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异步通讯：就像发邮件，不需要马上回复。
两种方式各有优劣，打电话可以立即得到响应，但是你却不能跟多个人同时通话。发送邮件可以同时与">
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<h1 id="1-初识MQ"><a href="#1-初识MQ" class="headerlink" title="1.初识MQ"></a>1.初识MQ</h1><h2 id="1-1-同步和异步通讯"><a href="#1-1-同步和异步通讯" class="headerlink" title="1.1.同步和异步通讯"></a>1.1.同步和异步通讯</h2><p>微服务间通讯有同步和异步两种方式：</p>
<p>同步通讯：就像打电话，需要实时响应。</p>
<p>异步通讯：就像发邮件，不需要马上回复。</p>
<p><img src="/rabbitmq/image-20210717161939695.png" alt="image-20210717161939695"></p>
<p>两种方式各有优劣，打电话可以立即得到响应，但是你却不能跟多个人同时通话。发送邮件可以同时与多个人收发邮件，但是往往响应会有延迟。</p>
<h3 id="1-1-1-同步通讯"><a href="#1-1-1-同步通讯" class="headerlink" title="1.1.1.同步通讯"></a>1.1.1.同步通讯</h3><p><img src="/rabbitmq/image-20210717162004285.png" alt="image-20210717162004285"></p>
<p>总结：</p>
<p>同步调用的优点：</p>
<ul>
<li>时效性较强，可以立即得到结果</li>
</ul>
<p>同步调用的问题：</p>
<ul>
<li>耦合度高</li>
<li>性能和吞吐能力下降</li>
<li>有额外的资源消耗</li>
<li>有级联失败问题</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="1-1-2-异步通讯"><a href="#1-1-2-异步通讯" class="headerlink" title="1.1.2.异步通讯"></a>1.1.2.异步通讯</h3><p>异步调用则可以避免上述问题：</p>
<p>我们以购买商品为例，用户支付后需要调用订单服务完成订单状态修改，调用物流服务，从仓库分配响应的库存并准备发货。</p>
<p>在事件模式中，支付服务是事件发布者（publisher），在支付完成后只需要发布一个支付成功的事件（event），事件中带上订单id。</p>
<p>订单服务和物流服务是事件订阅者（Consumer），订阅支付成功的事件，监听到事件后完成自己业务即可。</p>
<p>为了解除事件发布者与订阅者之间的耦合，两者并不是直接通信，而是有一个中间人（Broker）。发布者发布事件到Broker，不关心谁来订阅事件。订阅者从Broker订阅事件，不关心谁发来的消息。</p>
<p><img src="/rabbitmq/image-20210422095356088.png" alt="image-20210422095356088"></p>
<p>Broker 是一个像数据总线一样的东西，所有的服务要接收数据和发送数据都发到这个总线上，这个总线就像协议一样，让服务间的通讯变得标准和可控。</p>
<p>好处：</p>
<ul>
<li><p>吞吐量提升：无需等待订阅者处理完成，响应更快速</p>
</li>
<li><p>故障隔离：服务没有直接调用，不存在级联失败问题</p>
</li>
<li><p>调用间没有阻塞，不会造成无效的资源占用</p>
</li>
<li><p>耦合度极低，每个服务都可以灵活插拔，可替换</p>
</li>
<li><p>流量削峰：不管发布事件的流量波动多大，都由Broker接收，订阅者可以按照自己的速度去处理事件</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>缺点：</p>
<ul>
<li>架构复杂了，业务没有明显的流程线，不好管理</li>
<li>需要依赖于Broker的可靠、安全、性能</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="1-2-技术对比："><a href="#1-2-技术对比：" class="headerlink" title="1.2.技术对比："></a>1.2.技术对比：</h2><p>MQ，中文是消息队列（MessageQueue），字面来看就是存放消息的队列。也就是事件驱动架构中的Broker。</p>
<p>比较常见的MQ实现：</p>
<ul>
<li>ActiveMQ</li>
<li>RabbitMQ</li>
<li>RocketMQ</li>
<li>Kafka</li>
</ul>
<p>几种常见MQ的对比：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th><strong>RabbitMQ</strong></th>
<th><strong>ActiveMQ</strong></th>
<th><strong>RocketMQ</strong></th>
<th><strong>Kafka</strong></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>公司/社区</td>
<td>Rabbit</td>
<td>Apache</td>
<td>阿里</td>
<td>Apache</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>开发语言</td>
<td>Erlang</td>
<td>Java</td>
<td>Java</td>
<td>Scala&Java</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>协议支持</td>
<td>AMQP，XMPP，SMTP，STOMP</td>
<td>OpenWire,STOMP，REST,XMPP,AMQP</td>
<td>自定义协议</td>
<td>自定义协议</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>可用性</td>
<td>高</td>
<td>一般</td>
<td>高</td>
<td>高</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>单机吞吐量</td>
<td>一般</td>
<td>差</td>
<td>高</td>
<td>非常高</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>消息延迟</td>
<td>微秒级</td>
<td>毫秒级</td>
<td>毫秒级</td>
<td>毫秒以内</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>消息可靠性</td>
<td>高</td>
<td>一般</td>
<td>高</td>
<td>一般</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>追求可用性：Kafka、 RocketMQ 、RabbitMQ</p>
<p>追求可靠性：RabbitMQ、RocketMQ</p>
<p>追求吞吐能力：RocketMQ、Kafka</p>
<p>追求消息低延迟：RabbitMQ、Kafka</p>
<h1 id="2-快速入门"><a href="#2-快速入门" class="headerlink" title="2.快速入门"></a>2.快速入门</h1><p>MQ的基本结构：</p>
<p><img src="/rabbitmq/image-20210717162752376.png" alt="image-20210717162752376"></p>
<p>RabbitMQ中的一些角色：</p>
<ul>
<li>publisher：生产者</li>
<li>consumer：消费者</li>
<li>exchange个：交换机，负责消息路由</li>
<li>queue：队列，存储消息</li>
<li>virtualHost：虚拟主机，隔离不同租户的exchange、queue、消息的隔离</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="2-2-RabbitMQ消息模型"><a href="#2-2-RabbitMQ消息模型" class="headerlink" title="2.2.RabbitMQ消息模型"></a>2.2.RabbitMQ消息模型</h2><p>RabbitMQ官方提供了5个不同的Demo示例，对应了不同的消息模型：</p>
<p><img src="/rabbitmq/image-20210717163332646.png" alt="image-20210717163332646"></p>
<p>包括三部分：</p>
<ul>
<li>mq-demo：父工程，管理项目依赖</li>
<li>publisher：消息的发送者</li>
<li>consumer：消息的消费者</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="2-4-入门案例"><a href="#2-4-入门案例" class="headerlink" title="2.4.入门案例"></a>2.4.入门案例</h2><p>简单队列模式的模型图：</p>
<p> <img src="/rabbitmq/image-20210717163434647.png" alt="image-20210717163434647"></p>
<p>官方的HelloWorld是基于最基础的消息队列模型来实现的，只包括三个角色：</p>
<ul>
<li>publisher：消息发布者，将消息发送到队列queue</li>
<li>queue：消息队列，负责接受并缓存消息</li>
<li>consumer：订阅队列，处理队列中的消息</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="2-4-1-publisher实现"><a href="#2-4-1-publisher实现" class="headerlink" title="2.4.1.publisher实现"></a>2.4.1.publisher实现</h3><p>思路：</p>
<ul>
<li>建立连接</li>
<li>创建Channel</li>
<li>声明队列</li>
<li>发送消息</li>
<li>关闭连接和channel</li>
</ul>
<p>代码实现：</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-java"><code class="language-java"><span class="token keyword">package</span> cn<span class="token punctuation">.</span>itcast<span class="token punctuation">.</span>mq<span class="token punctuation">.</span>helloworld<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">import</span> com<span class="token punctuation">.</span>rabbitmq<span class="token punctuation">.</span>client<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Channel<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">import</span> com<span class="token punctuation">.</span>rabbitmq<span class="token punctuation">.</span>client<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Connection<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">import</span> com<span class="token punctuation">.</span>rabbitmq<span class="token punctuation">.</span>client<span class="token punctuation">.</span>ConnectionFactory<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">import</span> org<span class="token punctuation">.</span>junit<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Test<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">import</span> java<span class="token punctuation">.</span>io<span class="token punctuation">.</span>IOException<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">import</span> java<span class="token punctuation">.</span>util<span class="token punctuation">.</span>concurrent<span class="token punctuation">.</span>TimeoutException<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name">PublisherTest</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token annotation punctuation">@Test</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">testSendMessage</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> IOException<span class="token punctuation">,</span> TimeoutException <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// 1.建立连接</span>
ConnectionFactory factory <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">ConnectionFactory</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// 1.1.设置连接参数，分别是：主机名、端口号、vhost、用户名、密码</span>
factory<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">setHost</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"192.168.150.101"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
factory<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">setPort</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">5672</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
factory<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">setVirtualHost</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"/"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
factory<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">setUsername</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"itcast"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
factory<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">setPassword</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"123321"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// 1.2.建立连接</span>
Connection connection <span class="token operator">=</span> factory<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">newConnection</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// 2.创建通道Channel</span>
Channel channel <span class="token operator">=</span> connection<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">createChannel</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// 3.创建队列</span>
String queueName <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"simple.queue"</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
channel<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">queueDeclare</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>queueName<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token boolean">false</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token boolean">false</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token boolean">false</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> null<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// 4.发送消息</span>
String message <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"hello, rabbitmq!"</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
channel<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">basicPublish</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">""</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> queueName<span class="token punctuation">,</span> null<span class="token punctuation">,</span> message<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getBytes</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"发送消息成功：【"</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> message <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">"】"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// 5.关闭通道和连接</span>
channel<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
connection<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h3 id="2-4-2-consumer实现"><a href="#2-4-2-consumer实现" class="headerlink" title="2.4.2.consumer实现"></a>2.4.2.consumer实现</h3><p>代码思路：</p>
<ul>
<li>建立连接</li>
<li>创建Channel</li>
<li>声明队列</li>
<li>订阅消息</li>
</ul>
<p>代码实现：</p>