From 4044d6ccfe2fabeda7413529b120254cc517d49a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Mar=C3=ADa=20Juaristi?= <127882282+juaristi22@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sat, 17 Oct 2026 11:01:24 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 1/4] Fix recent residential SDLT purchase schedules and inclusive first-buyer caps --- changelog.d/2245.fixed.md | 1 + docs/book/programs/gov/hmrc/stamp-duty.ipynb | 6417 +---------------- .../residential/purchase/additional/rate.yaml | 14 + .../residential/purchase/main/first/max.yaml | 4 + .../residential/purchase/main/first/rate.yaml | 4 + .../residential/purchase/main/subsequent.yaml | 6 + .../hmrc/stamp_duty/stamp_duty_land_tax.yaml | 6 +- .../stamp_duty_land_tax_history.yaml | 150 + ...rty_transaction_tax_purchase_properties.py | 2 +- .../tests/test_sdlt_purchase_schedules.py | 158 + ...lt_on_residential_property_transactions.py | 2 +- 11 files changed, 464 insertions(+), 6300 deletions(-) create mode 100644 changelog.d/2245.fixed.md create mode 100644 policyengine_uk/tests/policy/baseline/gov/hmrc/stamp_duty/stamp_duty_land_tax_history.yaml create mode 100644 policyengine_uk/tests/test_sdlt_purchase_schedules.py diff --git a/changelog.d/2245.fixed.md b/changelog.d/2245.fixed.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..18d03b4389 --- /dev/null +++ b/changelog.d/2245.fixed.md @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Updated recent residential SDLT purchase schedules and applied the inclusive first-time-buyer price maximum, retaining annual sampling and contract-protection limitations. diff --git a/docs/book/programs/gov/hmrc/stamp-duty.ipynb b/docs/book/programs/gov/hmrc/stamp-duty.ipynb index b7975450bf..c868176975 100644 --- a/docs/book/programs/gov/hmrc/stamp-duty.ipynb +++ b/docs/book/programs/gov/hmrc/stamp-duty.ipynb @@ -21,6314 +21,141 @@ "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "## Rates\n", - "\n", - "The rates of SDLT depend on various factors, including the purchase price of the property, property type, and whether it is an additional property or a purchase by a first-time buyer. Generally, SDLT rates are higher for properties or land with a purchase price exceeding a specific threshold, often referred to as \"stamp duty bands\" or \"stamp duty brackets.\" The rules and thresholds for SDLT may change over time due to government policy adjustments. First-time buyers may be eligible for reduced SDLT rates if the purchase price of the property is not more than £500,000. \n", - "\n", - "Here we show current rates and thresholds for SDLT under different situations in 2023 below:\n", - "\n", - "
  • Residential
    • \n", - "\n", - "- Rent\n", - "\n", - " Up to £125,000: 0%\n", - " \n", - " Over £125,000: 1%\n", - "\n", - "- Purchase\n", - " - Main property \n", - " \n", - " - First-time\n", - "\n", - " Up to £300,000: 0%\n", - "\n", - " £300,000 to £500,000: 5%\n", - "\n", - " Over £500,000: Ineligible for relief, follow standard rates\n", - "\n", - " - Subsequent (standard rates):\n", - "\n", - " Up to £125,000: 0%\n", - "\n", - " £125,000 to £250,000: 2%\n", - "\n", - " £250,000 to £925,000: 5%\n", - "\n", - " £925,000 to £1,500,000: 10%\n", - "\n", - " Over £1,500,000: 12%\n", - "\n", - " - Additional property \n", - "\n", - " An additional 3% on top of the standard rates for each band. However, a secondary property or land with a purchase price or market value less than £40,000 will be exempt from SDLT.\n", - "\n", - " Less than £40,000: 0%\n", - " \n", - " £40,000 to £125,000: 3%\n", - "\n", - " £125,000 to £250,000: 5%\n", - "\n", - " £250,000 to £925,000: 8%\n", - "\n", - " £925,000 to £1,500,000: 13%\n", - "\n", - " Over £1,500,000: 15%\n", - "\n", - "
  • Non-residential
    • \n", - "\n", - "- Rent\n", - "\n", - " Up to £150,000: 0%\n", - "\n", - " £150,000 to £5,000,000: 1%\n", - " \n", - " Over £5,000,000: 2%\n", - "\n", - "- Purchase\n", - "\n", - " Up to £150,000: 0%\n", - "\n", - " £150,000 to £250,000: 2%\n", - " \n", - " Over £250,000: 5%" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 77, - "metadata": { - "tags": [ - "hide-input" - ] - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "application/vnd.plotly.v1+json": { - "config": { - "plotlyServerURL": "https://plot.ly" - }, - "data": [ - { - "hovertemplate": "Label=Residential rent
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"output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ - "import pandas as pd\n", - "import plotly.express as px\n", - "from policyengine_core.charts import format_fig\n", - "\n", - "residential_rent = pd.DataFrame(\n", - " {\n", - " \"Threshold\": [0, 125000, 5200000],\n", - " \"Rate\": [0, 0.01, 0.01],\n", - " \"Label\": [\"Residential rent\"] * 3,\n", - " }\n", - ")\n", - "residential_purchase_main_first = pd.DataFrame(\n", - " {\n", - " \"Threshold\": [0, 300000, 500000, 925000, 1500000, 5200000],\n", - " \"Rate\": [0, 0.05, 0.05, 0.1, 0.12, 0.12],\n", - " \"Label\": [\"Residential purchase main (first home)\"] * 6,\n", - " }\n", - ")\n", - "residential_purchase_main_standard = pd.DataFrame(\n", - " {\n", - " \"Threshold\": [0, 125000, 250000, 925000, 1500000, 5200000],\n", - " \"Rate\": [0, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.12, 0.12],\n", - " \"Label\": [\"Residential purchase main standard\"] * 6,\n", - " }\n", - ")\n", - "residential_purchase_additional = pd.DataFrame(\n", - " {\n", - " \"Threshold\": [0, 40000, 125000, 250000, 925000, 1500000, 5200000],\n", - " \"Rate\": [0, 0.03, 0.05, 0.08, 0.13, 0.15, 0.15],\n", - " \"Label\": [\"Residential purchase additional\"] * 7,\n", - " }\n", - ")\n", - "non_residential_rent = pd.DataFrame(\n", - " {\n", - " \"Threshold\": [0, 150000, 5000000, 5200000],\n", - " \"Rate\": [0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.02],\n", - " \"Label\": [\"Non-residential rent\"] * 4,\n", - " }\n", - ")\n", - "non_residential_purchase = pd.DataFrame(\n", - " {\n", - " \"Threshold\": [0, 150000, 250000, 5200000],\n", - " \"Rate\": [0, 0.02, 0.05, 0.05],\n", - " \"Label\": [\"Non-residential purchase\"] * 4,\n", - " }\n", - ")\n", - "df_list = [\n", - " residential_rent,\n", - " residential_purchase_main_first,\n", - " residential_purchase_main_standard,\n", - " residential_purchase_additional,\n", - " non_residential_rent,\n", - " non_residential_purchase,\n", - "]\n", - "df = pd.concat(df_list)\n", - "# plot\n", - "fig = (\n", - " px.line(\n", - " df,\n", - " x=\"Threshold\",\n", - " y=\"Rate\",\n", - " color=\"Label\",\n", - " title=\"Stamp duty land tax rates over property price thresholds\",\n", - " )\n", - " .update_layout(\n", - " yaxis_tickformat=\",.0%\",\n", - " xaxis_tickprefix=\"£\",\n", - " legend=dict(\n", - " orientation=\"h\",\n", - " yanchor=\"bottom\",\n", - " y=-0.3,\n", - " xanchor=\"right\",\n", - " x=0.9,\n", - " title=\"\",\n", - " ),\n", - " )\n", - " .update_traces(line_shape=\"hv\")\n", - ")\n", - "fig = format_fig(fig)\n", - "fig" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "The first home discount only applies for homes priced under £500,000. When simulating the marginal effect of SDLT, we find a cliff effect for first-time buyers." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 88, - "metadata": { - "tags": [ - "hide-input" - ] - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "application/vnd.plotly.v1+json": { - "config": { - "plotlyServerURL": "https://plot.ly" - }, - "data": [ - { - "hovertemplate": "Home price=%{x}
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"linecolor": "#EBF0F8", - "ticks": "", - "title": { - "standoff": 15 - }, - "zerolinecolor": "#EBF0F8", - "zerolinewidth": 2 - } - } - }, - "width": 800, - "xaxis": { - "anchor": "y", - "domain": [ - 0, - 0.45 - ], - "tickprefix": "£", - "title": { - "text": "Price" - } - }, - "xaxis2": { - "anchor": "y2", - "domain": [ - 0.55, - 1 - ], - "tickprefix": "£", - "title": { - "text": "Price" - } - }, - "yaxis": { - "anchor": "x", - "domain": [ - 0, - 1 - ], - "tickformat": ",.0%" - }, - "yaxis2": { - "anchor": "x2", - "domain": [ - 0, - 1 - ], - "tickprefix": "£" - } - } - } - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], + "## Residential purchase schedules\n\nThis model covers recent ordinary individual purchases in England and Northern Ireland. An additional-purchase input represents a transaction already classified as subject to the higher rates; the model does not derive that classification from ownership history.\n\n| Effective date | Standard nil band | First-time-buyer nil band | Inclusive first-time-buyer maximum | Additional-dwelling surcharge |\n| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |\n| 23 September 2022–30 October 2024 | £250,000 | £425,000 | £625,000 | 3 percentage points |\n| 31 October 2024–31 March 2025 | £250,000 | £425,000 | £625,000 | 5 percentage points |\n| From 1 April 2025 | £125,000 | £300,000 | £500,000 | 5 percentage points |\n\nAbove the temporary £250,000 standard nil band, marginal rates are 5% up to £925,000, 10% up to £1.5 million and 12% thereafter. From 1 April 2025, the £125,000–£250,000 band returns at 2%; higher standard bands remain the same. First-time buyers pay 5% above their nil band **up to and including** the maximum purchase price. A purchase above that maximum loses first-time-buyer relief on the whole transaction.\n\nFor additional dwellings, the full higher-rates schedule applies when consideration is at least £40,000; below that amount the modeled additional purchase pays zero. During the temporary period its rates are 3/8/13/15%, then 5/10/15/17% from 31 October 2024. From 1 April 2025 the restored £125,000 band gives rates of 5/7/10/15/17%. There is no 7% band during the temporary £250,000 period.\n\nSources: [SDLT (Temporary Relief) Act 2023, section 1](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2023/2/section/1/enacted), [Finance Act 2025, sections 50–52](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2025/8/section/50/enacted), and [Finance Act 2003, Schedule 6ZA](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/14/schedule/6ZA).\n\n### Annual simulation convention and limits\n\nParameters retain those legal dates, but annual simulations sample **30 April** of each year. Thus 2022 uses the pre-September bands, 2023 and 2024 use the temporary bands with the three-point surcharge, and 2025 uses restored bands with the five-point surcharge. A YEAR purchase input cannot select a transaction day within that year.\n\nThe higher-rate changes protect some contracts entered into before 31 October 2024, with exclusions for specified variations, assignments, options and subsales. Substantial-performance rules can also affect liability. Existing inputs cannot select those contract protections: the schedules above describe ordinary **unprotected** purchases. Earlier 2020/2021 holiday coverage and older history remain incomplete. This purchase update does not certify rental, lease, corporate, nonresident, ownership-classification or return-rounding rules, or estimate population impacts.\n\nThe following chart illustrates the **2023** marginal schedules. Its first-home rate curve does not show the discrete loss of relief above the maximum; the cash example below does.\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "tags": [ + "hide-input" + ] + }, + "outputs": [], "source": [ - "from policyengine_uk import Simulation\n", - "\n", - "sim = Simulation(\n", - " situation=dict(\n", - " households=dict(\n", - " household=dict(\n", - " main_residential_property_purchased_is_first_home=True,\n", - " members=[\"person\"],\n", - " )\n", - " ),\n", - " people=dict(\n", - " person=dict(\n", - " age=30,\n", - " )\n", - " ),\n", - " axes=[\n", - " [\n", - " dict(\n", - " name=\"main_residential_property_purchased\",\n", - " min=0,\n", - " max=5_000_000,\n", - " count=1_000,\n", - " )\n", - " ]\n", - " ],\n", - " )\n", - ")\n", - "\n", "import pandas as pd\n", + "import plotly.express as px\n", + "from policyengine_core.charts import format_fig\n", "\n", - "stamp_duty = sim.calculate(\"stamp_duty_land_tax\")\n", - "home_price = sim.calculate(\"main_residential_property_purchased\")\n", - "\n", - "marginal_rate = (stamp_duty[1:] - stamp_duty[:-1]) / (home_price[1:] - home_price[:-1])\n", - "home_price = home_price[:-1]\n", - "\n", - "df = pd.DataFrame(\n", + "residential_rent = pd.DataFrame(\n", " {\n", - " \"Home price\": home_price,\n", - " \"Marginal SDLT rate\": marginal_rate,\n", - " \"SDLT\": stamp_duty[:-1],\n", + " \"Threshold\": [0, 125000, 5200000],\n", + " \"Rate\": [0, 0.01, 0.01],\n", + " \"Label\": [\"Residential rent\"] * 3,\n", " }\n", ")\n", - "\n", - "import plotly.express as px\n", - "from plotly.subplots import make_subplots\n", - "\n", - "# left shows marginal rate, right shows total SDLT\n", - "\n", - "fig = make_subplots(rows=1, cols=2, subplot_titles=(\"Marginal SDLT rate\", \"Total SDLT\"))\n", - "\n", - "fig.add_trace(\n", - " px.line(df, x=\"Home price\", y=\"Marginal SDLT rate\", title=\"Marginal SDLT rate\")\n", - " .update_traces(line_shape=\"hv\")\n", - " .data[0],\n", - " row=1,\n", - " col=1,\n", - ").update_xaxes(row=1, col=1, title_text=\"Price\", tickprefix=\"£\").update_yaxes(\n", - " row=1, col=1, tickformat=\",.0%\"\n", + "residential_purchase_main_first = pd.DataFrame(\n", + " {\n", + " \"Threshold\": [0, 425000, 625000, 925000, 1500000, 5200000],\n", + " \"Rate\": [0, 0.05, 0.05, 0.1, 0.12, 0.12],\n", + " \"Label\": [\"2023 residential purchase main (first home)\"] * 6,\n", + " }\n", ")\n", - "\n", - "fig.add_trace(\n", - " px.line(df, x=\"Home price\", y=\"SDLT\", title=\"Total SDLT\")\n", + "residential_purchase_main_standard = pd.DataFrame(\n", + " {\n", + " \"Threshold\": [0, 250000, 925000, 1500000, 5200000],\n", + " \"Rate\": [0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.12, 0.12],\n", + " \"Label\": [\"2023 residential purchase main standard\"] * 5,\n", + " }\n", + ")\n", + "residential_purchase_additional = pd.DataFrame(\n", + " {\n", + " \"Threshold\": [0, 40000, 250000, 925000, 1500000, 5200000],\n", + " \"Rate\": [0, 0.03, 0.08, 0.13, 0.15, 0.15],\n", + " \"Label\": [\"2023 residential purchase additional\"] * 6,\n", + " }\n", + ")\n", + "non_residential_rent = pd.DataFrame(\n", + " {\n", + " \"Threshold\": [0, 150000, 5000000, 5200000],\n", + " \"Rate\": [0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.02],\n", + " \"Label\": [\"Non-residential rent\"] * 4,\n", + " }\n", + ")\n", + "non_residential_purchase = pd.DataFrame(\n", + " {\n", + " \"Threshold\": [0, 150000, 250000, 5200000],\n", + " \"Rate\": [0, 0.02, 0.05, 0.05],\n", + " \"Label\": [\"Non-residential purchase\"] * 4,\n", + " }\n", + ")\n", + "df_list = [\n", + " residential_rent,\n", + " residential_purchase_main_first,\n", + " residential_purchase_main_standard,\n", + " residential_purchase_additional,\n", + " non_residential_rent,\n", + " non_residential_purchase,\n", + "]\n", + "df = pd.concat(df_list)\n", + "# plot\n", + "fig = (\n", + " px.line(\n", + " df,\n", + " x=\"Threshold\",\n", + " y=\"Rate\",\n", + " color=\"Label\",\n", + " title=\"Stamp duty land tax rates over property price thresholds\",\n", + " )\n", + " .update_layout(\n", + " yaxis_tickformat=\",.0%\",\n", + " xaxis_tickprefix=\"£\",\n", + " legend=dict(\n", + " orientation=\"h\",\n", + " yanchor=\"bottom\",\n", + " y=-0.3,\n", + " xanchor=\"right\",\n", + " x=0.9,\n", + " title=\"\",\n", + " ),\n", + " )\n", " .update_traces(line_shape=\"hv\")\n", - " .data[0],\n", - " row=1,\n", - " col=2,\n", - ").update_xaxes(row=1, col=2, title_text=\"Price\", tickprefix=\"£\").update_yaxes(\n", - " row=1, col=2, tickprefix=\"£\"\n", ")\n", - "\n", "fig = format_fig(fig)\n", "fig" ] }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "### Inclusive cap and loss of relief\n\nFor an otherwise qualifying first-time buyer in the 2023 annual simulation, a £625,000 purchase pays £10,000: (£625,000 − £425,000) × 5%. At £625,020 the purchase exceeds the inclusive maximum and instead pays ordinary SDLT of £18,751: (£625,020 − £250,000) × 5%. These are simple unprotected purchases with all other relief conditions satisfied.\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "tags": [ + "hide-input" + ] + }, + "outputs": [], + "source": [ + "from policyengine_uk import Simulation\n", + "\n", + "prices = [625000, 625020]\n", + "situation = {\"people\": {}, \"benunits\": {}, \"households\": {}}\n", + "for i, price in enumerate(prices):\n", + " person = f\"buyer{i}\"\n", + " situation[\"people\"][person] = {\"age\": {2023: 30}}\n", + " situation[\"benunits\"][f\"family{i}\"] = {\"members\": [person]}\n", + " situation[\"households\"][f\"home{i}\"] = {\n", + " \"members\": [person],\n", + " \"region\": {2023: \"LONDON\"},\n", + " \"main_residential_property_purchased\": {2023: price},\n", + " \"main_residential_property_purchased_is_first_home\": {2023: True},\n", + " }\n", + "sim = Simulation(situation=situation)\n", + "pd.DataFrame(\n", + " {\n", + " \"Purchase price\": prices,\n", + " \"SDLT\": sim.calculate(\"stamp_duty_land_tax\", 2023),\n", + " }\n", + ")" + ] + }, { "attachments": {}, "cell_type": "markdown", diff --git a/policyengine_uk/parameters/gov/hmrc/stamp_duty/residential/purchase/additional/rate.yaml b/policyengine_uk/parameters/gov/hmrc/stamp_duty/residential/purchase/additional/rate.yaml index e07522ab16..995f53048a 100644 --- a/policyengine_uk/parameters/gov/hmrc/stamp_duty/residential/purchase/additional/rate.yaml +++ b/policyengine_uk/parameters/gov/hmrc/stamp_duty/residential/purchase/additional/rate.yaml @@ -2,28 +2,36 @@ description: Stamp Duty Land Tax progressive rates for residential property tran brackets: - rate: 2016-09-15: 0.03 + 2024-10-31: 0.05 threshold: 2016-09-15: 0 - rate: 2016-09-15: 0.05 2020-07-08: null 2021-03-31: 0.05 + 2022-09-23: null + 2025-04-01: 0.07 threshold: 2016-09-15: 125_000 2020-07-08: null 2021-03-31: 125_000 + 2022-09-23: null + 2025-04-01: 125_000 - rate: 2016-09-15: 0.08 + 2024-10-31: 0.10 threshold: 2016-09-15: 250_000 2020-07-08: 500_000 2021-03-31: 250_000 - rate: 2016-09-15: 0.13 + 2024-10-31: 0.15 threshold: 2016-09-15: 925_000 - rate: 2016-09-15: 0.15 + 2024-10-31: 0.17 threshold: 2016-09-15: 1_500_000 metadata: @@ -35,3 +43,9 @@ metadata: href: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/14/schedule/4ZA - title: Stamp Duty Land Tax (Temporary Relief) Act 2020 href: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2020/15/section/1/enacted + - title: Stamp Duty Land Tax (Temporary Relief) Act 2023 s. 1(3) + href: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2023/2/section/1/enacted + - title: Finance Act 2025 s. 50 + href: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2025/8/section/50/enacted + - title: Finance Act 2025 s. 51 + href: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2025/8/section/51/enacted diff --git a/policyengine_uk/parameters/gov/hmrc/stamp_duty/residential/purchase/main/first/max.yaml b/policyengine_uk/parameters/gov/hmrc/stamp_duty/residential/purchase/main/first/max.yaml index e525df8d8c..1179796e47 100644 --- a/policyengine_uk/parameters/gov/hmrc/stamp_duty/residential/purchase/main/first/max.yaml +++ b/policyengine_uk/parameters/gov/hmrc/stamp_duty/residential/purchase/main/first/max.yaml @@ -1,9 +1,13 @@ description: Maximum value for a first-property purchase to receive the Stamp Duty relief for first-time buyers. Increasing this value will underestimate the number of claims for FTBR, as the model will not add new claims. values: 2018-03-15: 500_000 + 2022-09-23: 625_000 + 2025-04-01: 500_000 metadata: unit: currency-GBP label: Stamp Duty first home value limit reference: - title: Finance Act 2003 schedule 6ZA(1)(3) href: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/14/schedule/6ZA/2018-03-15 + - title: Stamp Duty Land Tax (Temporary Relief) Act 2023 s. 1(5) + href: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2023/2/section/1/enacted diff --git a/policyengine_uk/parameters/gov/hmrc/stamp_duty/residential/purchase/main/first/rate.yaml b/policyengine_uk/parameters/gov/hmrc/stamp_duty/residential/purchase/main/first/rate.yaml index 920d1788c0..8033317913 100644 --- a/policyengine_uk/parameters/gov/hmrc/stamp_duty/residential/purchase/main/first/rate.yaml +++ b/policyengine_uk/parameters/gov/hmrc/stamp_duty/residential/purchase/main/first/rate.yaml @@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ brackets: 2018-03-15: 0.05 threshold: 2018-03-15: 300000 + 2022-09-23: 425000 + 2025-04-01: 300000 description: Stamp Duty Land Tax progressive rates for residential property transfers. metadata: economy: false @@ -16,4 +18,6 @@ metadata: reference: - href: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/14/schedule/6ZA/2018-03-15 title: Finance Act 2003 schedule 6ZA(4) + - href: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2023/2/section/1/enacted + title: Stamp Duty Land Tax (Temporary Relief) Act 2023 s. 1(5) threshold_unit: currency-GBP diff --git a/policyengine_uk/parameters/gov/hmrc/stamp_duty/residential/purchase/main/subsequent.yaml b/policyengine_uk/parameters/gov/hmrc/stamp_duty/residential/purchase/main/subsequent.yaml index 8b790e52a6..f285c30842 100644 --- a/policyengine_uk/parameters/gov/hmrc/stamp_duty/residential/purchase/main/subsequent.yaml +++ b/policyengine_uk/parameters/gov/hmrc/stamp_duty/residential/purchase/main/subsequent.yaml @@ -8,12 +8,16 @@ brackets: 2015-02-12: 0.02 2020-07-08: null 2021-03-31: 0.02 + 2022-09-23: null + 2025-04-01: 0.02 threshold: 2003-07-10: 60000 2005-04-07: 120000 2006-07-19: 125000 2020-07-08: null 2021-03-31: 125000 + 2022-09-23: null + 2025-04-01: 125000 - rate: 2003-07-10: 0.03 2015-02-12: 0.05 @@ -50,4 +54,6 @@ metadata: title: Finance Act 2003 s. 55 - href: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2020/15/section/1/enacted title: Stamp Duty Land Tax (Temporary Relief) Act 2020 + - href: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2023/2/section/1/enacted + title: Stamp Duty Land Tax (Temporary Relief) Act 2023 s. 1 threshold_unit: currency-GBP diff --git a/policyengine_uk/tests/policy/baseline/gov/hmrc/stamp_duty/stamp_duty_land_tax.yaml b/policyengine_uk/tests/policy/baseline/gov/hmrc/stamp_duty/stamp_duty_land_tax.yaml index 0fb76a6d56..68b1057fb6 100644 --- a/policyengine_uk/tests/policy/baseline/gov/hmrc/stamp_duty/stamp_duty_land_tax.yaml +++ b/policyengine_uk/tests/policy/baseline/gov/hmrc/stamp_duty/stamp_duty_land_tax.yaml @@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ main_residential_property_purchased_is_first_home: true output: stamp_duty_land_tax: 7_250 -- name: £500k first-time buyer (just over limit) +- name: £500,020 first-time buyer (over the £500k limit) period: 2022 input: - main_residential_property_purchased: 500_000.01 + main_residential_property_purchased: 500_020 main_residential_property_purchased_is_first_home: true output: - stamp_duty_land_tax: 15_000 + stamp_duty_land_tax: 15_001 - name: £500k non-first-time buyer period: 2022 input: diff --git a/policyengine_uk/tests/policy/baseline/gov/hmrc/stamp_duty/stamp_duty_land_tax_history.yaml b/policyengine_uk/tests/policy/baseline/gov/hmrc/stamp_duty/stamp_duty_land_tax_history.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5344590020 --- /dev/null +++ b/policyengine_uk/tests/policy/baseline/gov/hmrc/stamp_duty/stamp_duty_land_tax_history.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,150 @@ +# Ordinary, unprotected purchases; annual parameters sample 30 April. +# Sources: SDLT (Temporary Relief) Act 2023 s1; Finance Act 2025 ss50-51; +# Finance Act 2003 s55 and Sch6ZA. No transaction-date or contract selector. +- name: Annual 2022 retains the pre-September standard schedule + period: 2022 + absolute_error_margin: 0.01 + input: + main_residential_property_purchased: 300000 + output: + stamp_duty_land_tax: 5000 + +- name: Annual 2023 main-home purchase uses temporary standard bands + period: 2023 + absolute_error_margin: 0.01 + input: + main_residence_value: 300000 + property_purchased: true + output: + stamp_duty_land_tax: 2500 + main_residential_property_purchased: 300000 + +- name: Temporary first-time-buyer maximum is inclusive + period: 2024 + absolute_error_margin: 0.01 + input: + main_residential_property_purchased: 625000 + main_residential_property_purchased_is_first_home: true + output: + stamp_duty_land_tax: 10000 + +- name: Restored first-time-buyer maximum is inclusive + period: 2025 + absolute_error_margin: 0.01 + input: + main_residential_property_purchased: 500000 + main_residential_property_purchased_is_first_home: true + output: + stamp_duty_land_tax: 10000 + +- name: Annual 2025 additional purchase uses restored bands with five-point surcharge + period: 2025 + absolute_error_margin: 0.01 + input: + additional_residential_property_purchased: 400000 + output: + stamp_duty_land_tax: 30000 + +- name: Annual 2024 still samples the three-point additional surcharge + period: 2024 + absolute_error_margin: 0.01 + input: + additional_residential_property_purchased: 400000 + output: + stamp_duty_land_tax: 19500 + +- name: First-time purchase above temporary maximum loses all relief + period: 2024 + absolute_error_margin: 0.01 + input: + main_residential_property_purchased: 625020 + main_residential_property_purchased_is_first_home: true + output: + stamp_duty_land_tax: 18751 + +- name: First-time purchase above restored maximum loses all relief + period: 2025 + absolute_error_margin: 0.01 + input: + main_residential_property_purchased: 500020 + main_residential_property_purchased_is_first_home: true + output: + stamp_duty_land_tax: 15001 + +- name: Northern Ireland combines independent temporary main and additional purchases + period: 2024 + absolute_error_margin: 0.01 + input: + region: NORTHERN_IRELAND + main_residential_property_purchased: 925000 + additional_residential_property_purchased: 400000 + output: + stamp_duty_land_tax: 53250 + +- name: An additional purchase below forty thousand is outside the higher schedule + period: 2025 + input: + additional_residential_property_purchased: 39999 + output: + stamp_duty_land_tax: 0 + +- name: An additional purchase at forty thousand pays the full higher schedule + period: 2025 + absolute_error_margin: 0.01 + input: + additional_residential_property_purchased: 40000 + output: + stamp_duty_land_tax: 2000 + +- name: Restored purchase schedules persist in later annual simulations + period: 2027 + absolute_error_margin: 0.01 + input: + main_residential_property_purchased: 300000 + additional_residential_property_purchased: 400000 + output: + stamp_duty_land_tax: 35000 + +- name: Property stocks without a purchase do not incur SDLT + period: 2025 + input: + main_residence_value: 600000 + property_purchased: false + other_residential_property_value: 400000 + output: + stamp_duty_land_tax: 0 + +- name: Scottish purchases do not incur SDLT + period: 2025 + input: + region: SCOTLAND + main_residential_property_purchased: 300000 + additional_residential_property_purchased: 400000 + output: + stamp_duty_land_tax: 0 + +- name: Welsh purchases do not incur SDLT + period: 2025 + input: + region: WALES + main_residential_property_purchased: 300000 + additional_residential_property_purchased: 400000 + output: + stamp_duty_land_tax: 0 + +- name: Temporary first-time-buyer nil band includes its upper boundary + period: 2024 + input: + main_residential_property_purchased: 425000 + main_residential_property_purchased_is_first_home: true + output: + stamp_duty_land_tax: 0 + +- name: Restored first-time-buyer tax starts above three hundred thousand + period: 2025 + absolute_error_margin: 0.01 + input: + main_residential_property_purchased: 300020 + main_residential_property_purchased_is_first_home: true + output: + stamp_duty_land_tax: 1 diff --git a/policyengine_uk/tests/test_property_transaction_tax_purchase_properties.py b/policyengine_uk/tests/test_property_transaction_tax_purchase_properties.py index 8817cb7159..5760c24a64 100644 --- a/policyengine_uk/tests/test_property_transaction_tax_purchase_properties.py +++ b/policyengine_uk/tests/test_property_transaction_tax_purchase_properties.py @@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ def test_main_residence_flag_never_creates_an_additional_purchase(households, ye price = out["main_residential_property_purchased"] first_home = np.array( [h["main_residential_property_purchased_is_first_home"] for h in households] - ) & (price < main.first.max) + ) & (price <= main.first.max) main_rates_tax = np.where( first_home, main.first.rate.calc(price), main.subsequent.calc(price) ) diff --git a/policyengine_uk/tests/test_sdlt_purchase_schedules.py b/policyengine_uk/tests/test_sdlt_purchase_schedules.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..49b215c0b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/policyengine_uk/tests/test_sdlt_purchase_schedules.py @@ -0,0 +1,158 @@ +"""Recent SDLT purchase schedules: raw legal dates versus annual sampling. + +Cash vectors are independent literals from FA 2003 s55/Sch6ZA, the SDLT +(Temporary Relief) Act 2023 s1 and Finance Act 2025 ss50-51. They describe +ordinary unprotected purchases, not contract protections or return rounding. +""" + +from pathlib import Path + +import numpy as np +import pytest +from policyengine_core.parameters import ParameterNode + +import policyengine_uk +from policyengine_uk import CountryTaxBenefitSystem + + +PRICES = np.array([125_000, 250_000, 925_000, 1_500_000, 1_600_000]) +OLD_MAIN = [0, 2_500, 36_250, 93_750, 105_750] +TEMPORARY_MAIN = [0, 0, 33_750, 91_250, 103_250] + + +@pytest.fixture(scope="module") +def raw_purchase_parameters(): + # Bypass annual conversion only for raw legal-date scale tests. + return ParameterNode( + "purchase", + directory_path=str( + Path(policyengine_uk.__file__).parent + / "parameters/gov/hmrc/stamp_duty/residential/purchase" + ), + ) + + +@pytest.mark.parametrize( + "date,main_cash,additional_cash,thresholds,additional_rates,ftb_nil,ftb_max", + [ + ( + "2022-09-22", + OLD_MAIN, + [3_750, 10_000, 64_000, 138_750, 153_750], + [0, 125_000, 250_000, 925_000, 1_500_000], + [0.03, 0.05, 0.08, 0.13, 0.15], + 300_000, + 500_000, + ), + ( + "2022-09-23", + TEMPORARY_MAIN, + [3_750, 7_500, 61_500, 136_250, 151_250], + [0, 250_000, 925_000, 1_500_000], + [0.03, 0.08, 0.13, 0.15], + 425_000, + 625_000, + ), + ( + "2024-10-30", + TEMPORARY_MAIN, + [3_750, 7_500, 61_500, 136_250, 151_250], + [0, 250_000, 925_000, 1_500_000], + [0.03, 0.08, 0.13, 0.15], + 425_000, + 625_000, + ), + ( + "2024-10-31", + TEMPORARY_MAIN, + [6_250, 12_500, 80_000, 166_250, 183_250], + [0, 250_000, 925_000, 1_500_000], + [0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.17], + 425_000, + 625_000, + ), + ( + "2025-03-31", + TEMPORARY_MAIN, + [6_250, 12_500, 80_000, 166_250, 183_250], + [0, 250_000, 925_000, 1_500_000], + [0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.17], + 425_000, + 625_000, + ), + ( + "2025-04-01", + OLD_MAIN, + [6_250, 15_000, 82_500, 168_750, 185_750], + [0, 125_000, 250_000, 925_000, 1_500_000], + [0.05, 0.07, 0.10, 0.15, 0.17], + 300_000, + 500_000, + ), + ], +) +def test_raw_purchase_schedules( + raw_purchase_parameters, + date, + main_cash, + additional_cash, + thresholds, + additional_rates, + ftb_nil, + ftb_max, +): + purchase = raw_purchase_parameters(date) + np.testing.assert_allclose( + purchase.main.subsequent.calc(PRICES), main_cash, rtol=0, atol=1e-8 + ) + np.testing.assert_allclose( + purchase.additional.rate.calc(PRICES), + additional_cash, + rtol=0, + atol=1e-8, + ) + # This also proves that null brackets disappear, rather than duplicating + # an active threshold during the temporary period. + assert purchase.main.subsequent.thresholds == thresholds + assert purchase.additional.rate.thresholds == thresholds + assert purchase.additional.rate.rates == additional_rates + assert purchase.main.first.max == ftb_max + np.testing.assert_allclose( + purchase.main.first.rate.calc(np.array([ftb_nil, ftb_nil + 20, ftb_max])), + [0, 1, 10_000], + rtol=0, + atol=1e-8, + ) + + +@pytest.fixture(scope="module") +def annual_system(): + return CountryTaxBenefitSystem() + + +@pytest.mark.parametrize( + "year,main300k,additional400k,first500k", + [ + (2022, 5_000, 22_000, 10_000), + (2023, 2_500, 19_500, 3_750), + (2024, 2_500, 19_500, 3_750), + (2025, 5_000, 30_000, 10_000), + (2027, 5_000, 30_000, 10_000), + ], +) +def test_annual_purchase_parameters_sample_april_30( + annual_system, year, main300k, additional400k, first500k +): + purchase = annual_system.parameters(year).gov.hmrc.stamp_duty.residential.purchase + np.testing.assert_allclose( + purchase.main.subsequent.calc(np.array([300_000])), main300k, rtol=0, atol=1e-8 + ) + np.testing.assert_allclose( + purchase.additional.rate.calc(np.array([400_000])), + additional400k, + rtol=0, + atol=1e-8, + ) + np.testing.assert_allclose( + purchase.main.first.rate.calc(np.array([500_000])), first500k, rtol=0, atol=1e-8 + ) diff --git a/policyengine_uk/variables/gov/hmrc/sdlt_on_residential_property_transactions.py b/policyengine_uk/variables/gov/hmrc/sdlt_on_residential_property_transactions.py index 8d12e06ad5..c9f4403b45 100644 --- a/policyengine_uk/variables/gov/hmrc/sdlt_on_residential_property_transactions.py +++ b/policyengine_uk/variables/gov/hmrc/sdlt_on_residential_property_transactions.py @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ def formula(household, period, parameters): price = household("main_residential_property_purchased", period) residential_purchase_qualifies_as_first_buy = household( "main_residential_property_purchased_is_first_home", period - ) & (price < price_limit) + ) & (price <= price_limit) main_residential_purchase_tax = where( residential_purchase_qualifies_as_first_buy, stamp_duty.residential.purchase.main.first.rate.calc(price), From 540f4e429cb5a1f28a56cad5f1b6fd7da00e6928 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Mar=C3=ADa=20Juaristi?= <127882282+juaristi22@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sat, 17 Oct 2026 11:17:13 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 2/4] Clarify validation scope of SDLT chart caption --- docs/book/programs/gov/hmrc/stamp-duty.ipynb | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/docs/book/programs/gov/hmrc/stamp-duty.ipynb b/docs/book/programs/gov/hmrc/stamp-duty.ipynb index c868176975..f138dfa29e 100644 --- a/docs/book/programs/gov/hmrc/stamp-duty.ipynb +++ b/docs/book/programs/gov/hmrc/stamp-duty.ipynb @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "## Residential purchase schedules\n\nThis model covers recent ordinary individual purchases in England and Northern Ireland. An additional-purchase input represents a transaction already classified as subject to the higher rates; the model does not derive that classification from ownership history.\n\n| Effective date | Standard nil band | First-time-buyer nil band | Inclusive first-time-buyer maximum | Additional-dwelling surcharge |\n| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |\n| 23 September 2022–30 October 2024 | £250,000 | £425,000 | £625,000 | 3 percentage points |\n| 31 October 2024–31 March 2025 | £250,000 | £425,000 | £625,000 | 5 percentage points |\n| From 1 April 2025 | £125,000 | £300,000 | £500,000 | 5 percentage points |\n\nAbove the temporary £250,000 standard nil band, marginal rates are 5% up to £925,000, 10% up to £1.5 million and 12% thereafter. From 1 April 2025, the £125,000–£250,000 band returns at 2%; higher standard bands remain the same. First-time buyers pay 5% above their nil band **up to and including** the maximum purchase price. A purchase above that maximum loses first-time-buyer relief on the whole transaction.\n\nFor additional dwellings, the full higher-rates schedule applies when consideration is at least £40,000; below that amount the modeled additional purchase pays zero. During the temporary period its rates are 3/8/13/15%, then 5/10/15/17% from 31 October 2024. From 1 April 2025 the restored £125,000 band gives rates of 5/7/10/15/17%. There is no 7% band during the temporary £250,000 period.\n\nSources: [SDLT (Temporary Relief) Act 2023, section 1](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2023/2/section/1/enacted), [Finance Act 2025, sections 50–52](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2025/8/section/50/enacted), and [Finance Act 2003, Schedule 6ZA](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/14/schedule/6ZA).\n\n### Annual simulation convention and limits\n\nParameters retain those legal dates, but annual simulations sample **30 April** of each year. Thus 2022 uses the pre-September bands, 2023 and 2024 use the temporary bands with the three-point surcharge, and 2025 uses restored bands with the five-point surcharge. A YEAR purchase input cannot select a transaction day within that year.\n\nThe higher-rate changes protect some contracts entered into before 31 October 2024, with exclusions for specified variations, assignments, options and subsales. Substantial-performance rules can also affect liability. Existing inputs cannot select those contract protections: the schedules above describe ordinary **unprotected** purchases. Earlier 2020/2021 holiday coverage and older history remain incomplete. This purchase update does not certify rental, lease, corporate, nonresident, ownership-classification or return-rounding rules, or estimate population impacts.\n\nThe following chart illustrates the **2023** marginal schedules. Its first-home rate curve does not show the discrete loss of relief above the maximum; the cash example below does.\n" + "## Residential purchase schedules\n\nThis model covers recent ordinary individual purchases in England and Northern Ireland. An additional-purchase input represents a transaction already classified as subject to the higher rates; the model does not derive that classification from ownership history.\n\n| Effective date | Standard nil band | First-time-buyer nil band | Inclusive first-time-buyer maximum | Additional-dwelling surcharge |\n| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |\n| 23 September 2022–30 October 2024 | £250,000 | £425,000 | £625,000 | 3 percentage points |\n| 31 October 2024–31 March 2025 | £250,000 | £425,000 | £625,000 | 5 percentage points |\n| From 1 April 2025 | £125,000 | £300,000 | £500,000 | 5 percentage points |\n\nAbove the temporary £250,000 standard nil band, marginal rates are 5% up to £925,000, 10% up to £1.5 million and 12% thereafter. From 1 April 2025, the £125,000–£250,000 band returns at 2%; higher standard bands remain the same. First-time buyers pay 5% above their nil band **up to and including** the maximum purchase price. A purchase above that maximum loses first-time-buyer relief on the whole transaction.\n\nFor additional dwellings, the full higher-rates schedule applies when consideration is at least £40,000; below that amount the modeled additional purchase pays zero. During the temporary period its rates are 3/8/13/15%, then 5/10/15/17% from 31 October 2024. From 1 April 2025 the restored £125,000 band gives rates of 5/7/10/15/17%. There is no 7% band during the temporary £250,000 period.\n\nSources: [SDLT (Temporary Relief) Act 2023, section 1](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2023/2/section/1/enacted), [Finance Act 2025, sections 50–52](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2025/8/section/50/enacted), and [Finance Act 2003, Schedule 6ZA](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/14/schedule/6ZA).\n\n### Annual simulation convention and limits\n\nParameters retain those legal dates, but annual simulations sample **30 April** of each year. Thus 2022 uses the pre-September bands, 2023 and 2024 use the temporary bands with the three-point surcharge, and 2025 uses restored bands with the five-point surcharge. A YEAR purchase input cannot select a transaction day within that year.\n\nThe higher-rate changes protect some contracts entered into before 31 October 2024, with exclusions for specified variations, assignments, options and subsales. Substantial-performance rules can also affect liability. Existing inputs cannot select those contract protections: the schedules above describe ordinary **unprotected** purchases. Earlier 2020/2021 holiday coverage and older history remain incomplete. This purchase update does not certify rental, lease, corporate, nonresident, ownership-classification or return-rounding rules, or estimate population impacts.\n\nThe purchase curves below illustrate the **2023** marginal purchase schedules. The retained rent and non-residential curves are unchanged model illustrations outside this update's legal validation. The first-home rate curve does not show the discrete loss of relief above the maximum; the cash example below does.\n" ] }, { From 83ac102a6b905eb04ce11384578b7a525ae1994d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Mar=C3=ADa=20Juaristi?= <127882282+juaristi22@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 19 Oct 2026 13:07:26 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 3/4] Fix issues from review: refresh stamp duty example outputs --- docs/book/programs/gov/hmrc/stamp-duty.ipynb | 1116 +++++++++++++++++- 1 file changed, 1112 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/docs/book/programs/gov/hmrc/stamp-duty.ipynb b/docs/book/programs/gov/hmrc/stamp-duty.ipynb index f138dfa29e..a5b8fc7d46 100644 --- a/docs/book/programs/gov/hmrc/stamp-duty.ipynb +++ b/docs/book/programs/gov/hmrc/stamp-duty.ipynb @@ -26,13 +26,1111 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, + "execution_count": 1, "metadata": { "tags": [ "hide-input" ] }, - "outputs": [], + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "name": "stderr", + "text": "/Users/mariajuaristi/Documents/Codex/2026-10-15/can-x20/work/issue-2454/.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tqdm/auto.py:21: TqdmWarning: IProgress not found. 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    " + } + } + ], "source": [ "import pandas as pd\n", "import plotly.express as px\n", @@ -125,13 +1223,23 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, + "execution_count": 2, "metadata": { "tags": [ "hide-input" ] }, - "outputs": [], + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "execute_result", + "metadata": {}, + "data": { + "text/plain": " Purchase price SDLT\n0 625000 10000.0\n1 625020 18751.0", + "text/html": "
    \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
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    " + }, + "execution_count": 2 + } + ], "source": [ "from policyengine_uk import Simulation\n", "\n", From 13a4442f96629e28499f9c97b98616713429efa5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Mar=C3=ADa=20Juaristi?= <127882282+juaristi22@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 19 Oct 2026 18:25:03 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 4/4] Remove stored local-path warning from SDLT notebook --- docs/book/programs/gov/hmrc/stamp-duty.ipynb | 5 ----- 1 file changed, 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/docs/book/programs/gov/hmrc/stamp-duty.ipynb b/docs/book/programs/gov/hmrc/stamp-duty.ipynb index a5b8fc7d46..ba630963eb 100644 --- a/docs/book/programs/gov/hmrc/stamp-duty.ipynb +++ b/docs/book/programs/gov/hmrc/stamp-duty.ipynb @@ -33,11 +33,6 @@ ] }, "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "name": "stderr", - "text": "/Users/mariajuaristi/Documents/Codex/2026-10-15/can-x20/work/issue-2454/.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tqdm/auto.py:21: TqdmWarning: IProgress not found. Please update jupyter and ipywidgets. See https://ipywidgets.readthedocs.io/en/stable/user_install.html\n from .autonotebook import tqdm as notebook_tqdm\n" - }, { "output_type": "display_data", "metadata": {},