From 80cb615075e3094eb0445426c00d8719d9334977 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: a-dev <1537796+a-dev@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Sep 2026 11:29:22 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 1/5] quizzes
---
.../quizzes/developer-holy-wars-measured.json | 451 +++++++++++++++
.../git-editor-fallback-chain.svg | 79 +++
.../tabs-spaces-both-split.svg | 67 +++
.../vim-modes-state-machine.svg | 88 +++
.../quizzes/names-that-break-software.json | 258 +++++++++
.../null-licence-plate.svg | 54 ++
.../null-plate-data-path.svg | 108 ++++
.../substring-filter-town-name.svg | 74 +++
.../true-string-to-boolean.svg | 96 ++++
content/quizzes/tech-myths-that-wont-die.json | 538 ++++++++++++++++++
.../640k-quote-paper-trail.svg | 69 +++
...o-7-cunningham-writing-with-space-pen.webp | Bin 0 -> 91582 bytes
.../ibm-pc-memory-map-640k.svg | 75 +++
.../mark-ii-log-page-with-moth-1947.webp | Bin 0 -> 251748 bytes
.../unsigned-8-bit-underflow-wheel.svg | 93 +++
.../quizzes/the-internet-runs-on-cats.json | 519 +++++++++++++++++
.../cat-curled-in-sink.webp | Bin 0 -> 208964 bytes
.../cat-detector-vs-baseline.svg | 67 +++
.../deborah-number-scale.svg | 84 +++
.../kitten-in-box.webp | Bin 0 -> 318752 bytes
.../paw-vs-human-keypresses.svg | 176 ++++++
.../stack-overflow-2016-dogs-vs-cats.svg | 74 +++
.../unlabeled-frames-to-cat-neuron.svg | 70 +++
.../quizzes/the-it-crowd-have-you-tried.json | 207 +++++++
.../reboot-clears-leaked-memory.svg | 68 +++
.../words-of-the-year-slang-decoder.json | 296 ++++++++++
.../six-seven-timeline.svg | 75 +++
.../words-of-the-year-grid.svg | 87 +++
content/quizzes/xkcd-predicted-it.json | 442 ++++++++++++++
.../bobby-tables-anatomy.svg | 74 +++
.../xkcd-predicted-it/park-or-bird-tasks.svg | 72 +++
.../passphrase-entropy-bars.svg | 74 +++
32 files changed, 4435 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/developer-holy-wars-measured.json
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/developer-holy-wars-measured/git-editor-fallback-chain.svg
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/developer-holy-wars-measured/tabs-spaces-both-split.svg
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/developer-holy-wars-measured/vim-modes-state-machine.svg
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/names-that-break-software.json
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/names-that-break-software/null-licence-plate.svg
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/names-that-break-software/null-plate-data-path.svg
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/names-that-break-software/substring-filter-town-name.svg
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/names-that-break-software/true-string-to-boolean.svg
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/tech-myths-that-wont-die.json
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/tech-myths-that-wont-die/640k-quote-paper-trail.svg
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/tech-myths-that-wont-die/apollo-7-cunningham-writing-with-space-pen.webp
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/tech-myths-that-wont-die/ibm-pc-memory-map-640k.svg
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/tech-myths-that-wont-die/mark-ii-log-page-with-moth-1947.webp
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/tech-myths-that-wont-die/unsigned-8-bit-underflow-wheel.svg
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/the-internet-runs-on-cats.json
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/the-internet-runs-on-cats/cat-curled-in-sink.webp
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/the-internet-runs-on-cats/cat-detector-vs-baseline.svg
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/the-internet-runs-on-cats/deborah-number-scale.svg
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/the-internet-runs-on-cats/kitten-in-box.webp
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/the-internet-runs-on-cats/paw-vs-human-keypresses.svg
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/the-internet-runs-on-cats/stack-overflow-2016-dogs-vs-cats.svg
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/the-internet-runs-on-cats/unlabeled-frames-to-cat-neuron.svg
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/the-it-crowd-have-you-tried.json
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/the-it-crowd-have-you-tried/reboot-clears-leaked-memory.svg
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/words-of-the-year-slang-decoder.json
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/words-of-the-year-slang-decoder/six-seven-timeline.svg
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/words-of-the-year-slang-decoder/words-of-the-year-grid.svg
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/xkcd-predicted-it.json
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/xkcd-predicted-it/bobby-tables-anatomy.svg
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/xkcd-predicted-it/park-or-bird-tasks.svg
create mode 100644 content/quizzes/xkcd-predicted-it/passphrase-entropy-bars.svg
diff --git a/content/quizzes/developer-holy-wars-measured.json b/content/quizzes/developer-holy-wars-measured.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5f174cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/quizzes/developer-holy-wars-measured.json
@@ -0,0 +1,451 @@
+{
+ "schemaVersion": 1,
+ "id": "developer-holy-wars-measured",
+ "title": "Tabs, spaces and Vim: developer holy wars, measured",
+ "description": "Developers have argued about tabs versus spaces and Vim versus Emacs for decades, and now and then someone collects data. Each Question takes one argument, shows what a survey, a traffic log or a tool's design actually measured, and asks what you can and can't conclude. You'll also leave knowing how to quit Vim.",
+ "language": "en",
+ "tags": [
+ "statistics",
+ "critical-thinking",
+ "work",
+ "internet-culture"
+ ],
+ "author": "Quizbun",
+ "questions": [
+ {
+ "id": "tabs-or-spaces-median-salary",
+ "title": "In Stack Overflow's 2017 Developer Survey, which group of professional developers reported the higher median salary: tabs users or spaces users?",
+ "type": "single-choice",
+ "options": [
+ {
+ "text": "Spaces users, by about $15,000 a year",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Tabs users, by about $15,000 a year",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Neither: the two medians were within $1,000 of each other",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "The survey didn't ask about salary, so nobody knows",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "The data scientist David Robinson compared the two groups in the 2017 survey data. Developers who indented with spaces reported a median salary of **$59,140**; those who used tabs reported **$43,750**.\n\nA gap that size between two groups that differ only in a keystroke should make you suspicious rather than excited. A raw median mixes everything together: country, experience, language, job type. If spaces happened to be more common in higher-paying countries or languages, a gap would appear even if indentation had nothing to do with pay. The next Questions look at how Robinson tried to separate those effects.\n\nAlso note what kind of evidence this is: self-reported salaries from people who chose to take a survey on Stack Overflow.",
+ "references": "[Stack Overflow Blog: Developers who use spaces make more money than those who use tabs (David Robinson, 2017)](https://stackoverflow.blog/2017/06/15/developers-use-spaces-make-money-use-tabs/), [GitHub: dgrtwo/tabs-spaces-post (the analysis code)](https://github.com/dgrtwo/tabs-spaces-post)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "tabs-spaces-both-split",
+ "title": "How did the 28,657 professional developers who answered the 2017 indentation question split between tabs, spaces and both?",
+ "type": "single-choice",
+ "options": [
+ {
+ "text": "Close to a tie: about 41% spaces, 41% tabs, and 18% both",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Spaces won easily: about 80% spaces and 20% tabs",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Tabs won easily: about 70% tabs and 30% spaces",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "About a third each for tabs, spaces and both",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "The split was **41.8% spaces, 40.7% tabs and 17.5% both**. Nobody won the holy war; the two camps were almost exactly the same size.\n\nThat near-tie matters for the salary comparison. Both groups are large, so the salary gap isn't the product of one tiny, unusual group. Of the 28,657 who answered the indentation question, 12,426 also reported a salary, and those are the people the salary analysis rests on.\n\nThe \"both\" group is a reminder that survey categories flatten real behavior. Many developers use whatever the project's style guide or formatter says, which can mean tabs in one repository and spaces in the next.",
+ "references": "[Stack Overflow Blog: Developers who use spaces make more money than those who use tabs (David Robinson, 2017)](https://stackoverflow.blog/2017/06/15/developers-use-spaces-make-money-use-tabs/)",
+ "images": [
+ {
+ "src": "tabs-spaces-both-split.svg",
+ "alt": "Bar chart of the 2017 Stack Overflow survey question on indentation, 28,657 professional developers. Spaces 41.8%, tabs 40.7%, both 17.5%, also shown as a single stacked bar. A note says tabs and spaces are nearly tied and about one developer in six uses both.",
+ "caption": "Percentages from David Robinson's 2017 Stack Overflow analysis. Chart drawn for this Quiz.",
+ "placement": "explanation",
+ "width": 720,
+ "height": 350
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "what-robinson-controlled-for",
+ "title": "To test whether the salary gap was just a side effect of other differences, Robinson fitted a regression model. Which factors did it control for?",
+ "type": "multiple-choice",
+ "options": [
+ {
+ "text": "Country",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Years of programming experience",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Programming language and type of developer",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Level of formal education",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Company size",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "The editor or IDE each developer uses",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Hours worked per week",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "Robinson's linear regression included country, years of programming experience, developer type and language (49 categories), formal education, open source contribution, hobby programming and company size, alongside tabs versus spaces. Editor and hours worked weren't in the model.\n\nControlling for a factor means comparing like with like: a spaces user and a tabs user in the same country, with the same experience, writing the same language. After those adjustments, using spaces was still **associated with an 8.6% higher salary** (95% confidence interval roughly 6% to 10.4%). Robinson noted that this is about the same difference as 2.4 extra years of experience, and the gap showed up in every subgroup he examined.\n\nSo the obvious explanations, such as \"spaces users are in the US\" or \"spaces users write better-paid languages\", don't account for it. That still leaves every factor nobody measured, which is the subject of the next Question.",
+ "references": "[Stack Overflow Blog: Developers who use spaces make more money than those who use tabs (David Robinson, 2017)](https://stackoverflow.blog/2017/06/15/developers-use-spaces-make-money-use-tabs/), [GitHub: dgrtwo/tabs-spaces-post (the analysis code)](https://github.com/dgrtwo/tabs-spaces-post)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "switch-to-spaces-for-a-raise",
+ "title": "A colleague reads the tabs-versus-spaces result and switches their editor to spaces, expecting a raise. What does the evidence actually support?",
+ "type": "single-choice",
+ "options": [
+ {
+ "text": "Something that goes along with using spaces also goes along with higher pay, and the data can't say what that something is",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Using spaces causes higher pay, because the model controlled for the important factors",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Tabs users are worse programmers, which is why they earn less",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Nothing at all: 12,426 salaries is too small a sample to find any pattern",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "The survey is **observational**: nobody was assigned to tabs or spaces. It can show that two things occur together, but not which one drives the other, or whether a third factor drives both. Robinson himself wrote that correlation isn't causation and that you can never be sure you've controlled for every confounding factor.\n\nA confounder here would be anything linked to both indentation and pay that the model didn't include. Some candidates, offered as hypotheses rather than findings: working at a company that enforces a style guide or an automatic formatter, working on teams with more mature tooling, or the kind of project a developer works on. Any of these could make spaces more likely *and* pay higher, with no effect of one on the other.\n\nThe sample isn't the problem. With over 12,000 salaries, the association is very unlikely to be chance. Precision tells you the pattern is real; it can't tell you why it exists. The test that would settle causation, randomly assigning developers to tabs or spaces and waiting for their salaries, isn't going to happen.",
+ "references": "[Stack Overflow Blog: Developers who use spaces make more money than those who use tabs (David Robinson, 2017)](https://stackoverflow.blog/2017/06/15/developers-use-spaces-make-money-use-tabs/), [Wikipedia: Confounding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confounding)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "vim-quit-without-saving",
+ "title": "You're in Vim, you've made changes you don't want, and you want out. Type a command that quits without saving.",
+ "description": "Assume you've already pressed Esc. Type the command exactly as you'd type it into Vim, without pressing Enter.",
+ "type": "input",
+ "validation": {
+ "mode": "text",
+ "acceptedAnswers": [
+ ":q!",
+ ":quit!",
+ ":qa!",
+ ":qall!",
+ ":quitall!",
+ "ZQ"
+ ],
+ "caseSensitive": true
+ },
+ "explanation": "**`:q!`** does it. The colon moves Vim from Normal mode into Command-line mode, `q` means quit, and `!` means \"I know there are unsaved changes; throw them away\". Press Enter to run it. `:qa!` does the same for every open window, and **`ZQ`**, typed in Normal mode with no colon, is a shortcut for `:q!`.\n\nWhy doesn't plain `:q` work? It refuses when the buffer has changes and shows *No write since last change (add ! to override)*. That message is the safety net working: the `!` is how you tell Vim the data loss is deliberate.\n\nMost people get stuck one step earlier. Vim starts in **Normal mode**, where letters are commands, so typing `quit` runs a sequence of editing commands instead of quitting. If you're not sure which mode you're in, press Esc. It always brings you back to Normal mode.\n\nCase matters here. `ZQ` quits, but `zq` doesn't. Lowercase `z` starts a different family of commands, mostly for folding and scrolling.\n\nTry it now: run `vim` in a terminal, press `i`, type something, press Esc, then type `:q!` and press Enter.",
+ "references": "[Vim help: editing.txt, writing and quitting](https://vimhelp.org/editing.txt.html#write-quit), [Vim help: E37](https://vimhelp.org/message.txt.html#E37)",
+ "images": [
+ {
+ "src": "vim-modes-state-machine.svg",
+ "alt": "State diagram of Vim's modes. Normal mode in the middle. Keys i, a or o go from Normal to Insert, and Esc goes back. A colon goes from Normal to Command-line, and Esc cancels back. From Normal, ZZ saves and closes and ZQ discards and closes. From Command-line, :wq then Enter saves and closes, and :q! then Enter discards and closes. A note says plain :q refuses when there are unsaved changes.",
+ "caption": "Diagram drawn for this Quiz from Vim's `:help` documentation.",
+ "placement": "explanation",
+ "width": 720,
+ "height": 470
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "vim-save-and-quit",
+ "title": "This time you want to keep your edits. Type a Vim command that saves the file and quits.",
+ "description": "Again, assume you've pressed Esc, and leave out the final Enter.",
+ "type": "input",
+ "validation": {
+ "mode": "text",
+ "acceptedAnswers": [
+ ":wq",
+ ":wq!",
+ ":x",
+ ":x!",
+ ":xit",
+ ":exit",
+ ":wqa",
+ ":wqall",
+ ":xa",
+ ":xall",
+ "ZZ"
+ ],
+ "caseSensitive": true
+ },
+ "explanation": "**`:wq`** writes the file (`w`) and then quits (`q`). Commands in Vim's Command-line mode compose like that.\n\nTwo shortcuts do almost the same thing. **`:x`** and **`ZZ`** (Normal mode, no colon) write the file only if it has changed, then quit. The difference is subtle but real: `:wq` always writes, which updates the file's modification time even when nothing changed. That can make build tools like `make` think the file needs rebuilding. `:x` leaves an unchanged file alone.\n\nIf the write fails, for example because the file is read-only or the buffer has no name yet, Vim doesn't quit, so you can't lose work by accident. Give the buffer a name with `:w filename`, then quit.\n\nAs with `ZQ`, case matters: `ZZ` saves and quits, but `zz` just scrolls the current line to the middle of the screen.",
+ "references": "[Vim help: editing.txt, writing and quitting](https://vimhelp.org/editing.txt.html#write-quit)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "exit-vim-million-views",
+ "title": "The Stack Overflow question \"How to exit the Vim editor?\" was asked in 2012. When did Stack Overflow announce it had helped one million developers?",
+ "type": "single-choice",
+ "options": [
+ {
+ "text": "2017",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "2012, within months of being asked",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "2014",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "2021",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "Stack Overflow published the milestone in **May 2017**, nearly five years after the question was asked in August 2012.\n\nThe traffic didn't arrive at once. Robinson's chart shows the question got little attention at first, then grew for about two years as it climbed search engine rankings, and then held roughly steady. That shape is typical for evergreen questions: a search engine sends a steady stream of new people who hit the same problem, and the counter keeps ticking.\n\nFor scale, the question accounted for about 0.005% of all Stack Overflow question traffic, or one visit in every 20,000. That sounds tiny until you remember how much traffic Stack Overflow gets.",
+ "references": "[Stack Overflow Blog: Stack Overflow: Helping one million developers exit Vim (David Robinson, 2017)](https://stackoverflow.blog/2017/05/23/stack-overflow-helping-one-million-developers-exit-vim/), [Stack Overflow: How do I exit Vim?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11828270/how-do-i-exit-vim)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "stuck-in-vim-per-hour",
+ "title": "Guess: at weekday peak hours in 2017, about how many people an hour visited Stack Overflow to find out how to exit Vim?",
+ "description": "Enter a whole number. Answers within 20 of the reported figure count.",
+ "type": "input",
+ "validation": {
+ "mode": "numeric",
+ "acceptedAnswers": [
+ 80
+ ],
+ "tolerance": 20
+ },
+ "explanation": "Robinson reported **about 80 people an hour** during weekday peak hours. That's more than one person a minute, stuck in an editor with no visible way out.\n\nThe number measures page visits, not unique people or people who were actually trapped. Some visitors were curious, some came back more than once, and some were stuck in Vim over SSH on another machine. \"Visits to a help page\" is a *proxy* for \"people who got stuck\", and a good analysis states which one it counted, as Robinson's does.\n\nThe weekday peak is its own clue. If the traffic follows working hours, most of these people were probably stuck at work, in the middle of something else, which is where the next Questions go.",
+ "references": "[Stack Overflow Blog: Stack Overflow: Helping one million developers exit Vim (David Robinson, 2017)](https://stackoverflow.blog/2017/05/23/stack-overflow-helping-one-million-developers-exit-vim/)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "who-gets-stuck-most",
+ "title": "Among visitors to Vim questions on Stack Overflow, developers from which group were the most likely to be looking for the exit?",
+ "description": "Robinson grouped visitors by the tags they visited most and compared how often each group's Vim traffic went to the exit question.",
+ "type": "single-choice",
+ "options": [
+ {
+ "text": "Front-end web developers, such as those who visit jQuery, CSS and AngularJS questions",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Microsoft developers, such as those who visit C# and SQL Server questions",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "C and C++ developers",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Python and Ruby developers",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "**Front-end web developers** were the most likely to be looking for the exit. Microsoft developers (C#, SQL Server) and mobile developers (Android, iOS) came next. C, C++, Python and Ruby developers were the *least* likely.\n\nLook at how the metric is built. It isn't \"how many front-end developers exist\". It's the share of each group's Vim-question visits that went to the exit question. That ratio corrects for group size: a huge group with no Vim problems still scores low. Without that normalization, the ranking would mostly reflect which technologies have the most developers.\n\nThe same analysis found country differences, with Ukraine, Turkey and Indonesia high and China, Korea and Japan low. The post read the low scores as people who open Vim on purpose and already know how to leave.",
+ "references": "[Stack Overflow Blog: Stack Overflow: Helping one million developers exit Vim (David Robinson, 2017)](https://stackoverflow.blog/2017/05/23/stack-overflow-helping-one-million-developers-exit-vim/)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "why-front-end-developers-get-stuck",
+ "title": "What is the most plausible reason front-end developers got stuck in Vim more often than C or Python developers?",
+ "type": "single-choice",
+ "options": [
+ {
+ "text": "They mostly work in IDEs, so they meet Vim by accident, for example when a Git command opens it",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Front-end work requires editing files in Vim more often",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Vim can't open JavaScript or CSS files correctly",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Front-end developers make more typos, which trigger Vim's modes",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "Robinson's reading is that front-end developers usually work in an IDE or a graphical editor, while C, C++, Python and Ruby developers more often work in plain text editors, including Vim itself. Someone who chose Vim knows how to leave it. Someone who was *dropped into* Vim by another tool doesn't.\n\nNote the status of this claim. The data shows *which groups* visit the exit question; the \"IDE users arrive by accident\" story is an interpretation that fits the pattern, not something the traffic logs measured directly. It's plausible, and it matches the country pattern too, but it's an explanation, not a finding.\n\nThe other options don't hold up. Vim opens any text file, including JavaScript and CSS, and nothing about front-end work needs Vim. The question is how people end up there without choosing to.",
+ "references": "[Stack Overflow Blog: Stack Overflow: Helping one million developers exit Vim (David Robinson, 2017)](https://stackoverflow.blog/2017/05/23/stack-overflow-helping-one-million-developers-exit-vim/)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "how-git-drops-you-into-vim",
+ "title": "You run `git commit` without `-m` on a machine where you've never configured an editor, and a Vim screen appears. Why?",
+ "type": "single-choice",
+ "options": [
+ {
+ "text": "Git needs an editor for the commit message and, when none is configured, falls back to a compile-time default that is usually `vi`",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Git ships its own built-in copy of Vim and always uses it for commit messages",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Your terminal opens Vim whenever a program asks for multi-line input",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Git detected an error in your commit and opened Vim so you could fix it",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "Without `-m`, Git opens an editor so you can write the commit message. To pick one, it checks, in order: the `GIT_EDITOR` environment variable, the `core.editor` config setting, `VISUAL`, `EDITOR`, and finally the default chosen when Git was compiled, **which is usually `vi`**. On many systems `vi` launches Vim.\n\nSo nothing went wrong. Every setting was empty and Git used the last fallback. The same thing happens with `git merge` when it asks for a merge message and with `git rebase -i`.\n\nIf you're already in Vim: type your message, press Esc, then `:wq`. To save and exit without committing, leave the message empty; Git aborts a commit with an empty message.\n\nTo avoid it next time, set an editor you know. For VS Code:\n\n```bash\ngit config --global core.editor \"code --wait\"\n```\n\n`--wait` matters: without it, the `code` command returns immediately, and Git sees an empty message.",
+ "references": "[Git documentation: git-var, GIT_EDITOR](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-var), [Git documentation: git-commit](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-commit), [VS Code docs: Source control in VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/sourcecontrol/overview)",
+ "images": [
+ {
+ "src": "git-editor-fallback-chain.svg",
+ "alt": "A list of five steps Git checks to choose an editor: 1 GIT_EDITOR environment variable, 2 core.editor git config setting, 3 VISUAL environment variable, 4 EDITOR environment variable, each marked 'not set? go down'. Step 5, highlighted, is vi, the default chosen when Git was compiled. A note says on many systems vi is Vim, and you often land in it from git commit without -m, git merge, or git rebase -i.",
+ "caption": "Order of preference from the Git documentation for `git var GIT_EDITOR`. Diagram drawn for this Quiz.",
+ "placement": "explanation",
+ "width": 720,
+ "height": 440
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "why-vim-has-modes",
+ "title": "Why does vi, and Vim after it, use modes where single letters are commands, instead of letting you type text right away?",
+ "type": "single-choice",
+ "options": [
+ {
+ "text": "vi was built in the 1970s for slow terminals, where short commands let you work faster than the screen could redraw",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Terminals at the time had no Ctrl or Alt keys, so letters were the only way to send commands",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Modes saved disk space by storing commands as single bytes",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Bill Joy copied the design from Emacs",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "vi comes from a line of Unix editors: Ken Thompson's **ed** (1969), George Coulouris's **em**, and Bill Joy's **ex**, of which vi is the visual mode. ed was famously terse, reporting most errors with a single `?`, because it ran on teletypes over slow connections.\n\nJoy wrote vi over a **300 baud modem**, about 30 characters a second. He explained that the terse single-character commands, and the ability to type ahead of the display, came from that limit: he wanted to keep working while the screen painted slower than he could think. When one keystroke means \"delete a word\", you send one character instead of a long command.\n\nHis terminal, a Lear Siegler ADM-3A, explains two more quirks. Its Escape key sat where Tab is on today's keyboards, so switching modes took one easy reach. And `h`, `j`, `k`, `l` had arrows printed on them, because the terminal had no separate arrow keys. That's why they still move the cursor in Vim.\n\nThe terminals had Ctrl keys, and Emacs's chord-based design is the opposite approach, not the source of vi's.",
+ "references": "[Wikipedia: vi (text editor)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_(text_editor)), [Wikipedia: ed (text editor)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_(text_editor)), [The Register: Bill Joy's greatest gift to man, the vi editor (2003)](https://www.theregister.com/2003/09/11/bill_joys_greatest_gift/)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "editor-of-the-beast",
+ "title": "Richard Stallman's parody Church of Emacs calls vi \"the editor of the beast\". Where does the name come from?",
+ "type": "single-choice",
+ "options": [
+ {
+ "text": "\"vi vi vi\" read as Roman numerals is 6 6 6, the number of the beast",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "vi was the sixth editor released for Unix, in version 6",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "vi's source code was 666 lines long",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "vi's first release was on 6 June 1966",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "In Roman numerals, VI is 6, so **vi-vi-vi reads as 6-6-6**, the number of the beast. The joke belongs to the Church of Emacs, a parody religion Stallman created. He appears in it as **Saint IGNUcius**, wearing a robe and a halo made from an old disk platter.\n\nThe church's real target isn't vi. Its sermon is about software freedom: using a free version of vi is described as a penance rather than a sin, and the sin is proprietary software.\n\nThe editor war itself is one of the original holy wars of Usenet, with recorded flame wars going back to at least 1985. vi users hit back with their own jokes about Emacs, which uses long Ctrl and Meta key chords. None of it was ever settled by data, which is part of why it could run for decades.",
+ "references": "[Wikipedia: Editor war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor_war), [Stallman.org: Saint IGNUcius](https://stallman.org/saint.html)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "editor-share-2025-survey",
+ "title": "In the 2025 Stack Overflow Developer Survey, 75.9% of respondents said they regularly used VS Code, 24.3% Vim and 14% Neovim, while Emacs appeared only as a write-in answer, at 0.15%. Which conclusions does this data support?",
+ "description": "The question was \"Which development environments and AI-enabled code editing tools did you use regularly over the past year?\", with \"check all that apply\". About 26,000 people answered it.",
+ "type": "multiple-choice",
+ "options": [
+ {
+ "text": "VS Code was the most used development environment among these respondents",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Many respondents used more than one editor",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "About one respondent in four said they used Vim regularly",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Emacs is used by fewer than 1 developer in 500",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Vim's share has shrunk since 2017, because VS Code took its users",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "These percentages describe all professional developers worldwide",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "Three conclusions hold. VS Code led clearly, for the fourth year running. About a quarter of respondents checked Vim. And because respondents could check every tool they used, the percentages add up to far more than 100%: VS Code alone is 75.9%, and Visual Studio, Notepad++, IntelliJ IDEA and Vim each got another 24% to 29%. Many people use VS Code *and* Vim, for example Vim for quick edits over SSH.\n\nThe other three don't follow:\n\n- **Emacs at 0.15%** is an artifact of the form. It wasn't a listed option, so the only way to count it was to type it in, and most people don't bother. Unlisted answers are always undercounted, so this number tells you almost nothing about Emacs.\n- **A trend** needs data from several years collected the same way. One year's snapshot can't show that Vim lost users, and it certainly can't show *why*.\n- **All developers**: respondents chose to take a survey promoted by Stack Overflow. That's a large sample, but not a random one.",
+ "references": "[Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2025: Technology, Dev IDEs](https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2025/technology), [Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2025: Methodology](https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2025/methodology)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "guess-the-year-vi",
+ "title": "Guess the year: when did Bill Joy build the visual mode of the ex editor that became vi?",
+ "description": "Enter a year. Answers within one year of it count.",
+ "type": "input",
+ "validation": {
+ "mode": "numeric",
+ "acceptedAnswers": [
+ 1977
+ ],
+ "tolerance": 1
+ },
+ "explanation": "Joy, then a graduate student at UC Berkeley, added a full-screen visual mode to ex in **1976–1977**. Sources date it differently: Wikipedia's summary says 1976, and the ex source code history points to a redesign from June to October 1977. That's why answers from 1976 to 1978 count.\n\nThe release history is just as layered, a useful reminder that \"when was X invented?\" often has several honest answers:\n\n- **March 1978**: ex 1.1 shipped in the first Berkeley Software Distribution (1BSD).\n- **May 1979**: ex 2.0 in 2BSD installed the program under the name `vi`, starting straight in visual mode. vi and ex are the same program.\n- **1991**: Bram Moolenaar completed Vim 1.14, its first public release, distributed on an Amiga Fish Disk in January 1992.\n\nSo Vim's modes are close to 50 years old, and the question of how to leave them is older than most of the developers asking it.",
+ "references": "[Wikipedia: vi (text editor)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_(text_editor)), [Wikipedia: Vim (text editor)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vim_(text_editor))"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "holy-wars-what-the-data-shows",
+ "title": "Looking back across the Quiz, which of these claims does the evidence support?",
+ "type": "multiple-choice",
+ "options": [
+ {
+ "text": "In 2017 survey data, spaces users reported higher salaries than tabs users, even after controlling for country, experience and language",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Among visitors to Vim questions, front-end developers were more likely than C developers to be looking for the exit",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "With no editor configured, Git usually falls back to `vi`",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Switching from tabs to spaces will raise your salary",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Front-end developers are less skilled programmers than C developers",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Most developers use Vim as their main editor",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "The three supported claims each stay inside what was measured:\n\n- **The salary gap** is a real association in self-reported survey data, and it survived controls for the obvious confounders. It's still an association.\n- **The Vim ranking** compares the share of each group's Vim traffic that went to the exit question. It measures confusion about one editor, not programming skill. The \"they use IDEs and land in Vim by accident\" story is a plausible interpretation on top of that.\n- **Git's fallback** isn't data at all. It's documented design, so you can check it directly with `git var GIT_EDITOR`.\n\nThe three unsupported claims each take one step too far. \"Switch and earn more\" turns a correlation into a cause. \"Less skilled\" swaps the thing measured, finding the exit, for something it wasn't: ability. And \"most developers use Vim\" misreads 24.3% of one self-selected survey as a majority.\n\nThat's the pattern to take into your next holy war: ask what was actually measured, on whom, and whether anything else could explain it.",
+ "references": "[Stack Overflow Blog: Developers who use spaces make more money than those who use tabs (David Robinson, 2017)](https://stackoverflow.blog/2017/06/15/developers-use-spaces-make-money-use-tabs/), [Stack Overflow Blog: Stack Overflow: Helping one million developers exit Vim (David Robinson, 2017)](https://stackoverflow.blog/2017/05/23/stack-overflow-helping-one-million-developers-exit-vim/), [Git documentation: git-var, GIT_EDITOR](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-var), [Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2025: Technology, Dev IDEs](https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2025/technology)"
+ }
+ ]
+}
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@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+
diff --git a/content/quizzes/developer-holy-wars-measured/tabs-spaces-both-split.svg b/content/quizzes/developer-holy-wars-measured/tabs-spaces-both-split.svg
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@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+
diff --git a/content/quizzes/developer-holy-wars-measured/vim-modes-state-machine.svg b/content/quizzes/developer-holy-wars-measured/vim-modes-state-machine.svg
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@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+
diff --git a/content/quizzes/names-that-break-software.json b/content/quizzes/names-that-break-software.json
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/quizzes/names-that-break-software.json
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+{
+ "schemaVersion": 1,
+ "id": "names-that-break-software",
+ "title": "Names that break software: NULL, True and little Bobby Tables",
+ "description": "A man gets the licence plate NULL and receives $12,049 of strangers' parking tickets. A woman named Null can't book a flight online. An actor named True is locked out of iCloud for six months. A whole English town can't sign up for AOL. Each Question starts from a real person or place, asks what the software did wrong, and ends with the fix.",
+ "language": "en",
+ "tags": ["sql", "security", "i18n", "debugging"],
+ "author": "Quizbun",
+ "questions": [
+ {
+ "id": "null-plate-what-happened",
+ "title": "In late 2016, a security researcher registered this California vanity plate as a programmer's joke. What did it bring him?",
+ "description": "Joseph Tartaro, known as Droogie, chose `NULL` because in many programming languages it means \"no value\".",
+ "type": "single-choice",
+ "images": [
+ {
+ "src": "null-licence-plate.svg",
+ "alt": "A plain, generic licence plate with the word NULL in large capitals and the small label vanity plate underneath.",
+ "caption": "Generic illustration, not California's plate design. Image: Quizbun.",
+ "width": 560,
+ "height": 300
+ },
+ {
+ "src": "null-plate-data-path.svg",
+ "alt": "Two rows of three boxes. Top row, labelled missing plate stored as the text NULL: a parking ticket for a Honda with the plate left blank becomes a citation record with plate equal to the string NULL, and the owner lookup finds NULL equals NULL, a match, so the fine is mailed to the driver whose plate reads NULL. Bottom row, labelled missing plate stored as a real NULL: the same ticket becomes a record with plate equal to NULL, no value at all, and the lookup NULL equals the string NULL gives unknown, so there is no match and the ticket is sent for review.",
+ "caption": "Simplified reconstruction of the reported mechanism. Diagram: Quizbun.",
+ "placement": "explanation",
+ "width": 720,
+ "height": 460
+ }
+ ],
+ "options": [
+ { "text": "Parking tickets written without a plate number were matched to his car, so strangers' fines were mailed to him", "isCorrect": true },
+ { "text": "Plate-reading cameras skipped his car, so he never got a ticket again", "isCorrect": false },
+ { "text": "The DMV system crashed each time an officer searched for his plate", "isCorrect": false },
+ { "text": "Nothing: the DMV rejected the plate as a reserved word before it was issued", "isCorrect": false }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "Hundreds of citations for Hondas, Toyotas and Mercedes arrived from across California. He drives an Infiniti, and he says some tickets dated from 2014, before he had the plate.\n\nThe citations came through the Citation Processing Center, a private company that handles tickets for many California cities. When an officer left the plate field empty, the record reportedly ended up holding `NULL` as text. To a database, the four letters N-U-L-L are an ordinary string, and they match a real plate that reads `NULL`. So every ticket without a plate found an owner: him.\n\nThe camera idea sounds reasonable, but it misses how the data flows. The bug wasn't in reading plates. It was in how a missing value was written down.",
+ "references": "[WIRED: How a 'NULL' License Plate Landed One Hacker in Ticket Hell (2019)](https://www.wired.com/story/null-license-plate-landed-one-hacker-ticket-hell/), [Gizmodo: Security researcher's 'NULL' vanity plates cause glitch](https://gizmodo.com/security-researcher-s-null-vanity-plates-cause-glitch-1837206261)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "null-plate-fine-total",
+ "title": "At the peak, how much in other people's traffic fines was assigned to the NULL plate, in US dollars?",
+ "description": "Type a number. An answer within about $1,000 counts.",
+ "type": "input",
+ "validation": {
+ "mode": "numeric",
+ "acceptedAnswers": [12049],
+ "tolerance": 1049
+ },
+ "explanation": "WIRED reported that at one point he faced **$12,049** in fines that weren't his. Most tickets were $37 to $80 each, for parking and stopping violations, so that total means well over a hundred tickets.\n\nThe DMV worked with the processing company to cancel most of them, and the total fell to $6,262 before his DEF CON talk in August 2019. New tickets kept arriving, though. Cancelling the fines cleaned up the data but left the bug in place, so every new ticket without a plate still matched his car.",
+ "references": "[WIRED: How a 'NULL' License Plate Landed One Hacker in Ticket Hell (2019)](https://www.wired.com/story/null-license-plate-landed-one-hacker-ticket-hell/)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "null-plate-trigger",
+ "title": "The plate caused no trouble for more than a year. What set off the flood of tickets?",
+ "type": "single-choice",
+ "options": [
+ { "text": "He paid a genuine $35 ticket in early 2018, which linked the plate NULL to his name and address", "isCorrect": true },
+ { "text": "He renewed his registration online in 2017, and the DMV website rejected his plate", "isCorrect": false },
+ { "text": "He gave a talk about the plate at DEF CON, and someone reported him", "isCorrect": false },
+ { "text": "A new plate-reading camera network came online in Los Angeles", "isCorrect": false }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "In early 2018 he got a real ticket, $35 for a missing registration sticker, and paid it. WIRED reports that the payment appears to have tied `NULL` to his personal details in the processing center's database. After that, every citation stored with a `NULL` plate had a name and address to go to.\n\nThe 2017 renewal was a real early warning. The DMV website said his plate and VIN were invalid, and he renewed with a reference number instead. But that broke a website form, not the ticket system. The talk came in 2019, long after the tickets began.\n\nThis is a common shape for this kind of bug: bad data can sit unnoticed until another record gives it something to join with.",
+ "references": "[WIRED: How a 'NULL' License Plate Landed One Hacker in Ticket Hell (2019)](https://www.wired.com/story/null-license-plate-landed-one-hacker-ticket-hell/)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "null-plate-fix",
+ "title": "Which changes to the ticket system would stop tickets with no plate from reaching the NULL driver?",
+ "type": "multiple-choice",
+ "options": [
+ { "text": "Store a missing plate as SQL `NULL`, not as the text `'NULL'`", "isCorrect": true },
+ { "text": "Refuse to look up an owner when the plate is missing, and send the ticket for manual review", "isCorrect": true },
+ { "text": "Replace the text `'NULL'` with a different placeholder, such as `'NONE'`", "isCorrect": false },
+ { "text": "Compare plates case-sensitively, so `'NULL'` no longer matches `'null'`", "isCorrect": false }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "SQL `NULL` means \"no value\", and it never equals anything, not even another `NULL`. The comparison `plate = 'NULL'` returns *unknown* when `plate` is a real `NULL`, and a `WHERE` clause keeps only rows where the condition is true. So a real `NULL` can't match anybody.\n\n```sql\n-- The bug: a missing plate stored as a four-letter string\nSELECT owner FROM plates WHERE plate = 'NULL'; -- finds the NULL driver\n\n-- The fix: store no value, then check for it explicitly\nSELECT * FROM citations WHERE plate IS NULL; -- the tickets that need review\n```\n\nThe second fix adds a safety net. Code that sees an empty plate shouldn't try to find an owner at all.\n\nA new placeholder only moves the problem. Plates such as `NONE`, `NOPLATE` or `MISSING` are just as easy to register, and whoever holds one inherits the bug. Case-sensitive matching doesn't help either, because the plate and the placeholder are both uppercase `NULL`.\n\nThe SQL query detective Quiz covers how `NULL` behaves in comparisons, joins and aggregates.",
+ "references": "[Wikipedia: Null (SQL)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_(SQL)), [WIRED: How a 'NULL' License Plate Landed One Hacker in Ticket Hell (2019)](https://www.wired.com/story/null-license-plate-landed-one-hacker-ticket-hell/)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "jennifer-null-flights",
+ "title": "Jennifer Null, from Virginia, tries to book a flight on most airline websites. What happens?",
+ "type": "single-choice",
+ "options": [
+ { "text": "The site says she left the surname field blank and asks her to try again", "isCorrect": true },
+ { "text": "The booking goes through, but her ticket prints with no name on it", "isCorrect": false },
+ { "text": "The site flags her as a possible security threat and blocks the booking", "isCorrect": false },
+ { "text": "The site charges her card and then loses the booking", "isCorrect": false }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "She told the BBC in 2016 that most sites report an empty surname field. She has to phone the airline instead, and has sometimes been told her story can't be true.\n\nThe likely cause is a check that treats the text `\"Null\"` as if it meant \"no value\". Some code paths turn a missing value into the string `\"null\"` when they serialize it. A later check that sees `\"null\"` can't tell a missing surname from her real one. Her name is a correct, ordinary string, and the validator mistakes it for a missing value.\n\nIt's the NULL plate bug in reverse. The plate turned missing data into a name. Her name gets turned into missing data.",
+ "references": "[BBC Future: Hello, I'm Mr Null. My name makes me invisible to computers (2016)](https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20160325-the-names-that-break-computer-systems)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "rachel-true-lockout",
+ "title": "Actor and author Rachel True went public in March 2021 about being locked out of her iCloud account. How long had it lasted?",
+ "type": "single-choice",
+ "options": [
+ { "text": "About six months", "isCorrect": true },
+ { "text": "About two days", "isCorrect": false },
+ { "text": "About two weeks", "isCorrect": false },
+ { "text": "About three years", "isCorrect": false }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "Rachel True, known for the 1996 film *The Craft*, said she had been unable to use iCloud for about **six months**. She had spent more than six hours on the phone with support over several days, and Apple kept charging her for the storage she couldn't reach.\n\nThe story spread after she posted the error message she'd been seeing. Once it went viral, a member of the iCloud team reached out to help. The next Question looks at that message.",
+ "references": "[The Register: Name True, iCloud access false (2021)](https://www.theregister.com/2021/03/08/name_true_apple_icloud_access/), [9to5Mac: iCloud coding error locks out Rachel True over a boolean flag (2021)](https://9to5mac.com/2021/03/07/icloud-user-locked-out-for-six-months-over-coding-bug-related-to-her-last-name/)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "rachel-true-cause",
+ "title": "Rachel True's error message read: `Type error: cannot set value 'true' to property 'lastName'`. What does it suggest went wrong?",
+ "type": "single-choice",
+ "images": [
+ {
+ "src": "true-string-to-boolean.svg",
+ "alt": "A three-step flow. A form field labelled last name contains True. Parsed as a literal without quotes, it becomes lastName colon true in lowercase. A schema check that expects lastName to be a string then raises a type error. Below, two boxes compare the quoted string True, a surname kept as text, with the bare boolean true, a yes or no value that is no longer a name.",
+ "caption": "Illustrative. Apple has not published the cause. Diagram: Quizbun.",
+ "placement": "explanation",
+ "width": 720,
+ "height": 400
+ }
+ ],
+ "options": [
+ { "text": "Somewhere, her surname was read as the boolean `true`, and the `lastName` field only accepts strings", "isCorrect": true },
+ { "text": "Her surname was on a blocklist of reserved words, and the account was frozen", "isCorrect": false },
+ { "text": "Her surname was too short to meet a minimum length rule", "isCorrect": false },
+ { "text": "Her surname matched a SQL keyword and was treated as an injection attempt", "isCorrect": false }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "The message names the property, `lastName`, and the value, lowercase `true`. It's a boolean, not the text \"True\". Somewhere between her keyboard and Apple's servers, a parser or converter saw the four letters with no quotes around them and turned them into a yes/no value. The next step expected a string, so it refused to store a boolean.\n\nThe usual fix is to keep text as text from start to finish. Send names as quoted JSON strings. Declare the field's type in the schema. Never let a generic converter guess types from what the value looks like.\n\nApple didn't publish a post-mortem, so this is the reported mechanism, based on the error message. The other Options don't fit that message: a blocklist, a length rule or an injection filter would reject the name, not complain that a `true` value can't go into a text property.",
+ "references": "[The Register: Name True, iCloud access false (2021)](https://www.theregister.com/2021/03/08/name_true_apple_icloud_access/), [Engadget: iCloud allegedly locked out a user over her last name (2021)](https://www.engadget.com/icloud-true-last-name-lock-out-192224309.html)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "yaml-norway-problem",
+ "title": "A config file lists country codes in YAML. A YAML 1.1 parser such as PyYAML loads `country: NO`. What value does it give Norway's code?",
+ "description": "```yaml\ncountries:\n - GB\n - FR\n - NO\n```\n\nType the value, the way the parser would print it.",
+ "type": "input",
+ "validation": {
+ "mode": "text",
+ "acceptedAnswers": ["false", "False", "boolean false", "the boolean false", "bool false"]
+ },
+ "explanation": "In YAML 1.1, a bare `NO` is the boolean **false**. The 1.1 type repository lists `y`, `Y`, `yes`, `Yes`, `YES`, `on`, `On`, `ON` and the `true` spellings as true, and `n`, `N`, `no`, `No`, `NO`, `off`, `Off`, `OFF` and the `false` spellings as false. So the list loads as `['GB', 'FR', False]`, and Norway disappears. Developers call it the Norway problem.\n\nYAML 1.2 (2009) narrowed its core schema to `true` and `false`, but many widely used parsers, PyYAML among them, still follow 1.1.\n\nThe fix is the same one as for Rachel True: say that it's text. Quote it as `\"NO\"`, or use a parser mode or schema that loads strings as strings.",
+ "references": "[YAML 1.1: Boolean Language-Independent Type](https://yaml.org/type/bool.html), [YAML 1.2.2 specification](https://yaml.org/spec/1.2.2/)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "scunthorpe-aol-filter",
+ "title": "In 1996, people in Scunthorpe, a town in North Lincolnshire, England, couldn't create AOL accounts. Why?",
+ "type": "single-choice",
+ "images": [
+ {
+ "src": "substring-filter-town-name.svg",
+ "alt": "Two panels using the harmless example word hell and the village name Hellifield. The substring check, name to lower case includes hell, highlights the first four letters of Hellifield and blocks it. The whole-word check, a regular expression with word boundaries around hell, allows Hellifield because hell is inside a longer word.",
+ "caption": "The same mechanism shown with a milder word. Diagram: Quizbun.",
+ "placement": "explanation",
+ "width": 720,
+ "height": 400
+ }
+ ],
+ "options": [
+ { "text": "AOL's profanity filter found a rude word hidden inside the town's name", "isCorrect": true },
+ { "text": "AOL didn't yet offer service to that part of England", "isCorrect": false },
+ { "text": "The town's name was longer than AOL's address field allowed", "isCorrect": false },
+ { "text": "The town's dial-up exchange wasn't compatible with AOL's modems", "isCorrect": false }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "The filter checked for a banned word *anywhere* in the text, and one sits in letters two to five of \"Scunthorpe\". A substring check doesn't know where words begin or end, so it blocks the whole town.\n\nThe diagram shows the same mechanism with a milder word. The village of Hellifield in North Yorkshire contains `hell`, so a substring filter for `hell` blocks it too.\n\nThe case gave the problem its name. Filters that block innocent text because of a substring are said to have the **Scunthorpe problem**. Other towns have hit it too, including Penistone and Clitheroe, and so has London's Horniman Museum.",
+ "references": "[Wikipedia: Scunthorpe problem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scunthorpe_problem)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "scunthorpe-renamed",
+ "title": "AOL's first answer to Scunthorpe residents didn't fix the filter. What did AOL tell them to do?",
+ "type": "single-choice",
+ "options": [
+ { "text": "Enter the town as \"Sconthorpe\"", "isCorrect": true },
+ { "text": "Enter a nearby town's name instead", "isCorrect": false },
+ { "text": "Write to AOL for a manual exemption", "isCorrect": false },
+ { "text": "Leave the town field blank", "isCorrect": false }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "Resident Doug Blackie found that AOL's registration would accept him only if he typed the town as **Sconthorpe**. One changed letter made the banned substring disappear. The *Scunthorpe Evening Telegraph* covered it on 9 April 1996, and RISKS Digest summed it up: as far as AOL was concerned, the town would \"henceforth be known as\" Sconthorpe.\n\nThat's a workaround, not a fix. It changes the user's data to suit the filter, and the next town or surname with a hidden match hits the same bug. AOL did the same to Craig Cockburn, whose surname contains a banned word: it first told him to write it with a zero in place of the first \"o\".",
+ "references": "[RISKS Digest 18.07: AOL and Scunthorpe (1996)](https://catless.ncl.ac.uk/Risks/18.07.html), [Wikipedia: Scunthorpe problem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scunthorpe_problem)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "word-boundary-limits",
+ "title": "A developer switches the profanity filter from substring matching to whole-word matching, like `\\bword\\b`. Which problems remain?",
+ "type": "multiple-choice",
+ "options": [
+ { "text": "A person whose surname is itself a word on the list is still blocked", "isCorrect": true },
+ { "text": "Anyone who adds spaces, dots or digits inside a banned word gets past the filter", "isCorrect": true },
+ { "text": "Languages written without spaces between words, such as Chinese, Japanese and Thai, have no word boundaries for `\\b` to find", "isCorrect": true },
+ { "text": "Scunthorpe is still blocked", "isCorrect": false }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "Whole-word matching fixes Scunthorpe itself. In a regular expression, `\\b` matches only where a letter meets a non-letter, so a banned word buried inside \"Scunthorpe\" no longer matches.\n\nThree problems remain:\n\n- **Real names that are listed words.** Some surnames are also English words that a filter might ban. Whole-word matching blocks those exactly as before.\n- **Evasion.** Rude text written with spaces, dots or digits between the letters isn't a whole word anymore, so it gets through. Every workaround that people use to dodge filters works here.\n- **Scripts without spaces.** In JavaScript, `\\b` only treats ASCII letters, digits and `_` as word characters, and Chinese, Japanese and Thai don't separate words with spaces. The filter either matches inside other words again or doesn't work at all.\n\nA filter can't know what a name means. For names and places, the safer design is to skip automatic blocking and send doubtful cases to a person.",
+ "references": "[Wikipedia: Scunthorpe problem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scunthorpe_problem), [MDN: Word boundary assertion](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Regular_expressions/Word_boundary_assertion)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "bobby-tables-fix",
+ "title": "In xkcd's \"Exploits of a Mom\", a school's database loses its student table because of one pupil's name. Which changes stop it from happening again?",
+ "description": "The mother named her son `Robert'); DROP TABLE Students;--`, nicknamed little Bobby Tables. The school's code builds its query like this:\n\n```js\ndb.query(\"INSERT INTO Students (name) VALUES ('\" + name + \"');\");\n```",
+ "type": "multiple-choice",
+ "options": [
+ { "text": "Use a prepared statement and pass the name as a bound parameter", "isCorrect": true },
+ { "text": "Use the ORM's normal insert method, which binds values as parameters", "isCorrect": true },
+ { "text": "Remove apostrophes from every name before building the query", "isCorrect": false },
+ { "text": "Reject any name that contains the word `DROP`", "isCorrect": false }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "Pasted into the query, the name closes the string with `')`, ends the statement with `;`, adds its own `DROP TABLE Students;` and comments out the rest with `--`. The database can't tell the school's SQL from the pupil's name, because they arrive as one piece of text.\n\nA bound parameter sends the SQL and the value separately:\n\n```js\ndb.query(\"INSERT INTO Students (name) VALUES (?)\", [name]);\n```\n\nThe database parses the query first, then treats `name` as data, whatever characters it contains. An ORM's normal methods do the same thing internally. OWASP lists parameterized queries as the first defence against SQL injection.\n\nStripping apostrophes breaks real names such as O'Brien, and some injections don't need a quote at all: a query built as `\"... WHERE id = \" + id` can be attacked with no apostrophe anywhere. Banning `DROP` is a word filter with the Scunthorpe problem in both directions: it blocks harmless text containing \"drop\", and an attacker who wants to delete or read data has other statements to use.",
+ "references": "[xkcd 327: Exploits of a Mom](https://xkcd.com/327/), [OWASP: SQL Injection Prevention Cheat Sheet](https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/SQL_Injection_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet.html)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "falsehoods-count",
+ "title": "In June 2010, Patrick McKenzie published \"Falsehoods Programmers Believe About Names\". How many falsehoods does the list contain?",
+ "type": "single-choice",
+ "options": [
+ { "text": "40", "isCorrect": true },
+ { "text": "10", "isCorrect": false },
+ { "text": "25", "isCorrect": false },
+ { "text": "101", "isCorrect": false }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "The list has **40** numbered items. It opens with \"People have exactly one canonical full name\" and ends with \"People have names.\" In between, the items get more exasperated, and several come in escalating runs, such as a name being assigned at birth, then within a year, then within five years.\n\nEach item describes a check that real software makes, and each one fails for someone. The post started a genre. There are now \"Falsehoods programmers believe\" lists for time, addresses, phone numbers and email.",
+ "references": "[Patrick McKenzie: Falsehoods Programmers Believe About Names (2010)](https://www.kalzumeus.com/2010/06/17/falsehoods-programmers-believe-about-names/)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "falsehoods-inspiration",
+ "title": "McKenzie's post opens by pointing to another programmer's complaint from the same day. What happened to John Graham-Cumming?",
+ "type": "single-choice",
+ "options": [
+ { "text": "A website told him his last name contained invalid characters, because of the hyphen", "isCorrect": true },
+ { "text": "A bank merged his account with another customer who had the same name", "isCorrect": false },
+ { "text": "An airline printed his name in all capitals, and security rejected his boarding pass", "isCorrect": false },
+ { "text": "A form cut his surname off after the first ten letters", "isCorrect": false }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "On 17 June 2010, Graham-Cumming blogged about forms that answered \"Graham-Cumming\" with an error saying his last name contained invalid characters. As he put it, the site really meant it wouldn't accept the hyphen, and calling part of someone's name \"invalid\" is rude.\n\nThe bug usually comes from a validation pattern like `^[A-Za-z]+$`. It looks tidy, but it rejects hyphens, apostrophes, spaces and every letter outside basic Latin. The W3C's advice for name fields is to accept the full range of characters people use and validate as little as possible.",
+ "references": "[John Graham-Cumming: Your last name contains invalid characters (2010)](https://blog.jgc.org/2010/06/your-last-name-contains-invalid.html), [W3C: Personal names around the world](https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-personal-names)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "hawaii-name-too-long",
+ "title": "Janice \"Lokelani\" Keihanaikukauakahihuliheekahaunaele's surname is 36 characters long. Hawaii's ID system in 2013 allowed 35. What did her driver's licence show?",
+ "type": "multiple-choice",
+ "options": [
+ { "text": "Her surname with the final letter cut off", "isCorrect": true },
+ { "text": "No first name at all", "isCorrect": true },
+ { "text": "Her surname abbreviated to its first ten letters", "isCorrect": false },
+ { "text": "Her maiden name in place of her married name", "isCorrect": false }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "Her surname has 35 letters plus an ʻokina, the Hawaiian glottal-stop mark, which makes 36 characters. Hawaii County's system cut it to fit the 35-character limit, and the licence and state ID left out her first name entirely. After a police officer gave her a hard time over the licence during a traffic stop, she wrote to Honolulu station KHON, and the story spread in September 2013.\n\nAfter the story spread, the state updated the system to allow 40 characters for first and last names, and she got a licence with her full name at the end of December 2013.\n\nA fixed-width name field is a guess about the longest name anyone will have. When the guess is wrong, cutting the name off silently is the worst outcome. The document then shows a name that belongs to nobody, and it no longer matches her other records.",
+ "references": "[CBS News: Hawaii woman's last name so long it won't fit on her license (2013)](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hawaii-womans-last-name-so-long-it-wont-fit-on-her-license/), [Fox News: Hawaii woman with long last name forces state to alter ID policy (2013)](https://www.foxnews.com/us/hawaii-woman-with-long-last-name-forces-state-to-alter-id-policy)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "boss-which-are-falsehoods",
+ "title": "Final boss: which of these assumptions about names are false?",
+ "description": "Every person in this Quiz ran into at least one of them.",
+ "type": "multiple-choice",
+ "options": [
+ { "text": "People's names do not change", "isCorrect": true },
+ { "text": "People's names fit within a certain defined amount of space", "isCorrect": true },
+ { "text": "People's names are written in ASCII", "isCorrect": true },
+ { "text": "People have last names, family names, or anything else shared with their relatives", "isCorrect": true }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "All four are false. Each is a paraphrase of an item on McKenzie's list, and each has a real counterexample:\n\n- **Names change.** Jennifer Null took her surname when she married, and the new name broke airline websites.\n- **Names don't fit a fixed width.** Hawaii's 35-character field cut off the end of a real surname.\n- **Names aren't ASCII.** Written Hawaiian uses the ʻokina and the kahakō. Most of the world's names use characters outside ASCII, and a pattern like `^[A-Za-z]+$` rejects them.\n- **Not everyone has a family name.** Many Indonesians go by a single name, and Icelandic surnames are patronymics that differ between parent and child.\n\nThe common fix is to store a name as a Unicode string in one generous field, keep it exactly as the person typed it, and never read meaning into it: not a boolean, not a missing value, not a rude word, not code.",
+ "references": "[Patrick McKenzie: Falsehoods Programmers Believe About Names (2010)](https://www.kalzumeus.com/2010/06/17/falsehoods-programmers-believe-about-names/), [W3C: Personal names around the world](https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-personal-names)"
+ }
+ ]
+}
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+
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+
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+
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+
diff --git a/content/quizzes/tech-myths-that-wont-die.json b/content/quizzes/tech-myths-that-wont-die.json
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@@ -0,0 +1,538 @@
+{
+ "schemaVersion": 1,
+ "id": "tech-myths-that-wont-die",
+ "title": "Tech myths that won't die: 404, 640K, the space pen and Nuclear Gandhi",
+ "description": "Room 404 at CERN, Bill Gates's 640K quote, NASA's million-dollar space pen, the Gandhi bug in *Civilization*, Grace Hopper finding the first bug. They're great stories, and they're mostly wrong. Each Question gives the popular version and asks what really happened. The Explanations show where each myth started and why it spread.",
+ "language": "en",
+ "tags": [
+ "critical-thinking",
+ "internet-culture",
+ "everyday-life"
+ ],
+ "author": "Quizbun",
+ "questions": [
+ {
+ "id": "room-404-at-cern",
+ "title": "Is the 404 error named after Room 404 at CERN, where the web's first servers supposedly sat?",
+ "type": "single-choice",
+ "options": [
+ {
+ "text": "No. Web pioneer Robert Cailliau says 404 was never linked to any room at CERN",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Yes. Tim Berners-Lee's office was Room 404, and he was often out",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Yes, but the room was a server closet, not an office",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "No. It is named after the fourth floor of the first web host in California",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "No room is involved. The story surfaced in the early 2000s: the first web servers lived in Room 404, Tim Berners-Lee worked there, and he was often \"not found\". It is neat, memorable, and wrong.\n\nIn 2017, Wired asked Robert Cailliau, who built the web with Berners-Lee at CERN, about it. His reply: \"404 was never linked to any room or any physical place at CERN. That's a complete myth.\" Error codes were grouped into numeric ranges \"according to the whims of the programmer\", client errors landed in the 400s, and \"not found\" happened to get 404.\n\nThe myth has the shape that makes stories spread: a famous name, a specific detail (a room number), and a punchline. None of those make it evidence. Ask for the source of the specific detail, and this one has none.",
+ "references": "[Wired: Page not found — a brief history of the 404 error (2017)](https://www.wired.com/story/page-not-found-a-brief-history-of-the-404-error/)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "what-the-4-in-4xx-means",
+ "title": "In an HTTP status code such as 404, what does the first digit 4 tell you?",
+ "type": "single-choice",
+ "options": [
+ {
+ "text": "The error is on the client's side: the request itself can't be fulfilled as sent",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "The server crashed or failed while handling a valid request",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "The resource has moved, and the client should look elsewhere",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "The request was retried four times before failing",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "HTTP status codes are three digits, and only the first one is a category. RFC 9110 defines five classes:\n\n| First digit | Class | Meaning |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 1xx | Informational | Request received, continuing |\n| 2xx | Successful | Request received, understood and accepted |\n| 3xx | Redirection | Further action needed, such as following a new URL |\n| 4xx | Client Error | The client seems to have erred |\n| 5xx | Server Error | The server failed to perform a valid request |\n\nA 404 says the server found nothing at the URL the client asked for. The server is working fine; the request pointed at something that isn't there. That is why a typo in a URL gets a 404, while a crashed database behind a correct URL should get a 500.\n\nThe RFC also says the last two digits \"do not have any categorization role\". 404 is not \"error type 04\" of anything. It is just the number that \"not found\" was given, which fits Cailliau's account of how the codes were picked.",
+ "references": "[RFC 9110: HTTP Semantics, §15 Status Codes](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9110.html#name-status-codes), [Wired: Page not found — a brief history of the 404 error (2017)](https://www.wired.com/story/page-not-found-a-brief-history-of-the-404-error/)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "did-gates-say-640k",
+ "title": "Did Bill Gates say that \"640K ought to be enough for anybody\"?",
+ "type": "single-choice",
+ "options": [
+ {
+ "text": "There is no evidence he did, and he has denied it",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Yes, at the IBM PC launch in 1981",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Yes, in a 1981 interview with InfoWorld",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Yes, but he meant it as a joke about MS-DOS",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "Nobody has found a recording, transcript or article from 1981 in which Gates says it. The quote usually comes with no date at all, or with \"1981\" attached because that is when the IBM PC shipped.\n\nGates addressed it in his newspaper column in 1996. He wrote that he had said \"some stupid things and some wrong things, but not that\", and complained that the quotation comes with no citation and just \"floats like a rumor\".\n\nA denial alone doesn't prove anything; people misremember what they said. The stronger evidence is the paper trail. Quote Investigator, who searches old newspapers and magazines for the first appearance of famous quotes, found the line only years after 1981, and in a different form. The next Question looks at when.",
+ "references": "[Quote Investigator: 640K of computer memory is more than enough for anyone (2011)](https://quoteinvestigator.com/2011/09/08/640k-enough/)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "640k-quote-first-print-year",
+ "title": "In what year did a version of the 640K quote first appear in print?",
+ "description": "Answer with a four-digit year.",
+ "type": "input",
+ "validation": {
+ "mode": "numeric",
+ "acceptedAnswers": [
+ 1985
+ ],
+ "tolerance": 1
+ },
+ "explanation": "**1985**, four years after the IBM PC launched. On 29 April 1985, InfoWorld printed a line credited to Gates about setting the upper limit of PC-DOS at 640K and thinking \"nobody would ever need that much memory\". That is a different claim from the famous one. It says the designers underestimated demand, not that 640K would be enough forever.\n\nThe punchy wording, \"640K ought to be enough for anyone\", shows up in InfoWorld on 1 January 1990. By then it was a stock example in columns about bad tech predictions.\n\nThis is how many misquotes grow. A real but vague remark gets paraphrased, the paraphrase gets sharper each time it is retold, and a date is attached later to make it sound like a prediction. When a quote has no source from the year it was supposedly said, look for its first appearance in print. The gap between that year and the claimed one tells you a lot.",
+ "references": "[Quote Investigator: 640K of computer memory is more than enough for anyone (2011)](https://quoteinvestigator.com/2011/09/08/640k-enough/)",
+ "images": [
+ {
+ "src": "640k-quote-paper-trail.svg",
+ "alt": "A timeline of the 640K quote. 1981: supposedly said when the IBM PC launched, but no source from 1981 has been found. 1985: first in print, in InfoWorld on 29 April, as a line credited to Gates about setting PC-DOS's limit at 640K and thinking nobody would ever need that much memory. 1990: the famous wording, \"640K ought to be enough for anyone\", in InfoWorld on 1 January. 1996: Gates denies it in his newspaper column, saying the quote never has a citation and floats like a rumor.",
+ "caption": "Dates and publications from Quote Investigator. Timeline drawn for this Quiz.",
+ "placement": "explanation",
+ "width": 720,
+ "height": 440
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "8088-address-space",
+ "title": "The IBM PC's Intel 8088 processor had 20 address lines, each carrying one bit of a memory address. How many kilobytes of memory could it address?",
+ "description": "1 KB = 1,024 bytes. Answer with a whole number of kilobytes.",
+ "type": "input",
+ "validation": {
+ "mode": "numeric",
+ "acceptedAnswers": [
+ 1024
+ ]
+ },
+ "explanation": "20 bits give 2²⁰ = 1,048,576 distinct addresses, one byte each. Divided by 1,024 bytes per kilobyte, that's **1,024 KB**, or 1 MB.\n\nSo why did 640 KB become the famous limit? When IBM designed the PC in 1981, it had to fit more than RAM into that 1 MB of addresses. Video cards need memory the processor can write to, and the BIOS and expansion cards need ROM. IBM placed all of these at the top of the address space, starting at address A0000 hex, which is 640 KB. That left 640 KB of contiguous addresses for RAM, known as **conventional memory**. The 384 KB above it is the **upper memory area**.\n\nDOS programs expected their memory in that one block, so a PC could not simply add RAM above 640 KB and have programs use it. Later tricks such as expanded memory, extended memory and upper-memory loaders existed to work around a hardware layout, not around anyone's opinion of how much memory people needed.",
+ "references": "[Wikipedia: Intel 8088](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088), [Wikipedia: Conventional memory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_memory), [Wikipedia: Upper memory area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_memory_area)",
+ "images": [
+ {
+ "src": "ibm-pc-memory-map-640k.svg",
+ "alt": "A bar showing the IBM PC's 1,024 KB address space. The first 640 KB, from 0 to address A0000 hex, is RAM for DOS and programs, labeled conventional memory. The remaining 384 KB, the upper area, holds video memory from 640 to 768 KB, reserved space for adapter ROMs from 768 to 960 KB, and the BIOS from 960 KB up. A note says IBM put video memory and ROMs at the top in 1981, so RAM above 640 KB could not extend the block programs used.",
+ "caption": "Simplified from the IBM PC memory map. Diagram drawn for this Quiz.",
+ "placement": "explanation",
+ "width": 720,
+ "height": 400
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "who-paid-for-the-space-pen",
+ "title": "The story goes that NASA spent millions developing a pen that writes in space, while the Soviets used pencils. Who actually paid to develop the Fisher Space Pen?",
+ "type": "single-choice",
+ "options": [
+ {
+ "text": "Paul Fisher's pen company, with about $1 million of its own money",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "NASA, through a multimillion-dollar development contract",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "The U.S. Air Force, which later passed the design to NASA",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "NASA and the Soviet space agency, as a joint project",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "NASA didn't pay for the development. Paul C. Fisher and his company spent about $1 million of their own money on a pressurized ink cartridge. Pressurized nitrogen pushes the thick ink toward the ball, so the pen works without gravity, upside down, and in a wide temperature range.\n\nNASA tested the pen and then bought it. In 1968 it ordered 400 of them for the Apollo program at $2.39 each, a bulk discount on the $3.98 list price. The photo shows Walter Cunningham writing in orbit during Apollo 7, in October 1968.\n\nThe joke works because it flatters a common suspicion: that big agencies waste money on problems a simple tool could solve. That suspicion wasn't baseless, as the next Question shows. But here the expensive research was private, and the pens were cheap.",
+ "references": "[Scientific American: Fact or fiction? NASA spent millions to develop a pen that would write in space (2006)](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fact-or-fiction-nasa-spen/), [Wikipedia: Space pen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_pen)",
+ "images": [
+ {
+ "src": "apollo-7-cunningham-writing-with-space-pen.webp",
+ "alt": "Astronaut Walter Cunningham in a white flight suit inside the cramped Apollo 7 command module, head bent, writing on a notepad with a slim pen. A camera film magazine floats in the air near his hand.",
+ "caption": "Walter Cunningham writing with a space pen on day nine of Apollo 7, 1968. NASA photo, public domain, via [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Astro-space-pen.jpg).",
+ "placement": "explanation",
+ "width": 1280,
+ "height": 1280
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "why-not-just-use-pencils",
+ "title": "\"Why not just use a pencil?\" Which of these were real reasons to keep pencils out of a spacecraft?",
+ "type": "multiple-choice",
+ "options": [
+ {
+ "text": "Broken tips and graphite dust float around in weightlessness instead of falling to the floor",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Graphite conducts electricity, so floating fragments could get into electronics",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Wood and graphite burn, which became a serious worry after the 1967 Apollo 1 fire",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Pencils can't leave a mark without gravity pressing the lead onto the paper",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Pencil marks fade quickly in the cabin's radiation",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "Pencils do write in orbit. The lead leaves a mark through friction as you press it against the paper, and your hand supplies that pressure, not gravity. Both American and Soviet crews used pencils early on.\n\nThe problems came from what pencils leave behind. On Earth, a snapped tip or graphite dust falls to the floor. In orbit it drifts, and it can end up in an astronaut's eye or in equipment. Graphite also conducts electricity, which is unwelcome near switches and circuit boards.\n\nThen there is fire. In January 1967, a fire in the Apollo 1 cabin killed Gus Grissom, Ed White and Roger Chaffee during a ground test in a pure-oxygen atmosphere. Afterward NASA worked hard to remove flammable materials from spacecraft, and wood and graphite burn.\n\nMoney mattered too. In 1965 NASA had paid $128.89 each for 34 mechanical pencils, and the public outcry pushed the agency to look for something cheaper. A $2.39 pen was the cheap option.",
+ "references": "[Scientific American: Fact or fiction? NASA spent millions to develop a pen that would write in space (2006)](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fact-or-fiction-nasa-spen/), [Wikipedia: Apollo 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_1)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "soviet-cosmonauts-and-the-pen",
+ "title": "In the joke, Soviet cosmonauts just used pencils. What did they actually do?",
+ "type": "single-choice",
+ "options": [
+ {
+ "text": "They used pencils at first, then bought Fisher space pens in 1969",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "They used pencils throughout the Soviet space program",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "They developed their own pressurized pen before the Americans",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "They used grease pencils only, because graphite was banned",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "Cosmonauts started with pencils, as American astronauts did. Then, a year after NASA's 1968 order, the Soviet Union ordered 100 Fisher pens and 1,000 ink cartridges for its Soyuz missions, at the same bulk discount NASA got.\n\nThat undoes the joke completely. The punchline needs the Soviets to have picked the simple solution the Americans overlooked. In fact both programs started with the \"simple\" solution, hit the same problems, and bought the same pen.\n\nIt's a good example of a story that survives because of its shape. A clever underdog, a wasteful giant and a one-line moral are easy to remember and fun to retell. Checking the purchase records breaks it.",
+ "references": "[Scientific American: Fact or fiction? NASA spent millions to develop a pen that would write in space (2006)](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fact-or-fiction-nasa-spen/)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "unsigned-8-bit-one-minus-two",
+ "title": "If you store 1 in an unsigned 8-bit integer and subtract 2, what value do you get?",
+ "description": "The popular *Civilization* legend depends on this calculation. Answer with a whole number.",
+ "type": "input",
+ "validation": {
+ "mode": "numeric",
+ "acceptedAnswers": [
+ 255
+ ]
+ },
+ "explanation": "An unsigned 8-bit integer holds 2⁸ = 256 values, from 0 to 255. There is no −1, so arithmetic that goes below 0 **wraps around** to the top, like an odometer rolling backward. 1 − 1 = 0, and one more step back lands on 255. This is called **integer underflow**, and many languages and processors behave this way for unsigned types.\n\nA **signed** 8-bit integer uses the same 8 bits but reads them differently, covering −128 to 127. The bit pattern that means 255 unsigned means −1 signed. So in a signed variable, 1 − 2 gives −1, exactly what you'd expect.\n\nThis is the arithmetic behind the famous \"Nuclear Gandhi\" story. According to the legend, Gandhi's aggression in the first *Civilization* game was 1, adopting democracy subtracted 2, and the value wrapped to 255, turning the most peaceful leader into the most aggressive one. The arithmetic is right. The next Questions check whether the story is.",
+ "references": "[Wikipedia: Integer overflow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_overflow), [Wikipedia: Nuclear Gandhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Gandhi)",
+ "images": [
+ {
+ "src": "unsigned-8-bit-underflow-wheel.svg",
+ "alt": "The 256 values of an unsigned 8-bit integer drawn as a ring, with 0 at the top, 1 and 2 clockwise from it, 64 on the right, 128 at the bottom, 192 on the left, and 254 and 255 just counterclockwise of 0. An arrow goes two steps back from 1, past 0, to 255. A panel says unsigned 8-bit covers 0 to 255, so 1 − 2 = 255. A second panel says signed 8-bit covers −128 to 127 and reads the same bits as −1, so 1 − 2 = −1.",
+ "caption": "Diagram drawn for this Quiz.",
+ "placement": "explanation",
+ "width": 720,
+ "height": 440
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "nuclear-gandhi-real-bug",
+ "title": "Was \"Nuclear Gandhi\" a real bug in the original 1991 *Civilization*?",
+ "type": "single-choice",
+ "options": [
+ {
+ "text": "No. Sid Meier and Civilization II's lead designer, Brian Reynolds, both say it never happened",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Yes. Sid Meier confirmed it and kept it in later games as a tribute",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Yes, but it was fixed in a patch before most players saw it",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Nobody knows, because the original source code was lost",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "The people who wrote the games say no. Brian Reynolds, lead designer of *Civilization II*, said he was \"99.99%\" sure the bug was apocryphal. Sid Meier, who created the series, took it apart in his 2020 memoir, *Sid Meier's Memoir!*. The next Question looks at their reasons.\n\nThe story does have a real ending, which is part of why it's hard to kill. In *Civilization V* (2010), designer Jon Shafer gave Gandhi the maximum rating for building and using nuclear weapons as a deliberate joke. Players who met a nuke-happy Gandhi there took it as a knowing reference to an old bug. It was actually a reference to a myth.\n\nWhen a later product nods at a legend, that's evidence that the legend was popular, not that it was true.",
+ "references": "[Wikipedia: Nuclear Gandhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Gandhi)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "why-gandhi-underflow-couldnt-happen",
+ "title": "Which of these reasons, given by the game's own designers, rule out the Nuclear Gandhi underflow in the original *Civilization*?",
+ "type": "multiple-choice",
+ "options": [
+ {
+ "text": "Integer variables in the game's C code were signed by default, so 1 − 2 gives −1, not 255",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Switching to democracy didn't change an AI leader's aggression at all",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "The game had only three aggression levels, and Gandhi shared the lowest with about a third of the leaders",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "India wasn't a playable civilization in the original game",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "The original game had no nuclear weapons",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "Any one of these three reasons is enough to rule out the story.\n\n- **The arithmetic.** In C, `int` variables are signed unless you say otherwise. Meier pointed this out in his memoir: 1 − 2 in a signed variable is −1. The wrap to 255 needs an unsigned type, and there wasn't one.\n- **The cause.** Meier also wrote that the form of government didn't affect AI aggression. Democracy never subtracted 2 from anything, so there was nothing to underflow.\n- **The scale.** Reynolds said there were only three aggression levels. Gandhi's lowest level wasn't special, since roughly a third of the leaders shared it. There was no scale reaching 255 for Gandhi to wrap onto.\n\nThe false Options are wrong too. India, led by Gandhi, was in the 1991 game, and so were nuclear weapons.\n\nThe myth survived because the mechanism *sounds* like real programming. Underflow is a real bug that has broken real software. A plausible mechanism is not evidence that it happened in a particular program.",
+ "references": "[Wikipedia: Nuclear Gandhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Gandhi), [Wikipedia: Civilization (video game)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization_(video_game))"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "where-nuclear-gandhi-started",
+ "title": "Where does the earliest traceable version of the Nuclear Gandhi story appear?",
+ "type": "single-choice",
+ "options": [
+ {
+ "text": "An unsourced 2012 edit to a TV Tropes page, about 21 years after the game came out",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "A list of known bugs in the original 1991 game manual",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "A 1990s magazine interview with Sid Meier",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "The patch notes for Civilization II",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "The earliest known version is a TV Tropes edit from 17 July 2012, which added the claim with no source. By then the first *Civilization* was over 20 years old.\n\nIt spread in 2014, after a Reddit discussion about a reposted webcomic, and a Kotaku article about Gandhi's aggression on 3 February 2014 was republished widely. From there it moved into listicles, trivia books and conference talks as an example of integer underflow.\n\nThat timeline is the tell. A bug in a 1991 game that nobody wrote about for two decades, then suddenly everybody did, points to a story that started in 2012 and not a memory from 1991. When you meet a \"famous bug\", look for a source from the time the software was current.",
+ "references": "[Wikipedia: Nuclear Gandhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Gandhi)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "moth-in-the-mark-ii-year",
+ "title": "In what year did operators find a moth in the Harvard Mark II computer and tape it into the logbook?",
+ "description": "Answer with a four-digit year.",
+ "type": "input",
+ "validation": {
+ "mode": "numeric",
+ "acceptedAnswers": [
+ 1947
+ ],
+ "tolerance": 1
+ },
+ "explanation": "**1947**, on 9 September. The moth was trapped between the contacts of relay #70 on panel F of the Mark II, an electromechanical computer at Harvard. At 15:45 the operators removed it, taped it into the log and wrote \"First actual case of bug being found.\"\n\nThe Mark II was built from relays: mechanical switches that clicked open and shut thousands of times. An insect caught between a relay's contacts could stop it from closing, which is a hardware fault anyone could see. Software as we think of it barely existed yet.",
+ "references": "[Naval History and Heritage Command: NH 96566-KN, The first \"computer bug\"](https://www.history.navy.mil/our-collections/photography/numerical-list-of-images/nhhc-series/nh-series/NH-96000/NH-96566-KN.html)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "what-the-moth-log-page-shows",
+ "title": "This logbook page has a real moth taped to it. What does it show?",
+ "type": "single-choice",
+ "options": [
+ {
+ "text": "A moth found in a relay, logged as the \"first actual case of bug being found\": a joke, because engineers already called faults bugs",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "The moment the word \"bug\" was invented for technical faults",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "The first software bug, found in a program's code",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Grace Hopper's personal notebook from the day she found the moth",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "Read the caption the operators wrote: \"First **actual** case of bug being found.\" The word \"actual\" is the joke. Engineers already called faults \"bugs\", and here, for once, the fault was a literal insect.\n\nThe technical meaning is at least 70 years older. In an 1878 letter, Thomas Edison described how, after an invention's first flash of success, \"'Bugs'—as such little faults and difficulties are called—show themselves\". Webster's dictionary listed \"bug\" as a defect in an apparatus in 1934, well before this page.\n\nThe page doesn't show a software bug either. The moth jammed a relay, a mechanical switch. And it wasn't Grace Hopper's notebook, as the next Question explains.\n\nEven official captions sometimes repeat the myth. The Navy's own photo record says the operators' remark introduced the term \"debugging\". The page itself supports only the narrower claim: a moth, a relay, and an engineer's pun.",
+ "references": "[Naval History and Heritage Command: NH 96566-KN, The first \"computer bug\"](https://www.history.navy.mil/our-collections/photography/numerical-list-of-images/nhhc-series/nh-series/NH-96000/NH-96566-KN.html), [JSTOR Daily: The bug in the computer bug story (2017)](https://daily.jstor.org/the-bug-in-the-computer-bug-story/), [Wikipedia: Software bug, history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_bug)",
+ "images": [
+ {
+ "src": "mark-ii-log-page-with-moth-1947.webp",
+ "alt": "A page of handwritten entries on graph paper, dated 9/9 at the top, with times down the left margin. Entries mention relays failing a speed test and a cosine tape starting. At 1545 a moth is stuck to the page with a strip of tape, next to the note \"Relay #70 Panel F (moth) in relay\". Below it is written \"First actual case of bug being found.\"",
+ "caption": "U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photo NH 96566-KN, public domain, via [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:First_Computer_Bug,_1947.jpg).",
+ "width": 1920,
+ "height": 1519
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "was-it-hoppers-logbook",
+ "title": "The moth is often called \"Grace Hopper's bug\". What was her connection to it?",
+ "type": "single-choice",
+ "options": [
+ {
+ "text": "She worked on the Mark II team and often told the story, but the log probably wasn't hers, and there's no evidence she found the moth",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "She found the moth herself and wrote the famous note",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "She had no connection to the Mark II and only heard about it years later",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "She kept the log as her private notebook and donated it to a museum",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "Grace Hopper was a real part of the story. She worked on the Harvard Mark II and Mark III, and in later decades she told the moth story in many talks. That retelling is why her name stuck to it.\n\nThe log itself tells a smaller story. Accounts of the day say her associates found the moth, and the Smithsonian, which holds the page, says the log book \"was probably not Hopper's\". The operators were the ones who wrote the joke.\n\nThis is a common pattern. The person who tells a story best becomes its hero. Hopper made major contributions of her own, including early compilers and work that led to COBOL, so crediting her with a moth she didn't find adds nothing to her record and takes something from the operators.",
+ "references": "[Smithsonian National Museum of American History: Log book with computer bug](https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object/nmah_334663), [JSTOR Daily: The bug in the computer bug story (2017)](https://daily.jstor.org/the-bug-in-the-computer-bug-story/), [Wikipedia: Grace Hopper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "where-the-moth-log-is-now",
+ "title": "Where is the logbook page with the moth today?",
+ "type": "single-choice",
+ "options": [
+ {
+ "text": "In the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "In a display case at Harvard's Science Center",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "At the Computer History Museum in California",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "It was lost when the Mark II was scrapped",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "The page, moth still taped in place, belongs to the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C.\n\nIt took a detour to get there. The log stayed with the Navy, and a 1988 Navy photo record places it in the Naval Surface Warfare Center's computer museum in Dahlgren, Virginia. The Smithsonian's catalog record is also where the corrections from the previous Questions come from: the museum notes the log was probably not Hopper's and that the word \"bug\" was already in use.\n\nA museum record is one of the best places to check a famous object's story, because curators document where the object came from and what it can and cannot show.",
+ "references": "[Smithsonian National Museum of American History: Log book with computer bug](https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object/nmah_334663), [Naval History and Heritage Command: NH 96566-KN, The first \"computer bug\"](https://www.history.navy.mil/our-collections/photography/numerical-list-of-images/nhhc-series/nh-series/NH-96000/NH-96566-KN.html)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "incognito-who-can-still-see",
+ "title": "You browse in Chrome's Incognito mode. Who may still be able to see which sites you visit?",
+ "type": "multiple-choice",
+ "options": [
+ {
+ "text": "The websites you visit",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Your employer or school, if they manage the network you're on",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Your internet service provider",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Someone who later opens Chrome's browsing history on the same computer",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "Incognito mode changes what your **own browser** keeps. When you close all Incognito windows, Chrome discards the history, cookies and site data from that session. It still keeps files you downloaded and bookmarks you saved. So another person using your computer later won't find the sites in Chrome's history.\n\nIt doesn't hide your traffic from anyone else. Chrome's help page says it plainly (as of 2026): websites you visit, and organizations that manage your network, such as your school, employer or internet service provider, may be able to observe your activity. Your requests still travel over the same network, from the same IP address, to the same servers. Sites can still recognize you if you sign in.\n\nThe name suggests invisibility, but the feature is closer to \"don't keep a record on this device\". Every major browser's private mode works the same way.\n\nTry it now: open an Incognito window and read the notice on the new tab page. It lists who can still see you.",
+ "references": "[Google Chrome Help: Browse in Incognito mode](https://support.google.com/chrome/answer/95464), [Wikipedia: Private browsing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_browsing)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "qwerty-designed-to-slow-typists",
+ "title": "Was the QWERTY keyboard layout designed to slow typists down?",
+ "type": "single-choice",
+ "options": [
+ {
+ "text": "There's no good evidence for that. The layout evolved over years of prototypes, and historians still disagree about why",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Yes. Christopher Sholes admitted it in his patent",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Yes. Fast typists jammed the early machines, so the layout was made deliberately awkward",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "No. It was scientifically optimized for speed, and no layout beats it",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "\"Designed to slow typists down\" is a distorted version of one historical account, and that account is itself disputed.\n\n- **The jamming account.** Early typewriters had typebars that could collide when neighboring keys were struck in quick succession. On this view, Christopher Sholes separated some common letter pairs to reduce jams. Even if true, the goal was fewer jams, not slower typing.\n- **The telegraph account.** Koichi and Motoko Yasuoka of Kyoto University traced the layout's changes through Sholes's prototypes and argue that early users, especially telegraph operators transcribing Morse code, shaped it. On their account, the arrangement changed often and grew into QWERTY \"among different requirements\". A layout that slowed operators down would have been useless to people who had to keep up with an incoming message.\n\nWhat both accounts agree on is that QWERTY was not planned in one step from a single principle, and neither supports a deliberate slowdown. It survives today through path dependence: once millions of people had learned it, switching cost more than any improvement was worth.\n\nThe type of evidence here is historical reconstruction from patents and prototypes. That is why the honest answer is \"disputed\" and not a new, equally tidy myth.",
+ "references": "[Smithsonian Magazine: Fact or fiction? The legend of the QWERTY keyboard (2013)](https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/fact-of-fiction-the-legend-of-the-qwerty-keyboard-49863249/), [Yasuoka and Yasuoka (2011): On the prehistory of QWERTY](https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/handle/2433/139379), [Wikipedia: QWERTY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWERTY)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "closing-iphone-apps-battery",
+ "title": "Does swiping away your open iPhone apps save battery?",
+ "type": "single-choice",
+ "options": [
+ {
+ "text": "No. Apple says to force-close an app only if it's unresponsive, because apps in the background use little or no power",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Yes. Every app in the switcher keeps running and draining the battery until you close it",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Yes, but only on iPhones older than five years",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "No, because iOS already quits every app the moment you leave it",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "The app switcher shows recently used apps, not running ones. When you leave an app, iOS usually suspends it: the app stays in memory but gets no processor time, so it uses almost no power. If the system needs the memory, it quietly removes the app.\n\nApple's support page says it directly (as of 2026): close an app only if it's unresponsive. In 2016, a customer emailed Tim Cook to ask whether he quit his apps and whether that was necessary for battery life. Craig Federighi, Apple's head of software, replied: \"No and no.\"\n\nThe tempting wrong answer is that iOS quits apps instantly. It doesn't. Some apps legitimately keep working in the background, such as navigation, music, calls and downloads. Those can use battery, and iOS shows you which ones in **Settings → Battery**. That list is a better guide than swiping everything away.",
+ "references": "[Apple Support: Close an app on your iPhone or iPod touch](https://support.apple.com/en-us/109359), [9to5Mac: Apple's software SVP says quitting multitasking apps not necessary (2016)](https://9to5mac.com/2016/03/10/should-you-quit-ios-apps-answer/)"
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "boss-which-stories-are-true",
+ "title": "Final round: which of these tech stories are true?",
+ "type": "multiple-choice",
+ "options": [
+ {
+ "text": "Operators taped a real moth into a Harvard Mark II logbook in 1947",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "NASA once paid $128.89 each for mechanical pencils",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "In *Civilization V*, Gandhi was deliberately given a maximum preference for nuclear weapons, as a joke",
+ "isCorrect": true
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "The 404 error is named after an office at CERN",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "Bill Gates said in 1981 that 640K ought to be enough for anybody",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ },
+ {
+ "text": "NASA spent millions developing a space pen while the Soviets used pencils",
+ "isCorrect": false
+ }
+ ],
+ "explanation": "Three true, three myths, and each true story sits right next to a myth.\n\n- **The moth is real.** The page exists and is in the Smithsonian. The myth is what people add to it: that it invented the word \"bug\", or that it was Hopper's log.\n- **The $128.89 pencils are real.** NASA bought 34 of them in 1965, and the outcry helped push it toward a cheaper option. The myth is that NASA then spent millions on a pen. Fisher paid for the pen, and NASA bought it for $2.39.\n- **Civilization V's Gandhi is real.** Jon Shafer set Gandhi's nuke ratings to the maximum on purpose in 2010. The myth is the 1991 underflow bug it's taken to be referencing.\n- **Room 404, the 1981 Gates quote and the millions-for-a-pen story** have no source from the time and are contradicted by the people involved or by the purchase records.\n\nThe pattern across this whole Quiz: myths rarely come from nothing. They attach to a real object, a real person or a real mechanism, then add a punchline. To separate them, ask for a source from the time the thing supposedly happened.",
+ "references": "[Scientific American: Fact or fiction? NASA spent millions to develop a pen that would write in space (2006)](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fact-or-fiction-nasa-spen/), [Wikipedia: Nuclear Gandhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Gandhi), [Wired: Page not found — a brief history of the 404 error (2017)](https://www.wired.com/story/page-not-found-a-brief-history-of-the-404-error/), [Quote Investigator: 640K of computer memory is more than enough for anyone (2011)](https://quoteinvestigator.com/2011/09/08/640k-enough/)"
+ }
+ ]
+}
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diff --git a/content/quizzes/tech-myths-that-wont-die/apollo-7-cunningham-writing-with-space-pen.webp b/content/quizzes/tech-myths-that-wont-die/apollo-7-cunningham-writing-with-space-pen.webp
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