diff --git a/Sources/GridSelect/MacOSAccessibilityTextExtractor.swift b/Sources/GridSelect/MacOSAccessibilityTextExtractor.swift
index 507b702..a4af92b 100644
--- a/Sources/GridSelect/MacOSAccessibilityTextExtractor.swift
+++ b/Sources/GridSelect/MacOSAccessibilityTextExtractor.swift
@@ -1035,6 +1035,20 @@ struct SystemMacOSAccessibilityClient: MacOSAccessibilityClient {
         return AccessibilityElementHandle(rawElement: value as! AXUIElement)
     }
 
+    func focusedWindow(
+        inProcess processIdentifier: pid_t,
+        messagingTimeout: Float
+    ) -> AccessibilityElementHandle? {
+        let application = AXUIElementCreateApplication(processIdentifier)
+        guard AXUIElementSetMessagingTimeout(application, messagingTimeout) == .success,
+              let value = copyAttribute(application, kAXFocusedWindowAttribute),
+              CFGetTypeID(value) == AXUIElementGetTypeID()
+        else {
+            return nil
+        }
+        return AccessibilityElementHandle(rawElement: value as! AXUIElement)
+    }
+
     func parent(of element: AccessibilityElementHandle) -> AccessibilityElementHandle? {
         guard let rawElement = element.rawElement,
               let value = copyAttribute(rawElement, kAXParentAttribute),
diff --git a/Sources/GridSelect/MacOSGlobalShortcut.swift b/Sources/GridSelect/MacOSGlobalShortcut.swift
index b0ab7ec..d84fe55 100644
--- a/Sources/GridSelect/MacOSGlobalShortcut.swift
+++ b/Sources/GridSelect/MacOSGlobalShortcut.swift
@@ -496,11 +496,41 @@ enum MacOSActivationSourceCapturer {
         return lastExternalApplication
     }
 
-    private struct WindowSnapshot {
+    struct WindowSnapshot: Equatable {
         let identifier: UInt32
         let frame: CGRect
     }
 
+    enum FocusedWindowResolution: Equatable {
+        case notTrusted
+        case resolved(CGRect)
+        case queryFailed
+    }
+
+    static func preferredWindow(
+        candidates: [WindowSnapshot],
+        focusedWindowResolution: FocusedWindowResolution
+    ) -> WindowSnapshot? {
+        switch focusedWindowResolution {
+        case .notTrusted:
+            return candidates.first
+        case .queryFailed:
+            return nil
+        case let .resolved(focusedWindowFrame):
+            let tolerance = 1.0
+            let matches = candidates.filter { candidate in
+                abs(candidate.frame.minX - focusedWindowFrame.minX) <= tolerance
+                    && abs(candidate.frame.minY - focusedWindowFrame.minY) <= tolerance
+                    && abs(candidate.frame.width - focusedWindowFrame.width) <= tolerance
+                    && abs(candidate.frame.height - focusedWindowFrame.height) <= tolerance
+            }
+            guard matches.count == 1 else {
+                return nil
+            }
+            return matches[0]
+        }
+    }
+
     private static func frontmostWindow(for processIdentifier: pid_t) -> WindowSnapshot? {
         guard let rawWindows = CGWindowListCopyWindowInfo(
             [.optionOnScreenOnly, .excludeDesktopElements],
@@ -508,6 +538,7 @@ enum MacOSActivationSourceCapturer {
         ) as? [[String: Any]] else {
             return nil
         }
+        var candidates: [WindowSnapshot] = []
         for window in rawWindows {
             guard (window[kCGWindowOwnerPID as String] as? NSNumber)?.int32Value
                     == processIdentifier,
@@ -524,9 +555,41 @@ enum MacOSActivationSourceCapturer {
             else {
                 continue
             }
-            return WindowSnapshot(identifier: identifier, frame: frame)
+            candidates.append(WindowSnapshot(identifier: identifier, frame: frame))
+        }
+        guard candidates.count > 1 else {
+            return candidates.first
+        }
+        return preferredWindow(
+            candidates: candidates,
+            focusedWindowResolution: focusedWindowResolution(
+                for: processIdentifier
+            )
+        )
+    }
+
+    private static func focusedWindowResolution(
+        for processIdentifier: pid_t
+    ) -> FocusedWindowResolution {
+        let client = SystemMacOSAccessibilityClient()
+        guard client.isTrusted else {
+            return .notTrusted
+        }
+        // Keep this synchronous MainActor lookup to three bounded AX reads:
+        // focused window, position, and size. The longer focused-element
+        // traversal runs later on the detached caret-capture path.
+        let timeout: Float = 0.1
+        guard let focusedWindow = client.focusedWindow(
+            inProcess: processIdentifier,
+            messagingTimeout: timeout
+        ) else {
+            return .queryFailed
+        }
+        client.setMessagingTimeout(timeout, for: focusedWindow)
+        guard let frame = client.frame(of: focusedWindow) else {
+            return .queryFailed
         }
-        return nil
+        return .resolved(frame)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/Tests/GridSelectCoreTests/MacOSActivationSourceCapturerTests.swift b/Tests/GridSelectCoreTests/MacOSActivationSourceCapturerTests.swift
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5acf4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/GridSelectCoreTests/MacOSActivationSourceCapturerTests.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+@testable import GridSelect
+import CoreGraphics
+import XCTest
+
+@MainActor
+final class MacOSActivationSourceCapturerTests: XCTestCase {
+    func testFocusedDocumentWinsOverFrontmostHelperWindow() {
+        let helper = window(id: 16_045, x: 188, y: 89, width: 66, height: 20)
+        let document = window(id: 16_037, x: 182, y: 83, width: 656, height: 422)
+
+        XCTAssertEqual(
+            MacOSActivationSourceCapturer.preferredWindow(
+                candidates: [helper, document],
+                focusedWindowResolution: .resolved(document.frame)
+            ),
+            document
+        )
+    }
+
+    func testFocusedSmallWindowIsNotFilteredBySize() {
+        let smallWindow = window(id: 7, x: 30, y: 40, width: 66, height: 20)
+        let largerWindow = window(id: 8, x: 100, y: 120, width: 800, height: 600)
+
+        XCTAssertEqual(
+            MacOSActivationSourceCapturer.preferredWindow(
+                candidates: [smallWindow, largerWindow],
+                focusedWindowResolution: .resolved(smallWindow.frame)
+            ),
+            smallWindow
+        )
+    }
+
+    func testUntrustedAccessibilityPreservesPermissionFallbackOrder() {
+        let frontmost = window(id: 1, x: 10, y: 20, width: 300, height: 200)
+        let second = window(id: 2, x: 40, y: 50, width: 600, height: 400)
+
+        XCTAssertEqual(
+            MacOSActivationSourceCapturer.preferredWindow(
+                candidates: [frontmost, second],
+                focusedWindowResolution: .notTrusted
+            ),
+            frontmost
+        )
+    }
+
+    func testTrustedFocusedWindowQueryFailureFailsClosed() {
+        let frontmost = window(id: 1, x: 10, y: 20, width: 300, height: 200)
+        let second = window(id: 2, x: 40, y: 50, width: 600, height: 400)
+
+        XCTAssertNil(
+            MacOSActivationSourceCapturer.preferredWindow(
+                candidates: [frontmost, second],
+                focusedWindowResolution: .queryFailed
+            )
+        )
+    }
+
+    func testFocusedFrameMustMatchExactlyOneCandidate() {
+        let first = window(id: 1, x: 10, y: 20, width: 300, height: 200)
+        let duplicate = window(id: 2, x: 10, y: 20, width: 300, height: 200)
+        let unrelated = CGRect(x: 500, y: 500, width: 100, height: 100)
+
+        XCTAssertNil(
+            MacOSActivationSourceCapturer.preferredWindow(
+                candidates: [first, duplicate],
+                focusedWindowResolution: .resolved(first.frame)
+            )
+        )
+        XCTAssertNil(
+            MacOSActivationSourceCapturer.preferredWindow(
+                candidates: [
+                    first,
+                    window(id: 3, x: 30, y: 40, width: 500, height: 400),
+                ],
+                focusedWindowResolution: .resolved(unrelated)
+            )
+        )
+    }
+
+    func testFocusedFrameUsesExistingOnePointTolerance() {
+        let candidate = window(id: 1, x: 10, y: 20, width: 300, height: 200)
+        let withinTolerance = CGRect(x: 11, y: 19, width: 301, height: 199)
+        let outsideTolerance = CGRect(x: 11.01, y: 20, width: 300, height: 200)
+
+        XCTAssertEqual(
+            MacOSActivationSourceCapturer.preferredWindow(
+                candidates: [candidate],
+                focusedWindowResolution: .resolved(withinTolerance)
+            ),
+            candidate
+        )
+        XCTAssertNil(
+            MacOSActivationSourceCapturer.preferredWindow(
+                candidates: [candidate],
+                focusedWindowResolution: .resolved(outsideTolerance)
+            )
+        )
+    }
+
+    private func window(
+        id: UInt32,
+        x: CGFloat,
+        y: CGFloat,
+        width: CGFloat,
+        height: CGFloat
+    ) -> MacOSActivationSourceCapturer.WindowSnapshot {
+        MacOSActivationSourceCapturer.WindowSnapshot(
+            identifier: id,
+            frame: CGRect(x: x, y: y, width: width, height: height)
+        )
+    }
+}