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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html lang="zh-CN">
<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="keywords" content="Oauth, 记录">
<meta name="baidu-site-verification" content="fmlEuI34ir">
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="yCy2azpds5XSuGZvis6OuA-XIGF5GuGpYRAaGfD6o48">
<meta name="360-site-verification" content="b7c11a830ef90fd1464ad6206bb7b6e7">
<meta name="description" content="Oauth什么是OAuth?一个验证授权(Authorization)的开放标准，所有人都有基于这个标准实现自己的OAuth。
更具体来说，OAuth是一个标准，app可以用来实现secure delegated access. OAuth">
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<title>Oauth | Ji`s Blog</title>
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color: #2c3e50;
font-size: 2rem;
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@keyframes fadeInDown{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,-100%,0);}}
</style>
<script>
(function () {
const loaded = function(){
setTimeout(function(){
const loader = document.getElementById("loading-container");
loader.className="fadeout" ;//ʹ�ý����ķ�������loading page
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},1000);//ǿ����ʾloading page 1s
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loaded();
})()
</script></head>
<div id="loading-container">
<p class="loading-text"></p>
<div class="loading-image">
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
</div>
</div><body>
<header class="navbar-fixed">
<nav id="headNav" class="bg-color nav-transparent">
<div id="navContainer" class="nav-wrapper container">
<div class="brand-logo">
<a href="/" class="waves-effect waves-light">
<img src="/medias/logo.png" class="logo-img" alt="LOGO">
<span class="logo-span">Ji`s Blog</span>
</a>
</div>
<a href="#" data-target="mobile-nav" class="sidenav-trigger button-collapse"><i class="fa fa-navicon"></i></a>
<ul class="right">
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<a href="/" class="waves-effect waves-light">
<span>首页</span>
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</li>
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</li>
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<span>关于</span>
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<span>留言板</span>
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<h1 id="Oauth"><a href="#Oauth" class="headerlink" title="Oauth"></a>Oauth</h1><h2 id="什么是OAuth"><a href="#什么是OAuth" class="headerlink" title="什么是OAuth?"></a>什么是OAuth?</h2><p>一个验证授权(Authorization)的开放标准，所有人都有基于这个标准实现自己的OAuth。</p>
<p>更具体来说，OAuth是一个标准，app可以用来实现<code>secure delegated access</code>. OAuth基于HTTPS，以及APIs，Service应用使用<code>access token</code>来进行身份验证。</p>
<p>OAuth主要有OAuth 1.0a和OAuth 2.0两个版本，并且二者完全不同，且不兼容。OAuth2.0 是目前广泛使用的版本，</p>
<p><strong>简单说，OAuth 就是一种授权机制。数据的所有者告诉系统，同意授权第三方应用进入系统，获取这些数据。系统从而产生一个短期的进入令牌（token），用来代替密码，供第三方应用使用。</strong></p>
<h2 id="令牌与密码"><a href="#令牌与密码" class="headerlink" title="令牌与密码"></a>令牌与密码</h2><p>令牌（token）与密码（password）的作用是一样的，都可以进入系统，但是有三点差异。</p>
<p>（1）令牌是短期的，到期会自动失效，用户自己无法修改。密码一般长期有效，用户不修改，就不会发生变化。</p>
<p>（2）令牌可以被数据所有者撤销，会立即失效。</p>
<p>（3）令牌有权限范围（scope），对于网络服务来说，只读令牌就比读写令牌更安全。密码一般是完整权限。</p>
<p>上面这些设计，保证了令牌既可以让第三方应用获得权限，同时又随时可控，不会危及系统安全。这就是 OAuth 2.0 的优点。</p>
<p>注意，只要知道了令牌，就能进入系统。系统一般不会再次确认身份，所以<strong>令牌必须保密，泄漏令牌与泄漏密码的后果是一样的。</strong> 这也是为什么令牌的有效期，一般都设置得很短的原因。</p>
<h2 id="OAuth四种获取令牌的模式"><a href="#OAuth四种获取令牌的模式" class="headerlink" title="OAuth四种获取令牌的模式"></a>OAuth四种获取令牌的模式</h2><p>不管哪一种授权方式，第三方应用申请令牌之前，都必须先到系统备案，说明自己的身份，然后会拿到两个身份识别码：客户端 ID（client ID）和客户端密钥（client secret）。这是为了防止令牌被滥用，没有备案过的第三方应用，是不会拿到令牌的。</p>
<ul>
<li>授权码（authorization-code）</li>
<li>隐藏式（implicit）</li>
<li>密码式（password）：</li>
<li>客户端凭证（client credentials</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="授权码"><a href="#授权码" class="headerlink" title="授权码"></a>授权码</h3><p><strong>授权码（authorization code）方式，指的是第三方应用先申请一个授权码，然后再用该码获取令牌。</strong></p>
<p>这种方式是最常用的流程，安全性也最高，它适用于那些有后端的 Web 应用。授权码通过前端传送，令牌则是储存在后端，而且所有与资源服务器的通信都在后端完成。这样的前后端分离，可以避免令牌泄漏。</p>
<p><img src="/oauth/1571688-20190506180810029-1179611880.png" alt="img"></p>
<p>简单的流程</p>
<p>第一步，A 网站提供一个链接，用户点击后就会跳转到 B 网站，授权用户数据给 A 网站使用。下面就是 A 网站跳转 B 网站的一个示意链接。</p>
<pre><code>https://b.com/oauth/authorize?
response_type=code&
client_id=CLIENT_ID&
redirect_uri=CALLBACK_URL&
scope=read</code></pre><p>上面 URL 中，<code>response_type</code>参数表示要求返回授权码（<code>code</code>），<code>client_id</code>参数让 B 知道是谁在请求，<code>redirect_uri</code>参数是 B 接受或拒绝请求后的跳转网址，<code>scope</code>参数表示要求的授权范围（这里是只读）。</p>
<p><img src="/oauth/image-20230322002441924.png" alt="image-20230322002441924"></p>
<p>第二步，用户跳转后，B 网站会要求用户登录，然后询问是否同意给予 A 网站授权。用户表示同意，这时 B 网站就会跳回<code>redirect_uri</code>参数指定的网址。跳转时，会传回一个授权码，就像下面这样。</p>
<pre><code>https://a.com/callback?code=AUTHORIZATION_CODE</code></pre><p>上面 URL 中，<code>code</code>参数就是授权码。</p>
<p><img src="/oauth/image-20230322002815995.png" alt="image-20230322002815995"></p>
<p>第三步，A 网站拿到授权码以后，就可以在后端，向 B 网站请求令牌.</p>
<pre><code>https://b.com/oauth/token?
client_id=CLIENT_ID&
client_secret=CLIENT_SECRET&
grant_type=authorization_code&
code=AUTHORIZATION_CODE&
redirect_uri=CALLBACK_URL</code></pre><p>上面 URL 中，<code>client_id</code>参数和<code>client_secret</code>参数用来让 B 确认 A 的身份（<code>client_secret</code>参数是保密的，因此只能在后端发请求），<code>grant_type</code>参数的值是<code>AUTHORIZATION_CODE</code>，表示采用的授权方式是授权码，<code>code</code>参数是上一步拿到的授权码，<code>redirect_uri</code>参数是令牌颁发后的回调网址。</p>
<p><img src="/oauth/image-20230322003624932.png" alt="image-20230322003624932"></p>
<p>第四步，B 网站收到请求以后，就会颁发令牌。具体做法是向<code>redirect_uri</code>指定的网址，发送一段 JSON 数据。</p>
<pre><code>{
"access_token":"ACCESS_TOKEN",
"token_type":"bearer",
"expires_in":2592000,
"refresh_token":"REFRESH_TOKEN",
"scope":"read",
"uid":100101,
"info":{...}
}</code></pre><p>上面 JSON 数据中，<code>access_token</code>字段就是令牌，A 网站在后端拿到了。</p>
<p><img src="/oauth/image-20230322003851943.png" alt="image-20230322003851943"></p>
<h3 id="隐藏式"><a href="#隐藏式" class="headerlink" title="隐藏式"></a>隐藏式</h3><p>有些 Web 应用是纯前端应用，没有后端。这时就不能用上面的方式了，必须将令牌储存在前端。允许直接向前端颁发令牌。这种方式没有授权码这个中间步骤，所以称为（授权码）”隐藏式”（implicit）。</p>
<p>第一步，A 网站提供一个链接，要求用户跳转到 B 网站，授权用户数据给 A 网站使用。</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-javascript"><code class="language-javascript">https<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token operator">/</span><span class="token operator">/</span>b<span class="token punctuation">.</span>com<span class="token operator">/</span>oauth<span class="token operator">/</span>authorize<span class="token operator">?</span>
response_type<span class="token operator">=</span>token<span class="token operator">&</span>
client_id<span class="token operator">=</span>CLIENT_ID<span class="token operator">&</span>
redirect_uri<span class="token operator">=</span>CALLBACK_URL<span class="token operator">&</span>
scope<span class="token operator">=</span>read<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<p> URL 中，<code>response_type</code>参数为<code>token</code>，表示要求直接返回令牌。</p>
<p>第二步，用户跳转到 B 网站，登录后同意给予 A 网站授权。这时，B 网站就会跳回<code>redirect_uri</code>参数指定的跳转网址，并且把令牌作为 URL 参数，传给 A 网站。</p>
<p><img src="/oauth/image-20230322173835499.png" alt="image-20230322173835499"></p>
<h3 id="密码式"><a href="#密码式" class="headerlink" title="密码式"></a>密码式</h3><p><strong>允许用户把用户名和密码，直接告诉该应用。该应用就使用你的密码，申请令牌，这种方式称为”密码式”（password）。</strong></p>
<p>第一步，A 网站要求用户提供 B 网站的用户名和密码。拿到以后，A 就直接向 B 请求令牌。</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-javascript"><code class="language-javascript">https<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token operator">/</span><span class="token operator">/</span>oauth<span class="token punctuation">.</span>b<span class="token punctuation">.</span>com<span class="token operator">/</span>token<span class="token operator">?</span>
grant_type<span class="token operator">=</span>password<span class="token operator">&</span>
username<span class="token operator">=</span>USERNAME<span class="token operator">&</span>
password<span class="token operator">=</span>PASSWORD<span class="token operator">&</span>
client_id<span class="token operator">=</span>CLIENT_ID<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<p>上面 URL 中，<code>grant_type</code>参数是授权方式，这里的<code>password</code>表示”密码式”，<code>username</code>和<code>password</code>是 B 的用户名和密码。</p>
<p>第二步，B 网站验证身份通过后，直接给出令牌。注意，这时不需要跳转，而是把令牌放在 JSON 数据里面，作为 HTTP 回应，A 因此拿到令牌。</p>
<p>这种方式需要用户给出自己的用户名/密码，显然风险很大，因此只适用于其他授权方式都无法采用的情况，而且必须是用户高度信任的应用</p>
<h3 id="凭证式"><a href="#凭证式" class="headerlink" title="凭证式"></a>凭证式</h3><p><strong>最后一种方式是凭证式（client credentials），适用于没有前端的命令行应用，即在命令行下请求令牌。</strong></p>
<p>第一步，A 应用在命令行向 B 发出请求。‘</p>
<pre><code>https://oauth.b.com/token?
grant_type=client_credentials&
client_id=CLIENT_ID&
client_secret=CLIENT_SECRET</code></pre><p>上面 URL 中，<code>grant_type</code>参数等于<code>client_credentials</code>表示采用凭证式，<code>client_id</code>和<code>client_secret</code>用来让 B 确认 A 的身份。</p>
<p>第二步，B 网站验证通过以后，直接返回令牌。</p>
<p>这种方式给出的令牌，是针对第三方应用的，而不是针对用户的，即有可能多个用户共享同一个令牌。</p>
<h2 id="令牌的使用"><a href="#令牌的使用" class="headerlink" title="令牌的使用"></a>令牌的使用</h2><p>A 网站拿到令牌以后，就可以向 B 网站的 API 请求数据了。</p>
<p>此时，每个发到 API 的请求，都必须带有令牌。具体做法是在请求的头信息，加上一个<code>Authorization</code>字段，令牌就放在这个字段里面。</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash"><code class="language-bash">curl -H <span class="token string">"Authorization: Bearer ACCESS_TOKEN"</span> \
<span class="token string">"https://api.b.com"</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h2 id="更新令牌"><a href="#更新令牌" class="headerlink" title="更新令牌"></a>更新令牌</h2><p>令牌的有效期到了，如果让用户重新走一遍上面的流程，再申请一个新的令牌，很可能体验不好，而且也没有必要。OAuth 2.0 允许用户自动更新令牌。</p>
<p>具体方法是，B 网站颁发令牌的时候，一次性颁发两个令牌，一个用于获取数据，另一个用于获取新的令牌（refresh token 字段）。令牌到期前，用户使用 refresh token 发一个请求，去更新令牌。</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-javascript"><code class="language-javascript">https<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token operator">/</span><span class="token operator">/</span>b<span class="token punctuation">.</span>com<span class="token operator">/</span>oauth<span class="token operator">/</span>token<span class="token operator">?</span>
grant_type<span class="token operator">=</span>refresh_token<span class="token operator">&</span>
client_id<span class="token operator">=</span>CLIENT_ID<span class="token operator">&</span>
client_secret<span class="token operator">=</span>CLIENT_SECRET<span class="token operator">&</span>
refresh_token<span class="token operator">=</span>REFRESH_TOKEN<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<p>上面 URL 中，<code>grant_type</code>参数为<code>refresh_token</code>表示要求更新令牌，<code>client_id</code>参数和<code>client_secret</code>参数用于确认身份，<code>refresh_token</code>参数就是用于更新令牌的令牌。</p>
<p>B 网站验证通过以后，就会颁发新的令牌。</p>
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}
#reward .btn-floating:hover {
box-shadow: 0 6px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2), 0 5px 15px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
}
#rewardModal {
width: 320px;
height: 350px;
}
#rewardModal .reward-title {
margin: 15px auto;
padding-bottom: 5px;
}
#rewardModal .modal-content {
padding: 10px;
}
#rewardModal .close {
position: absolute;
right: 15px;
top: 15px;
color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
font-size: 1.3rem;
line-height: 20px;
cursor: pointer;
}
#rewardModal .close:hover {
color: #ef5350;
transform: scale(1.3);
-moz-transform:scale(1.3);
-webkit-transform:scale(1.3);
-o-transform:scale(1.3);
}
#rewardModal .reward-tabs {
margin: 0 auto;
width: 210px;
}
.reward-tabs .tabs {
height: 38px;
margin: 10px auto;
padding-left: 0;
}
.reward-content ul {
padding-left: 0 !important;
}
.reward-tabs .tabs .tab {
height: 38px;
line-height: 38px;
}
.reward-tabs .tab a {
color: #fff;
background-color: #ccc;
}
.reward-tabs .tab a:hover {
background-color: #ccc;
color: #fff;
}
.reward-tabs .wechat-tab .active {
color: #fff !important;
background-color: #22AB38 !important;
}
.reward-tabs .alipay-tab .active {
color: #fff !important;
background-color: #019FE8 !important;
}
.reward-tabs .reward-img {
width: 210px;
height: 210px;
}
</style>
<div id="reward">
<a href="#rewardModal" class="reward-link modal-trigger btn-floating btn-large waves-effect waves-light red">赏</a>
<!-- Modal Structure -->
<div id="rewardModal" class="modal">
<div class="modal-content">
<a class="close modal-close"><i class="fa fa-close"></i></a>
<h4 class="reward-title">写作不易，客官能否打赏一杯奶茶？</h4>
<div class="reward-content">
<div class="reward-tabs">
<ul class="tabs row">
<li class="tab col s6 alipay-tab waves-effect waves-light"><a href="#alipay">支付宝</a></li>
<li class="tab col s6 wechat-tab waves-effect waves-light"><a href="#wechat">微 信</a></li>
</ul>
<div id="alipay">
<img src="/medias/reward/alipay.jpg" class="reward-img" alt="支付宝打赏二维码">