|
| 1 | +# LangGraph Starter — Learn LangGraph by Building a Game Agent |
| 2 | + |
| 3 | +This starter teaches you **LangGraph** by building an AI agent that plays Agent Arena scenarios. |
| 4 | + |
| 5 | +**Key idea:** "Want to learn LangGraph? Build an AI agent that plays a game." |
| 6 | + |
| 7 | +## What You'll Learn |
| 8 | + |
| 9 | +- **Graph construction** — StateGraph, adding nodes, connecting edges |
| 10 | +- **State schema** — TypedDict with message reducers (`add_messages`) |
| 11 | +- **Tool binding** — Giving the LLM structured tools via `bind_tools()` |
| 12 | +- **Conditional routing** — Branching the graph based on LLM output |
| 13 | +- **ReAct pattern** — The observe-think-act loop as a graph |
| 14 | +- **Message types** — SystemMessage, HumanMessage, AIMessage |
| 15 | + |
| 16 | +## Prerequisites |
| 17 | + |
| 18 | +1. An **Anthropic API key** — get one at [console.anthropic.com](https://console.anthropic.com) |
| 19 | +2. Python 3.11+ |
| 20 | +3. Agent Arena game (Godot) running |
| 21 | + |
| 22 | +## Quick Start |
| 23 | + |
| 24 | +```bash |
| 25 | +# 1. Set your API key |
| 26 | +export ANTHROPIC_API_KEY=sk-ant-... |
| 27 | + |
| 28 | +# 2. Install dependencies |
| 29 | +pip install -r requirements.txt |
| 30 | + |
| 31 | +# 3. Start the agent |
| 32 | +python run.py |
| 33 | + |
| 34 | +# 4. In Godot: open scenes/foraging.tscn -> F5 -> SPACE |
| 35 | +``` |
| 36 | + |
| 37 | +Your agent will start making decisions using a LangGraph agent graph! |
| 38 | + |
| 39 | +## Files |
| 40 | + |
| 41 | +| File | What it does | |
| 42 | +|------|-------------| |
| 43 | +| `agent.py` | `LangGraphAdapter` — builds the agent graph, invokes it, extracts decisions | |
| 44 | +| `run.py` | Entry point — parses args, creates adapter, starts server | |
| 45 | +| `requirements.txt` | Dependencies (agent-arena-sdk, langgraph, langchain-anthropic) | |
| 46 | + |
| 47 | +## How It Works |
| 48 | + |
| 49 | +Each game tick: |
| 50 | + |
| 51 | +``` |
| 52 | +Godot sends Observation (what the agent sees) |
| 53 | + | |
| 54 | +LangGraphAdapter.format_observation() -> text context |
| 55 | + | |
| 56 | +Graph invoked with [SystemMessage, HumanMessage] |
| 57 | + | |
| 58 | + v |
| 59 | ++-------+ tool call? +-------+ |
| 60 | +| agent | ----YES--------> | tools | --> END |
| 61 | +| | ----NO---------> END | |
| 62 | ++-------+ +-------+ |
| 63 | + | | |
| 64 | + LLM reads context No-op passthrough |
| 65 | + + tool definitions (game executes action) |
| 66 | + | |
| 67 | + v |
| 68 | +Extract tool call from AIMessage -> Decision |
| 69 | + | |
| 70 | +Decision sent back to Godot |
| 71 | +``` |
| 72 | + |
| 73 | +### The Key Concepts |
| 74 | + |
| 75 | +#### 1. StateGraph — The Foundation |
| 76 | + |
| 77 | +Everything in LangGraph starts with a `StateGraph`. It defines what data flows through the graph (the "state") and how nodes transform it: |
| 78 | + |
| 79 | +```python |
| 80 | +class AgentState(TypedDict): |
| 81 | + messages: Annotated[list, add_messages] |
| 82 | + |
| 83 | +graph = StateGraph(AgentState) |
| 84 | +``` |
| 85 | + |
| 86 | +The `add_messages` annotation is a **reducer** — it tells LangGraph to *append* new messages rather than replacing the list. This is how conversation history builds up. |
| 87 | + |
| 88 | +#### 2. Nodes — Processing Steps |
| 89 | + |
| 90 | +Nodes are functions that take the current state and return updates: |
| 91 | + |
| 92 | +```python |
| 93 | +def agent_node(state: AgentState) -> dict: |
| 94 | + response = llm_with_tools.invoke(state["messages"]) |
| 95 | + return {"messages": [response]} # Appended via add_messages |
| 96 | + |
| 97 | +graph.add_node("agent", agent_node) |
| 98 | +``` |
| 99 | + |
| 100 | +#### 3. Conditional Edges — Decision Routing |
| 101 | + |
| 102 | +After a node runs, conditional edges inspect the state and choose the next node: |
| 103 | + |
| 104 | +```python |
| 105 | +def should_continue(state: AgentState) -> str: |
| 106 | + last_message = state["messages"][-1] |
| 107 | + if last_message.tool_calls: |
| 108 | + return "tools" # LLM called a tool |
| 109 | + return END # LLM just returned text |
| 110 | + |
| 111 | +graph.add_conditional_edges("agent", should_continue, ...) |
| 112 | +``` |
| 113 | + |
| 114 | +#### 4. Tool Binding — Structured Actions |
| 115 | + |
| 116 | +`bind_tools()` attaches tool definitions to the LLM so it can call them with typed parameters: |
| 117 | + |
| 118 | +```python |
| 119 | +tools = [schema.to_openai_format() for schema in self.get_action_tools()] |
| 120 | +llm_with_tools = llm.bind_tools(tools) |
| 121 | +``` |
| 122 | + |
| 123 | +The LLM responds with an `AIMessage` containing `tool_calls`: |
| 124 | + |
| 125 | +```python |
| 126 | +ai_message.tool_calls[0] |
| 127 | +# {"name": "move_to", "args": {"target_position": [10.0, 0.0, 5.0]}} |
| 128 | +``` |
| 129 | + |
| 130 | +#### 5. Single-Action vs Multi-Step |
| 131 | + |
| 132 | +In a standard ReAct agent, the `tools` node executes the tool and routes back to `agent` for another round. In Agent Arena, each tick is one action, so: |
| 133 | + |
| 134 | +```python |
| 135 | +graph.add_edge("tools", END) # Stop after one tool call |
| 136 | +# vs. |
| 137 | +# graph.add_edge("tools", "agent") # Loop for multi-step reasoning |
| 138 | +``` |
| 139 | + |
| 140 | +## Customization |
| 141 | + |
| 142 | +### Change the System Prompt |
| 143 | + |
| 144 | +Edit `SYSTEM_PROMPT` at the top of `agent.py`. Try: |
| 145 | +- Adding personality ("You are a cautious agent that avoids all risk") |
| 146 | +- Changing strategy ("Always explore before collecting") |
| 147 | +- Adding domain knowledge ("Fire hazards deal 10 damage per tick") |
| 148 | + |
| 149 | +### Change the Model |
| 150 | + |
| 151 | +```bash |
| 152 | +python run.py --model claude-haiku-4-5-20251001 # Fastest, cheapest |
| 153 | +python run.py --model claude-sonnet-4-20250514 # Balanced (default) |
| 154 | +python run.py --model claude-opus-4-20250514 # Most capable |
| 155 | +``` |
| 156 | + |
| 157 | +### Swap to OpenAI |
| 158 | + |
| 159 | +1. Update `requirements.txt`: |
| 160 | + ``` |
| 161 | + langchain-openai>=0.3.0 # Replace langchain-anthropic |
| 162 | + ``` |
| 163 | + |
| 164 | +2. In `agent.py`, change the import and LLM creation: |
| 165 | + ```python |
| 166 | + from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI |
| 167 | + |
| 168 | + self.llm = ChatOpenAI( |
| 169 | + model="gpt-4o", |
| 170 | + max_tokens=max_tokens, |
| 171 | + api_key=api_key or os.environ.get("OPENAI_API_KEY"), |
| 172 | + ) |
| 173 | + ``` |
| 174 | + |
| 175 | +Everything else stays the same — LangGraph abstracts the LLM provider. |
| 176 | + |
| 177 | +### Add Memory (Checkpointing) |
| 178 | + |
| 179 | +LangGraph has built-in memory via checkpointers. Add state persistence across ticks: |
| 180 | + |
| 181 | +```python |
| 182 | +from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import MemorySaver |
| 183 | + |
| 184 | +checkpointer = MemorySaver() |
| 185 | +self.graph = self._build_graph() # Returns compiled graph |
| 186 | +# Recompile with checkpointer: |
| 187 | +self.graph = graph.compile(checkpointer=checkpointer) |
| 188 | + |
| 189 | +# Invoke with a thread_id to maintain conversation history: |
| 190 | +result = self.graph.invoke( |
| 191 | + {"messages": [HumanMessage(content=obs_text)]}, |
| 192 | + config={"configurable": {"thread_id": "agent-1"}}, |
| 193 | +) |
| 194 | +``` |
| 195 | + |
| 196 | +### Add Multi-Step Reasoning |
| 197 | + |
| 198 | +To let the agent reason across multiple tool calls before acting (e.g., query memory then decide), change the graph to loop: |
| 199 | + |
| 200 | +```python |
| 201 | +# Instead of: graph.add_edge("tools", END) |
| 202 | +graph.add_edge("tools", "agent") # Loop back for another round |
| 203 | +``` |
| 204 | + |
| 205 | +Then add "query" tools (spatial memory, episode memory) alongside the action tools. The agent will call query tools to gather info, then call an action tool to act. |
| 206 | + |
| 207 | +### Restructure the Graph |
| 208 | + |
| 209 | +Add new nodes for preprocessing, memory, or planning: |
| 210 | + |
| 211 | +```python |
| 212 | +graph.add_node("preprocess", preprocess_node) # Clean observation |
| 213 | +graph.add_node("memory", memory_node) # Query past experiences |
| 214 | +graph.add_node("agent", agent_node) # LLM decision |
| 215 | +graph.add_node("tools", tools_node) # Execute tools |
| 216 | + |
| 217 | +graph.set_entry_point("preprocess") |
| 218 | +graph.add_edge("preprocess", "memory") |
| 219 | +graph.add_edge("memory", "agent") |
| 220 | +# ... conditional edges for agent -> tools |
| 221 | +``` |
| 222 | + |
| 223 | +## Cost Estimation |
| 224 | + |
| 225 | +Each tick costs approximately (using Anthropic via LangChain): |
| 226 | +- **Haiku**: ~0.1 cent (500 input + 100 output tokens) |
| 227 | +- **Sonnet**: ~0.5 cent |
| 228 | +- **Opus**: ~2.5 cents |
| 229 | + |
| 230 | +A typical foraging run (100 ticks) costs ~$0.10 with Sonnet. |
| 231 | + |
| 232 | +## Debugging |
| 233 | + |
| 234 | +### Enable Debug Viewer |
| 235 | + |
| 236 | +```bash |
| 237 | +python run.py --debug |
| 238 | +# Open http://127.0.0.1:5000/debug in your browser |
| 239 | +``` |
| 240 | + |
| 241 | +### View Traces |
| 242 | + |
| 243 | +The adapter records each decision in `self.last_trace` with: |
| 244 | +- System prompt sent |
| 245 | +- Observation context sent |
| 246 | +- Tokens used |
| 247 | +- Parse method (tool_call, fallback, error) |
| 248 | +- Final decision |
| 249 | + |
| 250 | +### LangSmith Integration |
| 251 | + |
| 252 | +LangGraph integrates natively with [LangSmith](https://smith.langchain.com/) for tracing: |
| 253 | + |
| 254 | +```bash |
| 255 | +export LANGCHAIN_TRACING_V2=true |
| 256 | +export LANGCHAIN_API_KEY=ls-... |
| 257 | +python run.py |
| 258 | +``` |
| 259 | + |
| 260 | +Every graph invocation will appear in the LangSmith dashboard with full execution traces. |
| 261 | + |
| 262 | +### Common Issues |
| 263 | + |
| 264 | +**"LLM did not call a tool"** — The LLM sometimes returns text without calling a tool. The adapter falls back to observation-based logic. Try making the system prompt more directive. |
| 265 | + |
| 266 | +**High latency** — Each tick requires an API round-trip. Use Haiku for faster responses. |
| 267 | + |
| 268 | +**"ANTHROPIC_API_KEY not set"** — Export your API key: `export ANTHROPIC_API_KEY=sk-ant-...` |
| 269 | + |
| 270 | +## Comparison with Claude Starter |
| 271 | + |
| 272 | +| Feature | Claude Starter | LangGraph Starter | |
| 273 | +|---------|---------------|-------------------| |
| 274 | +| Approach | Direct Anthropic API | Graph-based agent | |
| 275 | +| State management | Manual | LangGraph state + reducers | |
| 276 | +| Tool format | Anthropic native | OpenAI function calling | |
| 277 | +| Extensibility | Modify `decide()` | Add nodes and edges | |
| 278 | +| Memory | Manual implementation | Built-in checkpointers | |
| 279 | +| Multi-step reasoning | Not built-in | Native (loop tools -> agent) | |
| 280 | +| Observability | Custom traces | LangSmith integration | |
| 281 | +| LLM provider | Anthropic only | Any LangChain chat model | |
| 282 | + |
| 283 | +## Next Steps |
| 284 | + |
| 285 | +- Add **checkpointing** for memory across ticks |
| 286 | +- Add **query tools** (spatial memory, episode memory) as non-terminal reasoning steps |
| 287 | +- Enable **multi-step reasoning** by routing `tools -> agent` in the graph |
| 288 | +- Try the **`create_react_agent`** shortcut: `from langgraph.prebuilt import create_react_agent` |
| 289 | +- Read the [LangGraph docs](https://langchain-ai.github.io/langgraph/) to learn more |
0 commit comments