Add Robots Collision algorithm and tests

Author: appledog632

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/greedyalgorithms/RobotsCollision.java

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+package com.thealgorithms.others;
+
+import java.util.Stack;
+
+/**
+ * The RobotsCollision class provides a method to find the earliest time
+ * at which any two robots collide on a 1D line.
+ *
+ * Each robot has an initial position and a direction ('L' or 'R').
+ * All robots move simultaneously at the same speed we can assume 1 unit.
+ * A collision happens when an R-moving robot meets an L-moving robot.
+ *
+ */
+public final class RobotsCollision {
+    private RobotsCollision() {
+    }
+    /**
+     * Finds the earliest time at which any two robots collide.
+     *
+     * @param n an integer representing the number of robots
+     * @param positions an array of integers representing initial positions of robots
+     * @param directions a string of 'L' and 'R' representing movement directions
+     * @return the earliest collision time, or -1 if no collision occurs
+     */
+    public static int earliestCollisionTime(int n, int[] positions, String directions) {
+
+        // stack keeps track of R-moving robots waiting to collide
+        Stack<Integer> stack = new Stack<>();
+
+        int minTime = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        boolean collisionFound = false;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            char dir = directions.charAt(i);
+
+            if (dir == 'R') {
+                // moving right, save its position for later
+                stack.push(positions[i]);
+            } else {
+                // moving left — if there's an R robot behind it, they'll collide
+                if (!stack.isEmpty()) {
+                    int rPosition = stack.pop();
+
+                    // time = half the gap between them (both moving toward each other)
+                    int time = (positions[i] - rPosition) / 2;
+                    minTime = Math.min(minTime, time);
+                    collisionFound = true;
+                }
+                // no R robot behind it, this one just moves left forever
+            }
+        }
+
+        // if nothing collided at all, return -1
+        return collisionFound ? minTime : -1;
+    }
+}

src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/greedyalgorithms/RobotsCollisionTest.java

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+package com.thealgorithms.greedyalgorithms;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.CsvSource;
+
+class RobotsCollisionTest {
+
+    // basic example — two pairs colliding, find the earliest
+    @Test
+    void testBasicCollision() {
+        int[] positions = {3, 5, 8, 10};
+        String directions = "RLRL";
+        assertEquals(1, RobotsCollision.earliestCollisionTime(4, positions, directions));
+    }
+
+    // no collision at all — all moving in same direction
+    @Test
+    void testNoCollision() {
+        int[] positions = {1, 3, 5, 7};
+        String directions = "RRRR";
+        assertEquals(-1, RobotsCollision.earliestCollisionTime(4, positions, directions));
+    }
+
+    // all moving left — no one to crash into
+    @Test
+    void testAllMovingLeft() {
+        int[] positions = {2, 5, 8};
+        String directions = "LLL";
+        assertEquals(-1, RobotsCollision.earliestCollisionTime(3, positions, directions));
+    }
+
+    // just two robots heading toward each other
+    @Test
+    void testTwoRobotsCollide() {
+        int[] positions = {1, 5};
+        String directions = "RL";
+        // gap is 4, time = 4/2 = 2
+        assertEquals(2, RobotsCollision.earliestCollisionTime(2, positions, directions));
+    }
+
+    // only one robot — can't collide with anyone
+    @Test
+    void testSingleRobot() {
+        int[] positions = {4};
+        String directions = "R";
+        assertEquals(-1, RobotsCollision.earliestCollisionTime(1, positions, directions));
+    }
+
+    // multiple cases in one shot using parameterized test
+    @ParameterizedTest
+    @CsvSource({
+        "2, '1,3', 'RL', 1",   // gap of 2 → time 1
+        "2, '0,10', 'RL', 5",  // gap of 10 → time 5
+        "2, '5,5', 'RL', 0"    // same spot → already colliding
+    })
+    void testVariousCollisionTimes(int n, String posStr, String directions, int expected) {
+        // parse the position string into an int array
+        String[] parts = posStr.split(",");
+        int[] positions = new int[parts.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
+            positions[i] = Integer.parseInt(parts[i].trim());
+        }
+        assertEquals(expected, RobotsCollision.earliestCollisionTime(n, positions, directions));
+    }
+}