION "3.13.9" && setx PYTHON_CMD "py -3.13") & \
-    (if "%python%"=="3.14" setx PYTHON_VERSION "3.14.0" && setx PYTHON_CMD "py -3.14")
+    (if "%python%"=="3.13" setx PYTHON_VERSION "3.13.14" && setx PYTHON_CMD "py -3.13") & \
+    (if "%python%"=="3.14" setx PYTHON_VERSION "3.14.6" && setx PYTHON_CMD "py -3.14")
 
 # hadolint ignore=DL3059
 RUN choco install -r -y --pre --no-progress --force python --version=%PYTHON_VERSION%
diff --git a/ci/docker/python-wheel-windows-vs2022.dockerfile b/ci/docker/python-wheel-windows-vs2022.dockerfile
index e25ebef156c6..941083e7eef7 100644
--- a/ci/docker/python-wheel-windows-vs2022.dockerfile
+++ b/ci/docker/python-wheel-windows-vs2022.dockerfile
@@ -21,8 +21,7 @@
 ARG base
 FROM ${base}
 
-# Define the full version number otherwise choco falls back to patch number 0 (3.10 => 3.10.0)
-ARG python=3.10
+ARG python=3.11
 
 ARG python_variant_suffix=""
 ENV PYTHON_VERSION=${python}${python_variant_suffix}
diff --git a/ci/scripts/install_python.sh b/ci/scripts/install_python.sh
index b02a6ce63eae..f6502b1be8ce 100755
--- a/ci/scripts/install_python.sh
+++ b/ci/scripts/install_python.sh
@@ -25,12 +25,11 @@ platforms=([windows]=Windows
            [linux]=Linux)
 
 declare -A versions
-versions=([3.10]=3.10.11
-          [3.11]=3.11.9
+versions=([3.11]=3.11.9
           [3.12]=3.12.10
-          [3.13]=3.13.9
-          [3.14]=3.14.0
-          [3.14t]=3.14.0)
+          [3.13]=3.13.14
+          [3.14]=3.14.6
+          [3.14t]=3.14.6)
 
 if [ "$#" -ne 2 ]; then
   echo "Usage: $0 <platform> <version>"
diff --git a/ci/scripts/r_install_system_dependencies.sh b/ci/scripts/r_install_system_dependencies.sh
index 042d6a5c9adb..955d1d6d58d3 100755
--- a/ci/scripts/r_install_system_dependencies.sh
+++ b/ci/scripts/r_install_system_dependencies.sh
@@ -62,10 +62,10 @@ if [ "$ARROW_S3" == "ON" ] || [ "$ARROW_GCS" == "ON" ] || [ "$ARROW_R_DEV" == "T
     case "$PACKAGE_MANAGER" in
       zypper)
         # python3 is Python 3.6 on OpenSUSE 15.3.
-        # PyArrow supports Python 3.10 or later.
-        $PACKAGE_MANAGER install -y python310-pip
-        ln -s /usr/bin/python3.10 /usr/local/bin/python
-        ln -s /usr/bin/pip3.10 /usr/local/bin/pip
+        # PyArrow supports Python 3.11 or later.
+        $PACKAGE_MANAGER install -y python311-pip
+        ln -s /usr/bin/python3.11 /usr/local/bin/python
+        ln -s /usr/bin/pip3.11 /usr/local/bin/pip
         ;;
       apk)
         $PACKAGE_MANAGER add py3-pip
diff --git a/compose.yaml b/compose.yaml
index dead873fee5e..6676a87bd570 100644
--- a/compose.yaml
+++ b/compose.yaml
@@ -939,7 +939,7 @@ services:
     #   docker compose run --rm conda-python
     # Parameters:
     #   ARCH: amd64, arm/v7
-    #   PYTHON: 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13
+    #   PYTHON: 3.11, 3.12, 3.13, 3.14
     image: ${REPO}:${ARCH_SHORT}-conda-python-${PYTHON}
     build:
       context: .
diff --git a/dev/archery/setup.py b/dev/archery/setup.py
index 47ae2bb26b22..66d04d692fd9 100755
--- a/dev/archery/setup.py
+++ b/dev/archery/setup.py
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@
 import sys
 from setuptools import setup, find_packages
 
-if sys.version_info < (3, 10):
-    sys.exit('Python < 3.10 is not supported')
+if sys.version_info < (3, 11):
+    sys.exit('Python < 3.11 is not supported')
 
 # For pathlib.Path compatibility
 jinja_req = 'jinja2>=2.11'
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
     maintainer_email='dev@arrow.apache.org',
     packages=find_packages(),
     include_package_data=True,
-    python_requires='>=3.10',
+    python_requires='>=3.11',
     install_requires=['click>=7'],
     tests_require=['pytest', 'responses'],
     extras_require=extras,
diff --git a/dev/release/verify-release-candidate-wheels.bat b/dev/release/verify-release-candidate-wheels.bat
index 431e96f24dd8..0e98de0073c5 100644
--- a/dev/release/verify-release-candidate-wheels.bat
+++ b/dev/release/verify-release-candidate-wheels.bat
@@ -46,9 +46,6 @@ python dev\release\download_rc_binaries.py %ARROW_VERSION% %RC_NUMBER% ^
 set ARROW_TEST_DATA=%cd%\testing\data
 set PARQUET_TEST_DATA=%cd%\cpp\submodules\parquet-testing\data
 
-CALL :verify_wheel 3.10
-if errorlevel 1 GOTO error
-
 CALL :verify_wheel 3.11
 if errorlevel 1 GOTO error
 
@@ -58,6 +55,9 @@ if errorlevel 1 GOTO error
 CALL :verify_wheel 3.13
 if errorlevel 1 GOTO error
 
+CALL :verify_wheel 3.14
+if errorlevel 1 GOTO error
+
 :done
 cd %_CURRENT_DIR%
 
diff --git a/dev/release/verify-release-candidate.bat b/dev/release/verify-release-candidate.bat
index 5d903fdef008..e3e9e800e80a 100644
--- a/dev/release/verify-release-candidate.bat
+++ b/dev/release/verify-release-candidate.bat
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ if "%VERSION%"=="" (
 
 set ARROW_TEST_DATA=!ARROW_SOURCE!\testing\data
 set PARQUET_TEST_DATA=!ARROW_SOURCE!\cpp\submodules\parquet-testing\data
-set PYTHON=3.10
+set PYTHON=3.11
 
 @rem Using call with conda.bat seems necessary to avoid terminating the batch
 @rem script execution
diff --git a/dev/release/verify-release-candidate.sh b/dev/release/verify-release-candidate.sh
index ae49367ba6fa..a060901ea4bf 100755
--- a/dev/release/verify-release-candidate.sh
+++ b/dev/release/verify-release-candidate.sh
@@ -859,7 +859,7 @@ test_linux_wheels() {
     local arch="x86_64"
   fi
 
-  local python_versions="${TEST_PYTHON_VERSIONS:-3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14}"
+  local python_versions="${TEST_PYTHON_VERSIONS:-3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14}"
   local platform_tags="${TEST_WHEEL_PLATFORM_TAGS:-manylinux_2_28_${arch}}"
 
   if [ "${SOURCE_KIND}" != "local" ]; then
@@ -898,11 +898,11 @@ test_macos_wheels() {
 
   # apple silicon processor
   if [ "$(uname -m)" = "arm64" ]; then
-    local python_versions="3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14"
+    local python_versions="3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14"
     local platform_tags="macosx_12_0_arm64"
     local check_flight=OFF
   else
-    local python_versions="3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14"
+    local python_versions="3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14"
     local platform_tags="macosx_12_0_x86_64"
   fi
 
diff --git a/dev/tasks/python-sdist/github.yml b/dev/tasks/python-sdist/github.yml
index ac357f1e8833..36582fa0e250 100644
--- a/dev/tasks/python-sdist/github.yml
+++ b/dev/tasks/python-sdist/github.yml
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Test sdist
         run: archery docker run ubuntu-python-sdist-test
         env:
-          UBUNTU: 22.04
+          UBUNTU: 24.04
           PYARROW_VERSION: {{ arrow.no_rc_version }}
 
       - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
diff --git a/dev/tasks/python-wheels/github.linux.yml b/dev/tasks/python-wheels/github.linux.yml
index e211343953bf..e9e36566ba8d 100644
--- a/dev/tasks/python-wheels/github.linux.yml
+++ b/dev/tasks/python-wheels/github.linux.yml
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Test wheel on Ubuntu 22.04
         shell: bash
         if: |
-          '{{ python_version }}' == '3.10' && '{{ linux_wheel_kind }}' == 'manylinux'
+          '{{ python_version }}' == '3.11' && '{{ linux_wheel_kind }}' == 'manylinux'
         env:
           UBUNTU: "22.04"
         run: |
diff --git a/dev/tasks/tasks.yml b/dev/tasks/tasks.yml
index 56a9ce1472ac..c443c5a7e7c7 100644
--- a/dev/tasks/tasks.yml
+++ b/dev/tasks/tasks.yml
@@ -138,8 +138,7 @@ tasks:
 
   ########################### Python Wheels ############################
 
-{% for python_version, python_tag, abi_tag in [("3.10", "cp310", "cp310"),
-                                               ("3.11", "cp311", "cp311"),
+{% for python_version, python_tag, abi_tag in [("3.11", "cp311", "cp311"),
                                                ("3.12", "cp312", "cp312"),
                                                ("3.13", "cp313", "cp313"),
                                                ("3.14", "cp314", "cp314"),
@@ -496,7 +495,7 @@ tasks:
         UBUNTU: 22.04
       image: ubuntu-cpp-emscripten
 
-{% for python_version in ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"] %}
+{% for python_version in ["3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"] %}
   test-conda-python-{{ python_version }}:
     ci: github
     template: docker-tests/github.linux.yml
@@ -557,20 +556,12 @@ tasks:
       image: debian-python
 {% endfor %}
 
-  test-ubuntu-22.04-python-3:
-    ci: github
-    template: docker-tests/github.linux.yml
-    params:
-      env:
-        UBUNTU: 22.04
-      image: ubuntu-python
-
   test-ubuntu-24.04-python-3:
     ci: github
     template: docker-tests/github.linux.yml
     params:
       env:
-        UBUNTU: 24.04
+        UBUNTU: "24.04"
       image: ubuntu-python
 
   test-fedora-42-python-3:
@@ -736,12 +727,12 @@ tasks:
 
   ############################## Integration tests ############################
 
-{% for python_version, pandas_version, numpy_version, cache_leaf in [("3.10", "1.3.4", "1.21.2", True),
-                                                                     ("3.11", "latest", "latest", False),
-                                                                     ("3.12", "latest", "1.26", False),
+{% for python_version, pandas_version, numpy_version, cache_leaf in [("3.11", "1.5.2", "1.23.2", True),
                                                                      ("3.12", "latest", "latest", False),
-                                                                     ("3.13", "nightly", "nightly", False),
-                                                                     ("3.13", "upstream_devel", "nightly", False)] %}
+                                                                     ("3.13", "latest", "1.26.2", False),
+                                                                     ("3.13", "latest", "latest", False),
+                                                                     ("3.14", "nightly", "nightly", False),
+                                                                     ("3.14", "upstream_devel", "nightly", False)] %}
   test-conda-python-{{ python_version }}-pandas-{{ pandas_version }}-numpy-{{ numpy_version }}:
     ci: github
     template: docker-tests/github.linux.yml
@@ -781,13 +772,13 @@ tasks:
 {% endfor %}
 
 {% for hdfs_version in ["2.9.2", "3.2.1"] %}
-  test-conda-python-3.10-hdfs-{{ hdfs_version }}:
+  test-conda-python-3.11-hdfs-{{ hdfs_version }}:
     ci: github
     template: docker-tests/github.linux.yml
     params:
       env:
         HDFS: "{{ hdfs_version }}"
-        PYTHON: "3.10"
+        PYTHON: "3.11"
       image: conda-python-hdfs
 {% endfor %}
 
diff --git a/docs/source/developers/continuous_integration/archery.rst b/docs/source/developers/continuous_integration/archery.rst
index b20ba5c2fc48..98c8e5976407 100644
--- a/docs/source/developers/continuous_integration/archery.rst
+++ b/docs/source/developers/continuous_integration/archery.rst
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ utility called Archery.
 Installation
 ------------
 
-Archery requires Python 3.10 or later. It is recommended to install Archery in
+Archery requires Python 3.11 or later. It is recommended to install Archery in
 *editable* mode with the ``-e`` flag to automatically update the installation
 when pulling the Arrow repository. After cloning the Arrow repository, from
 the top level directory install Archery by using the command
diff --git a/docs/source/developers/continuous_integration/crossbow.rst b/docs/source/developers/continuous_integration/crossbow.rst
index ba99a1397a9d..8ec1e22b9a82 100644
--- a/docs/source/developers/continuous_integration/crossbow.rst
+++ b/docs/source/developers/continuous_integration/crossbow.rst
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ to step 3:
 
    or pass as an argument to the CLI script ``--github-token``
 
-6. Install Python (minimum supported version is 3.10):
+6. Install Python (minimum supported version is 3.11):
 
    | Miniconda is preferred, see installation instructions:
    | https://conda.io/docs/user-guide/install/index.html
diff --git a/docs/source/python/install.rst b/docs/source/python/install.rst
index dd23e6bc04ed..5fa9ab6c778b 100644
--- a/docs/source/python/install.rst
+++ b/docs/source/python/install.rst
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Linux distributions. We strongly recommend using a 64-bit system.
 Python Compatibility
 --------------------
 
-PyArrow is currently compatible with Python 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13 and 3.14.
+PyArrow is currently compatible with Python 3.11, 3.12, 3.13 and 3.14.
 
 Using Conda
 -----------
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ Dependencies
 
 Optional dependencies
 
-* **NumPy 1.21.2** or higher.
-* **pandas 1.3.4** or higher,
+* **NumPy 1.23.2** or higher.
+* **pandas 1.5.2** or higher,
 * **cffi**.
 
 Additional packages PyArrow is compatible with are :ref:`fsspec <filesystem-fsspec>`
diff --git a/python/examples/minimal_build/build_conda.sh b/python/examples/minimal_build/build_conda.sh
index 3b3d7bd4e3be..46dbab9090f2 100755
--- a/python/examples/minimal_build/build_conda.sh
+++ b/python/examples/minimal_build/build_conda.sh
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ MINICONDA=$WORKDIR/miniconda-for-arrow
 LIBRARY_INSTALL_DIR=$WORKDIR/local-libs
 CPP_BUILD_DIR=$WORKDIR/arrow-cpp-build
 ARROW_ROOT=/arrow
-PYTHON=3.10
+PYTHON=3.11
 
 git config --global --add safe.directory $ARROW_ROOT
 
diff --git a/python/pyproject.toml b/python/pyproject.toml
index 0054e1a26828..9ceb5da92778 100644
--- a/python/pyproject.toml
+++ b/python/pyproject.toml
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ backend-path = ["."]
 [project]
 name = "pyarrow"
 dynamic = ["version"]
-requires-python = ">=3.10"
+requires-python = ">=3.11"
 description = "Python library for Apache Arrow"
 readme = {file = "README.md", content-type = "text/markdown"}
 license = "Apache-2.0"
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ license-files = [
     "NOTICE.txt",
 ]
 classifiers  = [
-    'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10',
     'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11',
     'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12',
     'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13',
@@ -123,7 +122,7 @@ exclude = [
 # TODO: Enable type checking once stubs are merged
 [tool.pyright]
 pythonPlatform = "All"
-pythonVersion = "3.10"
+pythonVersion = "3.11"
 include = ["pyarrow-stubs"]
 exclude = [
     "pyarrow",
diff --git a/r/tests/testthat/test-python.R b/r/tests/testthat/test-python.R
index 7f7419a6bb5f..0da8539ddef4 100644
--- a/r/tests/testthat/test-python.R
+++ b/r/tests/testthat/test-python.R
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ test_that("install_pyarrow", {
   # Windows CI machine doesn't pick up the right python or something
   skip_on_os("windows")
   skip_if_not_installed("reticulate")
-  # PyArrow doesn't support Python 3.9 or earlier
-  skip_on_python_older_than("3.10")
+  # PyArrow doesn't support Python 3.10 or earlier
+  skip_on_python_older_than("3.11")
   # no pyarrow wheels for macos 10.13
   skip_if(on_macos_10_13_or_lower())