diff --git a/Mk2_3phase_RFdatalog_temp/ewma_avg.hpp b/Mk2_3phase_RFdatalog_temp/ewma_avg.hpp
index bb332c0c..4525ab3c 100644
--- a/Mk2_3phase_RFdatalog_temp/ewma_avg.hpp
+++ b/Mk2_3phase_RFdatalog_temp/ewma_avg.hpp
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  * @author Frédéric Metrich (frederic.metrich@live.fr)
  * @brief This file implements an Exponentially Weighted Moving Average template class
  * @version 0.1
- * @date 2024-02-27
+ * @date 2026-10-01
  *
  * @section description Description
  * The Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) is a quantitative or statistical measure used to model or describe a time series.
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
  * This comes with some restrictions on the alpha parameter, but the benefit of full integer math wins
  * on the side-drawback.
  *
- * @copyright Copyright (c) 2024
+ * @copyright Copyright (c) 2024-2026
  *
  */
 
@@ -114,8 +114,12 @@ class EWMA_average
    * Moving Average (EMA), Double EMA (DEMA), and Triple EMA (TEMA).
    *
    * @param input The new input value to process.
+   *
+   * @note Not inlined, even with a single caller: on AVR, inlined code reaches a static
+   *       instance's six int32 with absolute lds/sts (4 bytes per byte accessed), the
+   *       function through its this pointer with ld/st/ldd/std (2 bytes) - 78 bytes less.
    */
-  void addValue(int32_t input)
+  __attribute__((noinline)) void addValue(int32_t input)
   {
     ema_raw = ema_raw - ema + input;
     ema = ema_raw >> round_up_to_power_of_2(A);
@@ -151,8 +155,12 @@ class EWMA_average
    * @brief Get the Triple Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (TEMA).
    *
    * @return auto The TEMA value.
+   *
+   * @note Not inlined: it is read in several places (relay decisions, datalog output), and
+   *       each inlined copy would read a static instance's averages with absolute lds
+   *       (4 bytes per byte), against ld/ldd through this (2 bytes) - 70 bytes less.
    */
-  auto getAverageT() const
+  __attribute__((noinline)) auto getAverageT() const
   {
     return 3 * (ema - ema_ema) + ema_ema_ema;
   }
diff --git a/Mk2_3phase_RFdatalog_temp/utils_pins.h b/Mk2_3phase_RFdatalog_temp/utils_pins.h
index 4efa4400..51d8cf46 100644
--- a/Mk2_3phase_RFdatalog_temp/utils_pins.h
+++ b/Mk2_3phase_RFdatalog_temp/utils_pins.h
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  * @author Frédéric Metrich (frederic.metrich@live.fr)
  * @brief Some utility functions for pins manipulation
  * @version 0.1
- * @date 2026-01-29
+ * @date 2026-10-01
  *
  * @copyright Copyright (c) 2023-2026
  *
@@ -71,16 +71,22 @@ void constexpr togglePin(const uint8_t pin)
  *
  * @param pin pin to change [2..13]
  * @param bState state to be set
+ *
+ * @details For a pin only known at run time (a relay). The ADC ISR writes the load pins,
+ *          possibly on the same port, so the port must not be read-modified-written here:
+ *          the pin is toggled through PINx instead, where writing a 1 toggles that bit of
+ *          PORTx and writing a 0 leaves the others alone. Only the caller changes this pin,
+ *          so reading its state first is safe.
  */
-inline constexpr void setPinState(const uint8_t pin, const bool bState)
+inline void setPinState(const uint8_t pin, const bool bState)
 {
-  if (bState)
-  {
-    setPinON(pin);
-  }
-  else
+  const volatile uint8_t &port{ (pin < 8) ? PORTD : ((pin < 14) ? PORTB : PORTC) };
+  volatile uint8_t &toggle{ (pin < 8) ? PIND : ((pin < 14) ? PINB : PINC) };
+  const uint8_t mask{ static_cast< uint8_t >(1U << ((pin < 8) ? pin : ((pin < 14) ? pin - 8 : pin - 14))) };
+
+  if (static_cast< bool >(port & mask) != bState)
   {
-    setPinOFF(pin);
+    toggle = mask;
   }
 }
 
@@ -88,6 +94,9 @@ inline constexpr void setPinState(const uint8_t pin, const bool bState)
  * @brief Set the Pin state to ON for the specified pin
  *
  * @param pin pin to change [2..13]
+ *
+ * @warning Atomic (a single sbi/cbi) only for a pin known at compile time. For a pin known at
+ *          run time it is a read-modify-write of the port: from loop(), use setPinState().
  */
 inline constexpr void setPinON(const uint8_t pin)
 {
@@ -109,6 +118,10 @@ inline constexpr void setPinON(const uint8_t pin)
  * @brief Set the Pins state to ON
  *
  * @param pins The pins to change
+ *
+ * @warning Read-modify-write of PORTD and PORTB: only safe from the ADC ISR (its sole caller),
+ *          which cannot be interrupted. From loop(), use setPinState() or togglePin(): an ISR
+ *          landing in the middle would have its load pin changes written back to the old state.
  */
 inline void setPinsON(const uint16_t pins)
 {
@@ -120,6 +133,9 @@ inline void setPinsON(const uint16_t pins)
  * @brief Set the Pin state to OFF for the specified pin
  *
  * @param pin pin to change [2..13]
+ *
+ * @warning Atomic (a single sbi/cbi) only for a pin known at compile time. For a pin known at
+ *          run time it is a read-modify-write of the port: from loop(), use setPinState().
  */
 inline constexpr void setPinOFF(const uint8_t pin)
 {
@@ -141,6 +157,10 @@ inline constexpr void setPinOFF(const uint8_t pin)
  * @brief Set the Pins state to OFF
  *
  * @param pins The pins to change
+ *
+ * @warning Read-modify-write of PORTD and PORTB: only safe from the ADC ISR (its sole caller),
+ *          which cannot be interrupted. From loop(), use setPinState() or togglePin(): an ISR
+ *          landing in the middle would have its load pin changes written back to the old state.
  */
 inline void setPinsOFF(const uint16_t pins)
 {
diff --git a/Mk2_3phase_RFdatalog_temp/utils_relay.h b/Mk2_3phase_RFdatalog_temp/utils_relay.h
index cbff261f..d281655f 100644
--- a/Mk2_3phase_RFdatalog_temp/utils_relay.h
+++ b/Mk2_3phase_RFdatalog_temp/utils_relay.h
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  * @author Frédéric Metrich (frederic.metrich@live.fr)
  * @brief Some utility functions for the relay output feature
  * @version 0.1
- * @date 2026-01-29
+ * @date 2026-10-01
  *
  * @copyright Copyright (c) 2023-2026
  *
@@ -173,25 +173,14 @@ class relayOutput
     if (currentAvgPower < surplusThreshold || isOverrideActive)
     {
       bit_clear(overrideBitmask, relay_pin);  // Clear override bit if it was set
-      return try_turnON();
+      return try_switch(true);
     }
 
-    // Handle both positive and negative import thresholds
-    if (importThreshold >= 0)
+    // Positive threshold: turn OFF when importing > threshold (normal mode).
+    // Negative threshold: turn OFF when surplus < abs(threshold) (battery mode).
+    if (currentAvgPower > importThreshold)
     {
-      // Positive threshold: turn OFF when importing > threshold (normal mode)
-      if (currentAvgPower > importThreshold)
-      {
-        return try_turnOFF();
-      }
-    }
-    else
-    {
-      // Negative threshold: turn OFF when surplus < abs(threshold) (battery mode)
-      if (currentAvgPower > importThreshold)  // importThreshold is negative, so this checks surplus < abs(threshold)
-      {
-        return try_turnOFF();
-      }
+      return try_switch(false);
     }
 
     return false;
@@ -234,55 +223,34 @@ class relayOutput
 
   /**
    * @brief Force the relay OFF when diversion is disabled
-   * 
+   *
    * @return bool True if state has changed
    * @details This method attempts to turn OFF the relay, respecting the minimum ON time constraint
    */
   bool forceOFF() const
   {
-    return try_turnOFF();
+    return try_switch(false);
   }
 
 private:
   /**
-   * @brief Turn ON the relay if the 'time' condition is met
+   * @brief Turn the relay ON or OFF if the 'time' condition is met
    *
+   * @param on True to turn the relay ON, false to turn it OFF
    * @return bool True if state has changed
    */
-  bool try_turnON() const
+  bool try_switch(const bool on) const
   {
-    if (relayIsON || duration < minOFF)
+    if ((relayIsON == on) || (duration < (on ? minOFF : minON)))
     {
       return false;
     }
 
-    setPinON(relay_pin);
+    setPinState(relay_pin, on);
 
-    DBUGLN(F("Relay turned ON!"));
+    DBUGLN(on ? F("Relay turned ON!") : F("Relay turned OFF!"));
 
-    relayIsON = true;
-    duration = 0;
-
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Turn OFF the relay if the 'time' condition is met
-   *
-   * @return bool True if state has changed
-   */
-  bool try_turnOFF() const
-  {
-    if (!relayIsON || duration < minON)
-    {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    setPinOFF(relay_pin);
-
-    DBUGLN(F("Relay turned OFF!"));
-
-    relayIsON = false;
+    relayIsON = on;
     duration = 0;
 
     return true;
@@ -434,13 +402,15 @@ class RelayEngine
       return;
     }
 
-    if (ewma_average.getAverageT() > 0)
+    const auto currentAvgPower{ ewma_average.getAverageT() };
+
+    if (currentAvgPower > 0)
     {
       // Currently importing, try to turn OFF some relays
       uint8_t idx{ N };
       do
       {
-        if (relay[--idx].proceed_relay(ewma_average.getAverageT(), overrideBitmask))
+        if (relay[--idx].proceed_relay(currentAvgPower, overrideBitmask))
         {
           settle_change = 60;
           return;
@@ -453,7 +423,7 @@ class RelayEngine
       uint8_t idx{ 0 };
       do
       {
-        if (relay[idx].proceed_relay(ewma_average.getAverageT(), overrideBitmask))
+        if (relay[idx].proceed_relay(currentAvgPower, overrideBitmask))
         {
           settle_change = 60;
           return;